泥石流堵断主河临界条件研究进展

自20世纪90年代开始,泥石流堵断主河临界条件研究取得了较大进展,开展了多动态室内模拟试验、统计学的相关性分析、动量动能的理论力学分析,取得了基于不同方法的临界条件判别式,但对泥石流堵河的力学形成机制、堵河的数值模拟、堵河原型模拟试验、多时段的遥感运用等方面的研究仍需解决和深入。前人所做的临界条件往往对具体环境下的单沟能够较好适应,而对一定数量的其它泥石流堵河事件往往对比验证较差。对泥石流堵河临界条件的研究需要运用到土力学、水力学等学科的相关理论才能解决。作者认为,在前人研究的基础上,未来研究方向应着重于泥石流堵河机理研究、RS、GIS技术的应用、原型模拟堵河试验及判别式研究,也许能有效地解决泥石流堵河临界条件的科学性和正确性,为实现防灾减灾提供科学的依据。     

川西南美姑河流域泥石流发育特征及堵河效应分析

美姑河流域泥石流灾害数量多、分布广,严重影响道路安全和居民区生产生活。基于美姑河流域地质灾害调查数据,对美姑河流域内泥石流的空间分布特征进行统计分析,研究了苏洛—竹库段泥石流的空间分布特征。认为:(1)美姑河流域共发育泥石流90条,其中大型15条,中型19条,小型56条;空间上主要分布于美姑河河谷区两岸,以及美姑河支流井叶特西河、连渣老河、尔觉河河谷区等;结合泥石流与降雨的关系,对泥石流进行分类统计;(2)根据层次分析法对泥石流的堵河程度进行评价,结论认为美姑河整体堵河程度一般,不存在严重的堵溃效应,只有个别泥石流沟存在堵河严重的情况,在此基础上总结了美姑河流域泥石流的堵河情况的评分标准。     

金沙江美姑河牛牛坝水电站库区泥石流对工程影响分析

金沙江美姑河牛牛坝水电站库区泥石流沟分布面积广、发生频率高;调查表明库区现有不同类型泥石流沟31条,其中属于高度危险的泥石流沟4条,中度危险的泥石流沟15条;这些泥石流不会造成严重的堵河问题。在施工期泥石流对水电站工程的影响突出,特别是靠近库首的泥石流对工程的安全构成威胁。水库蓄水后,库区泥石流对水电站工程影响有所降低,但位于大坝下游区的泥石流对水电站正常运行仍有较大的影响。     

怒江支流迪麻洛河流域泥石流易发性评价

以往对于怒江流域泥石流的研究大多关注支流泥石流对干流的影响,而对支流内群发性泥石流易发性的研究较少。迪麻洛河为怒江左岸一级支流,因其凸型斜坡地貌、变质软岩分布、断裂剪切破坏及新构造运动间歇性抬升产生的丰富物源等特征在怒江上游具有代表性。野外调查揭示,流域内泥石流主要分为沟谷型、坡面型和沟谷-坡面复合型3种,且多发育于迪麻洛河左岸。基于水文响应单元,从地质、地貌、降雨量、物源条件、人类工程活动等方面选取8项评价因子。针对各因子对不同类型泥石流影响程度的不同,采用层次分析法赋予各因子不同的权重。最后结合信息量法,分类剖析不同类型泥石流的易发性。结果表明：各类泥石流易发性高和极高的地区主要地层为石炭系第四段(C^d)、第五段(C^e)等岩性软弱地层;主要沿着道路建设等人类工程活动强烈的地区分布;越靠近断裂带易发性越高。随着易发性等级的提高,泥石流发育比例和相对发育比例也相应增高;各类型泥石流AUC达83.34%、90.07%和84.39%,评价结果合理,可为怒江支流泥石流防治规划与预测预报提供科学依据,为西南深切峡谷变质软岩区群发性泥石流防灾减灾提供理...     

