振动台试验三维层状剪切模型箱的设计及性能测试

在研究地震荷载作用下土-结构动力相互作用的问题和验证方法时,振动台试验被认为是一种有效的工具。试验时应使用合适的模型土箱,试验模型箱的边界效应成为直接影响模型试验结果准确性的重要因素。设计制作了一个由19层圆形环组成的三维层状剪切模型箱,高度为1 800 mm,内径为4 500 mm,层间铝合金框架采用三向运动支撑件连接。开展了模型箱振动台试验,通过埋设在土体中不同深度和位置的加速度计获取的地震反应来研究箱体的边界效应。试验时振动台面输入用于核电工程设计AP1000谱三维地震动。比较了不同深度各测点的加速度时程和反应谱值,计算得到从箱体中心到边缘测点的土体反应的峰值加速度的相对误差值,采用谱比法计算得到加速度反应谱相对误差值。试验及分析结果表明,设计的三维层状剪切模型箱在3个方向上都具有良好的真实场地无限边界条件的模拟效果,解决了现有层状剪切模型箱仅能单向或双向输入水平地震激励的不足。     

基于动土压力影响的坝基动剪切模量反演研究

对于土石坝的坝基中土体应力-应变关系的求解,由于非自由地表以及土体所受水平正应力变化的影响,理想一维剪切梁模型方法并不适用。利用下覆饱和砂土地基的土石坝离心振动台试验,分析了不同输入地震峰值下非坝体覆盖区地基、坝中、坝趾处土体加速度的响应规律,得到了坝基中上部土层动土压力在水平向的变化特征,提出了考虑水平向动土压力影响的坝基土体剪应力-剪应变反演计算方法,并与利用理想一维剪切梁模型所绘制的应力-应变滞回圈对比,分析了动土压力对坝基土动剪切模量的影响。结果表明：由坝基底部至坝顶,加速度的放大效应基本呈线性增大;土压力在水平向的变化情况在剪应力-剪应变反演计算中不能忽略;考虑水平向动土压力的影响后,土体剪切模量的计算值减小。随着深度增加,动土压力对坝基中部土体剪切模量的影响比上部土体更大,且计算相对误差随着深度和输入地震波峰值加速度的增加而变大。     

刚度可调层状多向剪切模型箱的研制及性能测试

为满足不同场地条件下岩土工程振动台试验的需求,在总结国内外振动台试验土箱经验的基础上,研制了刚度可调的层状多向剪切模型箱。该剪切箱由系列空心环形钢框架堆叠而成,层间由滚珠和螺杆相连,高度可根据试验工况改变,通过调节螺杆的刚度、数量和排列方式等,实现其刚度变化。利用ABAQUS软件分析得出各种组合模型箱的特征频率,验证了箱体刚度可调的特性。运用该模型箱开展了自由场振动台试验,分析了不同高度、距箱侧壁不同距离处观测点的加速度时程及其相应反应谱,并采用2-范数偏差指数对边界效应进行量化。结果表明,新研制的层状剪切箱无明显的边界效应,能较好地实现自由场地在平面内的动力响应。     

侧向土体耦合作用对土层地震反应的影响

把侧向土体耦合作用简化为一个弹性系数为k的弹簧和一个阻尼系数为η的线性阻尼器并联作用，建立了考虑耦合作用静止边界－一维土层地震反应波动方程，并给出了其完全解析解，为进一步分析侧向土体耦合作用对土层地震反应的影响，土层密度统一取1900kg/m^3，针对不同的土层厚度：10，20，30米，不同的剪切模量：42．75MPa(剪切波速150m/s)，118．75MPa(剪切波速250m/s),232.75MPa(剪切波速350m/s),k,η分别取不同的数值，进行土层地震反应计算，计算结果表明，k,η对地震动位移峰值，速度峰值影响较小，k对地震动加速峰值影响较大，k减少加速度峰值增大，k增大加速度峰值减少，最大影响程度可达15％以上，η对地震动加速度峰值影响较大，η减少加速度峰值增大；η增大加速度峰值减小，最大影响程度可达25％以上。     

