RESOURCESAT-1 LISS-4 MX bands onground co-registration by in-flight calibration and attitude refinement

RESOURCESAT-1 satellite was launched in October of 2003. Since then it has been consistently providing high quality 5 m monochromatic and multispectral images of same resolution. LISS-4 MX sensor has complex acquisition geometry. It operates in three spectral bands imaged by 3 CCD arrays, which are separated by a finite time in imaging along the satellite track direction. Individual band data is acquired at different times while the satellite is driven by a pre-determined yaw profile. In addition, the odd–even pixels are too shifted by a small fixed delay in time. A unique challenge in LISS-4 MX Level-2 data processing sub-system is to autonomously rectify and additionally co-register the three bands data because of the influence of orbit and attitude in the time gap in the imaging sequence. In this paper, authors bring out details of in-flight calibration arrived for LISS-4 MX sensor. It addresses parameterization of co-registration problem by doing sensitivity analysis of the geometric model parameters to achieve co-registration among all bands. This approach can also be used for other sensor system having similar imaging geometry to achieve improved image co-registration among bands.     

Progress in the Development of a High Performance Airborne Digital Sensor

Joint development work by LH Systems and Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Aerospace Center) has produced encouraging results using forward, nadir and backward looking linear arrays on the focal plane to provide panchromatic imagery and geometric information, supplemented by further arrays to acquire multispectral imagery suitable for both high precision photogrammetric mapping and image processing for interpretative purposes. The geometric characteristics of line scanner imagery necessitate line-by-line rectification for aircraft tilts and shifts. Satisfactory execution of this process is enhanced by using supplementary data from high performance, on-board GPS and inertial measurement systems. Similarly, high demands are placed on other sub-systems, such as the camera mount, lens, electronics and storage technology. In addition to rectification for aircraft tilts and shifts, rectification for terrain characteristics is also required in order to generate colour and false colour composite images, since the various multispectral arrays are in different places on the focal plane. The special geometry affects triangulation. Thereafter, the imagery can be processed using existing software packages from both photogrammetry and remote sensing.
The concept has been demonstrated in several successful test flights and the production model is scheduled for market introduction at the ISPRS Congress in July 2000. The imagery from the new sensor will fulfil many market requirements between the highest resolution film imagery (<0.1 m) and high resolution space imagery (1m to 10 m). The sensor's unique blend of multispectral information with high quality geometric information will give rise to numerous new applications.     

Selection of IRS-P6 LISS-4 MO mode band for producing band-sharpened multispectral imagery

The recently launched IRS-P6 satellite has a unique capability of acquiring simultaneously multispectral data at three different spatial resolutions from three independent optical sensors (LISS-4, LISS-3 and AWIFS). Of these, the LISS-4 sensor can be operated in two modes: (i) multispectral (MX) mode covering a swath of 23 km and (ii) monochromatic (MO) mode covering a 70-km swath, both at a spatial resolution of 5 m. One of the important uses of the LISS-4 MO data is in realizing a 5 m band-sharpened multispectral image by merging it with the low-resolution LISS-3 MS image. Operationally anyone of the three LISS-4 bands can be chosen for the MO mode data acquisition. The performance of each band for producing band-sharpened MS images is evaluated, and the choice of the band based on the spatial and spectral characteristics of the merged data is suggested. The LISS-4 Red-band is found to be optimal. It provides band-sharpened imagery with spatial and spectral qualities very similar to the LISS-4 MX data products.     

Automated co-registration of images from multiple bands of Liss-4 camera

Three multi-spectral bands of the Liss-4 camera of IRS-P6 satellite are physically separated in the focal plane in the along-track direction. The time separation of 2.1 s between the acquisition of first and last bands causes scan lines acquired by different bands to lie along different lines on the ground which are not parallel. Therefore, the raw images of multi-spectral bands need to be registered prior to any simple application like data visualization. This paper describes a method for co-registration of multiple bands of Liss-4 camera through photogrammetric means using the collinearity equations. A trajectory fit using the given ephemeris and attitude data, followed by direct georeferencing is being employed in this model. It is also augmented with a public domain DEM for the terrain dependent input to the model. Finer offsets after the application of this parametric technique are addressed by matching a small subsection of the bands (100×100 pixels) using an image-based method. Resampling is done by going back to original raw data when creating the product after refining image coordinates with the offsets. Two types of aligned products are defined in this paper and their operational flow is described. Datasets covering different types of terrain and also viewed with different geometries are studied with extensive number of points. The band-to-band registration (BBR) accuracies are reported. The algorithm described in this paper for co-registration of Liss-4 bands is an integral part of the software package Value Added Products generation System (VAPS) for operational generation of IRS-P6 data products.     

Resourcesat (IRS-P6) value added data products

Remote sensing data products need to meet stringent geodetic and geometric accuracy specifications irrespective of intended user applications. Georeferencing is the basic processing step towards achieving this goal. Having known the imaging geometry and mechanism, the mathematical models built with the use of orbit and attitude information of the spacecraft can correct the remote sensing data for its geometric degradations only up to system level accuracy (IRS-P6 DP Team, 2000). The uncertainties in the orbit and attitude information will not allow the geometric correction model to generate products of accuracy that can meet user requirements unless Ground Control Points (GCP) are used as reference geo-location landmarks. IRS-P6 data processing team has been entrusted with developing a software system to generate data products that will have desired geodetic and geometric accuracies with known limitations. The intended software system is called the Value Added Data Products System (VADS). Precision corrected, Template Registered, Merged and Ortho Rectified products are the value added products planned with VADS.     

Epipolar resampling of linear pushbroom satellite imagery by a new epipolarity model

This paper presents a practical epipolarity model for high-resolution linear pushbroom satellite images acquired in either along-track or cross-track mode, based on the projection reference plane in object space. A new method for epipolar resampling of satellite stereo imagery based on this model is then developed. In this method, the pixel-to-pixel relationship between the original image and the generated epipolar image is established directly by the geometric sensor model. The approximate epipolar images are generated in a manner similar to digital image rectification. In addition, by arranging the approximate epipolar lines on the defined projection reference plane, a stereoscopic model with consistent ground sampling distance and parallel to the object space is thus available, which is more convenient for three-dimensional measurement and interpretation. The results obtained from SPOT5, IKONOS, IRS-P5, and QuickBird stereo images indicate that the generated epipolar images all achieve high accuracy. Moreover, the vertical parallaxes at check points are at sub-pixel level, thus proving the feasibility, correctness, and applicability of the method.     

基于室内光谱测量的玉米单叶偏振与二向性反射关系研究

本研究利用多角度光度计实测了玉米单叶的偏振反射比与二向反射比数据。该光度计能够在不同的观测天顶角、入射天顶角和方位角下测量目标物的偏振反射和二向反射,获得地物目标在2π空间的多角度观测数据。通过分析实测的偏振反射和二向反射数据,得出了玉米单叶的偏振反射与二向反射之间关系密切,最大与最小偏振反射比之和的平均数约等于同等观测条件下玉米叶片的二向反射比。该研究成果为植被遥感监测做出了一种新的尝试,并且对偏振光遥感、多角度遥感的深入研究与应用提供了依据。     

光学航天传感器几何建模与DEM生成新进展

高分辨率光学卫星成像系统正越来越多地应用于遥感和摄影测量领域。根据新型的高分辨率卫星影像系统主要特点及高分辨率卫星测图的关键技术的发展趋势,以第21届国际摄影测量与遥感大会“光学航天传感器几何建模与DEM生成”专题中的51篇文章为参考,总结了目前典型的光学卫星影像（主要是IRS—P5和ALOS／PRISM）的几何建模方法,影像匹配与DEM提取方法以及光学航天传感器在其他方面的应用。     

地性线的山地区域的卫星影像几何精纠正

提出了一种山地区域基于DEM地性线的控制纠正新方法,该方法以数字地形模型DEM为无几何变形的控制基准纠正卫星影像。阐述了提取沟谷、山脊、山峰和凹地区域的地性线的原理和算法,给出了山地区域基于地性线进行卫星图像几何精纠正实施步骤,进一步讨论了地性线提取、控制点采集存在的问题,以及解决问题的途径。实验结果表明,对于山地区域,地性线的空间数量数倍于水系、道路等常规地图层;地性线来源于DEM,其空间稳定性和可靠性更高,可以用于山地区域的卫星影像的严格控制纠正。用该方法进行几何纠正处理,几何误差能控制在一个像元的水平上。     