非饱和黄土地基降雨入渗离心模型试验及多物理量联合监测

对非饱和土降雨入渗过程及其致灾机制的深入认识有赖于室内外试验及多物理量联合监测。基于离心机超重力环境下土体响应监测技术,开展了非饱和黄土地基降雨入渗离心模型试验,测试研究了超重力环境对新研制的微型TDR探针及张力计测量的影响规律,并利用TDR、张力计及弯曲元对降雨入渗过程中土体响应进行多物理量联合监测。研究结果表明:在不同离心加速度下微型TDR探针与给定含水率土体实测原始波形重合,说明超重力环境对TDR测试没有影响,含水率的测试误差在2%以内。在离心机加速过程中,张力计所测吸力下降约2.0~2.9 kPa,当离心加速度稳定在40g时,所测吸力在10min内上升并接近常重力下土体初始吸力。在降雨入渗过程中,埋设在同一深度的TDR探针、张力计和弯曲元对湿润锋响应的时间点基本一致,降雨入渗导致土体含水率增加,基质吸力降低,剪切波速降低。这些多物理量监测数据有助于建立非饱和土含水率-吸力-剪切模量之间的关系。     

三向地震作用下叠交隧道地震响应振动台试验研究

叠交隧道是涉及隧道之间、隧道与土体相互作用的复杂体系,其安全性将严重影响城市轨道交通建设。目前,对于叠交隧道振动台试验的研究集中在水平平行和交叉叠交隧道、单向和双向地震动输入。鉴于此,利用自行设计的层状三向剪切模型箱,对竖直平行叠交隧道开展三向地震作用下的振动台模型试验,研究地基土−叠交隧道模型体系动力特性、地基土加速度、叠交隧道加速度、地表沉降、地基土孔压、叠交隧道动土压力及叠交隧道应变等地震响应。结果表明：随着震波峰值加速度（peak ground acceleration,简称PGA）依次增加,地基土−叠交隧道模型体系的自振频率随之减小,而阻尼比随之增大;叠交隧道周围地基土加速度和孔压的梯度差随着地震波PGA的增大而增大,且上隧道周围梯度差比下隧道更大;地基土对加速度的放大效应随着地震波PGA的增大而减弱;相同地震波作用下,相同位置处的叠交隧道加速度傅里叶谱形状相似,但幅值随着地震波PGA的增大而增大。此外,与顶部和底部位置相比,腰部位置加速度傅里叶谱频段范围变宽,幅值峰值有所降低;地表沉降峰值随着地震波PGA的增大而减小,相比地基土两侧位置,中心位置的沉降峰值明显较小;地震波的类型对叠交隧道动土压力峰值和应变峰值影响较小;对于动土压力峰值,两隧道的最大值均为腰部,而上、下隧道的最小值分别为底部、顶部;对于应变峰值,上隧道在腰部明显大于顶部和底部,而下隧道在4个位置相差不大。     

干砂弹性参数测定的弯曲-伸展元试验

利用安装在共振柱测试系统中的弯曲-伸展元,开展了干砂中P波（压缩波）和S波（剪切波）的室内试验,详细地分析了干砂中P波和S波的信号特征,研究了输入频率、土体密实度和有效围压对输出信号的影响。对比各种信号分析方法,并参考共振柱试验结果确定了S波的传播时间。根据实测波速和波动理论,确定了土体的弹性参数,包括剪切模量,侧限模量和泊松比。研究结果表明,P波和S波的输出信号频率在一定程度上随输入信号频率、土体密实度和有效围压的增加而增加,且P波信号比S波信号更容易确定波的传播时间;土体的弹性模量随土体密实度和有效围压的增加而增加,但剪切模量增长比侧限模量快;土体的泊松比并非一个常数,随着土体密实度和有效围压的增加而下降。初步探讨了利用剪切模量估算泊松比,以方便实际工程应用。     