The derivation of skeleton lines for terrain features

The geometric and physical analysis methods are conventional methods for the derivation of skeleton lines in the fields of cartography,digital photogrammetry,and related areas.this paper proposes a stepwise approach that uses the physical analysis method in the first stage and the geometric analysis method in the subsequent stage.The physical analysis method analyses the terrain globally to obtain a rough set of skeleton lines for a terrain surface.The rough skeleton lines help to structure the ordering of feature points by the geometric analysis method.     

The derivation of skeleton lines for terrain features

The geometric and physical analysis methods are conventional methods for the derivation of skeleton lines in the fields of cartography, digital photogrammetry, and related areas. This paper proposes a stepwise approach that uses the physical analysis method in the first stage and the geometric analysis method in the subsequent stage. The physical analysis method analyses the terrain globally to obtain a rough set of skeleton lines for a terrain surface. The rough skeleton lines help to structure the ordering of feature points by the geometric analysis method.     

高分辨率卫星影像几何精度真实性检验方法

以日本ALOS卫星为例,分析了线阵推扫式卫星影像成像特征,从理论上阐述利用严密成像几何模型建立卫星影像像点与物点之间的成像几何关系,并利用光束法区域网平差技术对影像几何精度进行真实性检验的方法。在实验部分,基于中国嵩山遥感几何定标场的参考数据,对ALOS卫星影像的几何精度进行了验证,获取了它的有控和无控的定位精度,并用解算的外方位元素建立立体模型,检测不同地形生成DEM精度。     

TDI CCD交错拼接推扫相机严格几何模型构建与优化

时间延迟积分电荷耦合器件(TDI CCD)交错拼接推扫相机,是指焦平面上交错成两行排列多个TDI CCD阵列,并采用推扫成像方式的光学相机。为兼顾空间分辨率与地面覆盖宽度,当前较多的高分辨率光学遥感卫星都搭载了此类相机。本文总结了此类相机的成像原理和特点,基于成像瞬间多片CCD共享一套外方位元素的特点构建了该类相机的"整体几何模型"。针对定位过程中的外部误差和内部误差,基于整体几何模型设计了相应的内外误差补偿方案,对该类相机几何模型的优化进行了研究。以8片TDI CCD交错拼接的天绘一号(TH-1)卫星高分相机原始影像为试验数据设计了多组试验对本文方法进行验证。结果表明:本文的整体几何模型可严格描述该类相机的原始几何物像关系;仅进行外部误差补偿时,影像定位精度显著提升,但各分片CCD影像残留有不同的系统误差;仅进行内部误差补偿时,影像定位精度没有显著提升,但各分片CCD影像定位精度的一致性得到明显改善;对内部、外部误差均补偿后,影像在X、Y、Z方向的定位精度皆优于2m,且各分片CCD影像定位精度具备一致性;将计算出的内部误差补偿参数应用于成像时间间隔22d的其他多景影像时仍达到了同样的定位精度。     

Quantifying the Size of a Lidar Footprint: A Set of Generalized Equations

Light detection and ranging (lidar) technologies provide a practical solution to 3-D terrain mapping through laser ranging and scanning technologies. A lidar footprint, which is the critical parameter describing the size of laser sampling area, varies with the scanning geometry and the local topography encountered. Integrating the effects of the scanning geometry and terrain orientations, this letter analyzes the intersection geometry of a laser beam and the terrain and develops a set of rigorous generalized footprint equations on inclined terrain for both across-track and Palmer scanning systems.      

Geometric and radiometric evaluation of Resouresat-1 sensors

Resourcesat-1, launched in October 2003, is the 10th in the series of Indian Remote Sensing satellites built by the Indian Space Research Organization. Resourcesat-1, also known as IRS-P6, provides continuity to applications developed using data from IRS-1C and IRS-1D satellites. It also offers newer applications owing to enhanced capabilities of the sensors. The satellite contains three different imaging sensors: LISS-IV, with a ground sampling distance (GSD) of 5.8 m; LISS-III, with a GSD of 23.5 m; and AWiFS, with a GSD of 56 m at nadir. This paper provides data quality evaluation of the Resourcesat-1 sensors in terms of geometric and radiometric qualities. It is found that the sensors onboard Resourcesat-1 spacecraft has met all the mission set specifications and will help to generate data products with the required image geolocation and radiometric quality.     