地震序列作用下干砂与饱和砂地基动力响应离心模拟试验

海洋环境荷载复杂多变,海上构筑物基础周围土体作为主要承载体受地震作用的影响非常大。我国已建及拟建的沿海区域存在着大量饱和砂土层,相比于沙漠戈壁等干旱区域,基础周围土体的动力特性有极大不同。已有研究主要考虑单一地震作用下自由场土体力学性状演化,少有关注地震序列及地震历史对基础周围土体动力特性的影响。基于ZJU-400超重力振动台,开展了干砂地基和饱和砂地基离心模型试验,从离心模型尺度对比了两种地基中桩周土体在地震作用下的动力响应。研究发现,饱和地基的自振频率受地震历史的影响较明显,而干砂地基受其影响并不显著。桩-土强烈的相互作用会加速桩周土体超孔压发展。受地震历史效应的影响,土体剪胀特性逐渐加强;桩周超孔压的累积发展逐渐放缓,而消散速度却有所加快。在饱和地基中,桩周土体放大系数随着地震序列呈现明显的震荡增加现象,而在干砂地基中这种现象并不显著。采用反演方法发现,在整个施振过程中饱和砂地基桩周土体模量逐渐减小且不受剪应变关联的现象,揭示了其受超孔压的影响程度要大于剪应变的规律。     

黄土基覆层边坡动力破坏特征的大型振动台试验研究

为了探讨黄土基覆层边坡动力破坏特征与加速度的响应关系,采用1︰20振动台试验,设置输入地震波幅值逐级增大,实时监测边坡裂缝试验全周期内发育规律,应用MATLAB动力破坏特征检测系统获取地表裂缝的基本信息,提出边坡表面动力破坏特征,并结合各工况监测点加速度峰值变化规律进行分析。得到如下结论：(1)输入加速度峰值0.6g时,坡顶和坡脚的裂缝宽度、裂缝面积均有跳跃性增长,表明土岩接触面部位土体已发生累进剪切破坏,滑面和坡面上的加速度峰值响应突变,振幅突变较大,表明边坡已经发生破坏。(2)沿坡面和滑面加速度放大系数均呈非线性增加,而沿坡面的放大系数在各工况下明显比沿滑面的大,说明加速度沿高程放大效应明显。(3)拉裂缝和剪切裂缝面积突增是边坡破坏的重要特征,贯通裂缝产生和加速度响应突变可以作为边坡动力破坏的依据。     

地震序列作用下干砂与饱和砂地基动力响应离心模拟试验

海洋环境荷载复杂多变,海上构筑物基础周围土体作为主要承载体受地震作用的影响非常大。我国已建及拟建的沿海区域存在着大量饱和砂土层,相比于沙漠戈壁等干旱区域,基础周围土体的动力特性有极大不同。现有的研究主要考虑单一地震作用下自由场土体力学性状演化,少有关注地震序列及地震历史对基础周围土体动力特性的影响。本文基于ZJU-400超重力振动台,开展了干砂地基和饱和砂地基离心模型试验,从离心模型尺度对比了两种地基中桩周土体在地震作用下的动力响应。研究发现,饱和地基的自振频率受地震历史的影响较明显,而干砂地基受其影响并不显著。桩-土强烈的相互作用会加速桩周土体超孔压发展。受地震历史效应的影响,土体剪胀特性逐渐加强;桩周超孔压的累积发展逐渐放缓,而消散速度却有所加快。在饱和地基中,桩周土体放大系数随着地震序列呈现明显的震荡增加现象,而在干砂地基中这种现象并不显著。采用反演方法发现在整个施振过程中饱和砂地基桩周土体模量逐渐减小且不受剪应变关联的现象,揭示了其受超孔压的影响程度要大于剪应变的规律。     

Dynamic Properties of Soft Clay and Loose Sand from Seismic Centrifuge Tests

Appropriate evaluation of shear modulus and damping characteristics of soils subjected to dynamic loading is key to accurate seismic response analysis and soil modeling programs. Dynamic centrifuge experiments were conducted at C-CORE (Memorial University of Newfoundland) centrifuge center to investigate the dynamic properties and seismic response of soft clay and dry loose sand strata. Soft clay with shear strength of about 30 kPa and well graded silica sand at about 35% relative density were employed in a rigid container to simulate local site effects. Several earthquake-like shaking events were applied to the model to evaluate variation of shear modulus and damping ratio with shear strain amplitude and confining pressure, and to assess their effects on site response. The estimated modulus reduction and damping ratio were compared to the predictions of empirical formulae and resonant column tests for both soft clay and loose sand. The evaluated shear modulus and damping ratio were found to be dependent on confining pressure in both soil types. Modulus variation in both soils agreed well with the empirical curves and resonant column test results. However, the sand modulus values were slightly higher than the empirical relations and resonant column tests. This discrepancy is attributed to higher stress and densification of sand during large amplitude shaking applied to the model. The damping ratio at shear strains lower than 0.5% was in reasonable agreement with the empirical curves and the resonant column tests in both clay and sand models, but was generally higher at shear strain larger than 0.5%.     

断层泥动剪切模量和阻尼比影响因素试验研究

利用GDS共振柱试验系统对不同干密度、不同含水率的断层泥试样进行了动剪切模量和阻尼比试验研究。结果表明,使用Hardin-Drnevich双曲线模型能够较好地描述断层泥的动剪切模量随剪应变的变化趋势;随干密度增加,动剪切模量和阻尼比均增大;而随含水率增加,动剪切模量和阻尼比均减小;归一化动剪切模量试验点主要位于Seed和Idriss提出的砂土G/G_max～γ曲线变动范围内,且与Sun和Seed推荐黏性土曲线变化趋势一致;在半对数坐标系中,阻尼比与动剪应变呈良好的线性关系,并给出了拟合关系式。     

Assessment of soil–pile–structure interaction influencing seismic response of mid-rise buildings sitting on floating pile foundations

The role of the seismic soil–pile–structure interaction (SSPSI) is usually considered beneficial to the structural system under seismic loading since it lengthens the lateral fundamental period and leads to higher damping of the system in comparison with the fixed-base assumption. Lessons learned from recent earthquakes show that fixed-base assumption could be misleading, and neglecting the influence of SSPSI could lead to unsafe design particularly for structures founded on soft soils. In this study, in order to better understand the SSPSI phenomena, a series of shaking table tests have been conducted for three different cases, namely: (i) fixed-base structure representing the situation excluding the soil–structure interaction; (ii) structure supported by shallow foundation on soft soil; and (iii) structure supported by floating (frictional) pile foundation in soft soil. A laminar soil container has been designed and constructed to simulate the free field soil response by minimising boundary effects during shaking table tests. In addition, a fully nonlinear three dimensional numerical model employing FLAC3D has been adopted to perform time-history analysis on the mentioned three cases. The numerical model adopts hysteretic damping algorithm representing the variation of the shear modulus and damping ratio of the soil with the cyclic shear strain capturing the energy absorbing characteristics of the soil. Results are presented in terms of the structural response parameters most significant for the damage such as foundation rocking, base shear, floor deformation, and inter-storey drifts. Comparison of the numerical predictions and the experimental data shows a good agreement confirming the reliability of the numerical model. Both experimental and numerical results indicate that soil–structure interaction amplifies the lateral deflections and inter-storey drifts of the structures supported by floating pile foundations in comparison to the fixed base structures. However, the floating pile foundations contribute to the reduction in the lateral displacements in comparison to the shallow foundation case, due to the reduced rocking components.     

Shaking table tests to investigate the influence of various factors on the liquefaction resistance of sands

This paper presents the shaking table studies to investigate the factors that influence the liquefaction resistance of sand. A uniaxial shaking table with a perspex model container was used for the model tests, and saturated sand beds were prepared using wet pluviation method. The models were subjected to horizontal base shaking, and the variation of pore water pressure was measured. Three series of tests varying the acceleration and frequency of base shaking and density of the soil were carried out on sand beds simulating free field condition. Liquefaction was visualized in some model tests, which was also established through pore water pressure ratios. Effective stress was calculated at the point of pore water pressure measurement, and the number of cycles required to liquefy the sand bed were estimated and matched with visual observations. It was observed that there was a gradual variation in pore water pressure with change in base acceleration at a given frequency of shaking. The variation in pore water pressure is not significant for the range of frequency used in the tests. The frequency of base shaking at which the sand starts to liquefy when the sand bed is subjected to any specific base acceleration depends on the density of sand, and it was observed that the sand does not liquefy at any other frequency less than this. A substantial improvement in liquefaction resistance of the sand was observed with the increase in soil density, inferring that soil densification is a simple technique that can be applied to increase the liquefaction resistance.     