移轴原理的数字相机检校

移轴相机由于其垂视摄影且视场可扩展的优势,已逐步开始应用于航空大面阵多相机系统中。针对当前航空移轴大面阵多相机系统未检校或由于检校精度不高导致几何精度较低的问题,提出了一种针对移轴成像的数字相机几何检校方法。该方法建立了移轴影像像平面坐标系到基准像平面坐标系的转换关系,并以此为基础构建移轴相机几何检校模型。本文以典型的单反移轴相机为例,利用室内三维检校场数据进行了实验验证与分析。结果表明,利用该方法对移轴相机进行检校是可靠的,并达到了较高的精度。     

Rendering 2D Lines on 3D Terrain Model with Optimization in Visual Quality and Running Performance

With the gradual shift from 2D maps to a 3D virtual environment, various visual artifacts were generated by overlaying 2D map symbols on 3D terrain models. This work proposes a novel screen‐based method for rendering 2D vector lines with the accuracy of more than one pixel on the screen in real time. First, screen pixels are inversely projected onto a 3D terrain surface, and then onto the 2D vector plane. Next, these pixels are classified into three categories in terms of their intersection situation with the 2D lines. After that, a multiple sampling process is applied to the pixels that intersect with the 2D lines in order to eliminate visual artifacts, such as intermittence and aliasing (in pixel scale). Finally, a suitable point‐in‐polygon judgment is implemented to color each sample point quickly. The algorithm is realized in a heterogeneously parallel model so that the performance is improved and becomes acceptable.     

资源三号02星激光测高仪足印位置预报方法

激光测高仪在轨几何检校是提高激光点平面和高程精度的必要途径,而激光足印地准确捕获是成功开展激光测高仪在轨几何检校的前提。本文针对资源三号02星搭载的我国首台激光测高仪的在轨几何检校试验需要,在参考光学遥感卫星成像几何模型的基础上,提出并构建了一套严密的激光足印位置预报模型。该模型充分顾及卫星平台在轨运行规律及激光与卫星相对几何关系,建立了激光发射点到地面足印的严密几何定位预报模型,通过金字塔地形匹配、基于加速度轨道预测以及频率域姿态分析分别获取预估的激光指向、轨道位置和姿态信息,实现地面激光足印的位置预报。该模型已应用于资源三号02星激光测高仪在轨几何检校试验中,预报的激光足印位置与探测器捕获到的实际位置的最大误差小于150m,充分验证了预报模型的正确性,实现了我国遥感卫星从天上到地面点对点的精确预报,为国产激光测高仪在轨几何检校提供了有力的技术支撑。     

植物单叶偏振反射特征研究

简明地阐述了植物单叶偏振反射特征以及影响植物单叶偏振反射的主要因素 ,这对偏振光遥感的深入研究具有一定的理论和实践意义     

An optimal determination of variable antenna height and power for in-orbit SAR operations

An optimal power and antenna height determination over a wide range of incidence angles is proposed for in-orbit operations of the spaceborne stripmap synthetic aperture radar (SAR) with variable antenna height and variable radiating element power. The antenna height and the average transmitted radio-frequency power of a radiating element for each incidence angle are determined so that the mapping area can be maximized with the constraints on the signal-to-noise ratio, ambiguities, and swath width, given the SAR geometry (an altitude and incidence angles) and radar wavelength. With the receive-chain power consumption of one transmit/receive module (P/sub r/=10 mW) and the SAR instrument power consumption without the phased array antenna (P/sub I/=5 W), the illustrative design example shows that the mapping area of the proposed SAR for the maximum incidence angle (/spl eta//sup max/=75/spl deg/) is about 269.1% of that resulted from utilizing only the variable antenna height. The proposed optimization would have a more beneficial effect on applications that need the high-incidence-angle operations.