互层土的动参数试验研究及其地震反应分析

通过对两个工程场地的淤泥质粉质粘土、粉土、粘土、粉细砂及粉土与（粉质）粘土、粘土与粉砂互层土的自振柱试验结果进行分析,给出了部分土的 - 和 - 曲线,与Seed和Idriss建议的砂土和粘性土的 - 和 - 曲线变化范围进行了对比;同时分析了这两个场地的地震反应,结果表明：在强震时互层土对地震波有很强的滤波作用,且互层土的最大剪应变远大于一般土,在水平地震作用下很容易接近或达到破坏状态。初步分析结果表明：互层土具有软土的动力特性,这主要是由互层土的特殊物理构造造成的,即在互层土中存在很密的水平薄弱面。     

Modulus and damping from shaking table tests of reinforced soil walls

The paper presents rational procedures to estimate normalised shear modulus and damping ratio from measured responses of reinforced soil model walls tested in a 1-g shaking table. Displacement measured at the top of the model walls and input base acceleration time histories are used to produce equivalent hysteretic responses of the model walls. Equivalent hysteretic loops at different strain amplitudes are developed and used to calculate normalised modulus degradation curves and damping ratio for the tested model walls. Model wall responses are also analysed using the single degree of freedom (SDOF) model to determine damping ratio and phase difference, and to verify the validity of SDOF model for application with reinforced soil walls.

Results indicate that the normalised shear modulus significantly decreased at the early stage of the base shaking (i.e. γ_s < 0.03%). For example, about 68% and 80% reductions in shear modulus occurred at γ_s = 0.005% and 0.01% respectively. In addition, a 90% reduction in the normalised shear modulus realised at relatively strong input base acceleration (i.e. for γ_s > 0.03%). Minimum damping ratio of 5% to 10% for both model walls was obtained, increased to 15% to 20% at strain amplitude γ_s = 0.3%, and reached higher values thereafter. Finally, dynamic properties determined from the proposed method are compared with experimental and empirical relationships proposed in literature as well as resonant column test results.     

Monotonic and Cyclic Behavior of Chiang Mai Sand Under Simple Shear Mode

Record of damages and casualties caused by earthquakes in Thailand reveals that Chiang Mai, the second largest province of Thailand, has faced the great threat among other provinces. Triaxial tests, standard penetration tests, and multichannel analysis of surface wave have been recently performed to understand the dynamic response of Chiang Mai ground. However, the cyclic simple shear test, which could convincingly represent the real seismic ground shaking under repeated horizontal shear force, has not been conducted yet. Therefore, this paper aims to characterize the behaviors of Chiang Mai sand under monotonic and cyclic loadings using a direct simple shear apparatus. Sand specimens taken from the Ping River were prepared by dry deposition technique. The mobilized friction angle at the critical state measured by the direct simple shear test is equal to 37.3° which is 9 % less than that measured by direct shear box test. This paper also provides the appropriate dynamic properties of Chiang Mai sand with the shear strain level <2 % for any practical purpose. Test results showed that the normalized shear modulus agrees well with other investigators while the damping ratio is noticeably smaller than the lower-bound range for sand reported in the past studies.     

不同含水状态堆积体边坡地震响应特性大型振动台模型试验

堆积体边坡动力响应特性复杂,影响因素众多。已有的大型动三轴试验结果表明,含水状态对堆积体的动剪切模量比与阻尼比有重要影响。针对含水状态这一因素,开展了2组不同含水率的1:12比尺的大型振动台堆积体边坡模型试验,对比分析了其在连续地震荷载序列作用下的加速度响应特性与坡顶位移发展趋势。试验结果表明：2组边坡模型均表现出第一阶自振频率随着加载序列递减、阻尼比随着加载序列增大的现象,但含水率为6.6%时,边坡第1阶自振频率与阻尼比均大于含水率为0.7%的堆积体边坡。堆积体边坡含水率为6.6%时的输入地震动峰值加速度（PGA）放大系数大于堆积体边坡含水率为0.7%时的工况。2组模型坡顶水平响应加速度的傅里叶频谱特征相似,均表现出输入地震波的特征频率越接近模型第1阶自振频率,坡顶水平加速度放大效应越明显,而且从低频侧接近第1阶自振频率的响应比从高频侧接近的要显著。含水率为6.6%的堆积体边坡在多级地震荷载作用下的坡顶永久位移均大于含水率为0.7%的边坡,堆积体边坡含水率为6.6%,坡顶永久位移对输入地震波的频谱特性更敏感。研究结论有助于增强不同含水状态对堆积体边坡动力响应规律影响的认识。