磨西河泥石流堵断大渡河物理模拟与早期识别

历史记录与堆积区证据显示,四川泸定磨西河泥石流历史上堵断大渡河事件易发、频发,为泥石流堵河的典型案例。为了深入剖析磨西河泥石流相关物理参数对其入汇主河运动过程的影响,本文采用1∶500几何相似模型进行了物理模拟试验,结果表明:1)泥石流密度、流量比对泥石流堵河影响程度大,其均与泥石流堵河程度显著正相关,密度、流量比越大,堵河程度越严重,且存在发生堵河事件的临界点;2)流速比对堵塞影响程度小;3)磨西河堵断大渡河的早期识别指标为,当磨西河泥石流流量大于2 000 m3/s,泥石流物质组成为漂卵石混中粗砂、少含水时,磨西河泥石流易发生堵断大渡河的危害。磨西河泥石流堵断大渡河事件具有很强的偶然性与不确定性,本文仅选取磨西河与大渡河交汇区开展物理模拟试验,通过试验获取影响堵河发生的单因子临界值进行堵河早期识别,可能存在一定误差,但不失为堵河判别方法的创新,具有一定的实践意义,也为相关泥石流入汇主河早期识别理论与试验研究提供了技术方法。     

四川省九龙县娃娃沟泥石流运动特征与堵河成灾机制分析

2006年7月16日娃娃沟流域暴发的大规模泥石流,给下游3个电站造成巨大经济损失,是大渡河流域一次典型的灾害性泥石流。分析得出,娃娃沟泥石流重度高、搬运能力强,泥石流固体物质砂、石混杂,粗大砾石含量高;暴发频率低、规模大,流速及峰值流量分别高达10．78m／s及798．5m^3／s;在汇口处,泥石流堆积物堵塞河道是引起下游电站受灾的重要原因,高重度、粗颗粒、大流量的组合是此次泥石流堵江的重要原因。堵河判别计算结果显示在发生百年一遇泥石流时,该断面均有发生堵河的可能。娃娃沟泥石流表明：①在大渡河支流的泥石流沟周边的中小电站极有可能在泥石流暴发时受到破坏。因此,电站建设过程中应加强对周边泥石流沟的防灾减灾工作;②虽然娃娃沟流域植被良好,但仍然发生了大规模泥石流。表明植被不能完全避免泥石流的发生,对于此类泥石流沟不能疏忽大意。     

基于遥感影像的四川石棉“7·4”后沟泥石流形成机理与堵河过程分析

本文以2013年7月4日四川石棉县后沟堵河型泥石流为研究对象,通过泥石流堵河前后对比研究、前期与当日降雨分析、理论计算,认为后沟泥石流为强降雨自然诱发、矿渣物源补给的复合型泥石流。后沟泥石流的启动过程主要表现为:强降雨→启动点产生→沟道侵蚀、拉槽→沿程流量加大→矿渣物源参与→规模突增→淤积与下切交错→堵塞楠桠河。通过灾后的实地调查,后沟泥石流堵断楠桠河溃坝后,在堆积区形成2个堆积扇和3个对冲淤积点,保存着泥石流顶冲对岸形成堰塞体的形态特征,具有典型泥石流堵河特征。通过经验公式计算,后沟堵河程度在堵河可能性小和严重堵塞之间,与历史频率、实地调查、遥感分析具有较好的适应性。     

汶川县绵虒镇板子沟“8·20”大型泥石流堵河特征及危害性预测

汶川地震后,板子沟曾发生过多次大规模泥石流,尤其是2019年“8·20”泥石流对沟口的道路桥梁以及村寨造成了严重的破坏,将主河道向对岸严重挤压,今后仍存在较大堵河的风险。文章在野外调查以及对泥石流基本特征和形成条件综合分析的基础上,分析了堵河特征,计算了不同频率下泥石流的堵河参数,并预测了各频率下溃决洪水对绵虒镇可能产生的影响。计算结果表明,频率为2％、5％和10％的泥石流造成岷江堵塞的可能性较小,假设发生堵河事件,绵虒镇也不会受到溃坝洪水的危害。频率为1％的泥石流很可能造成主河堵塞。体积约57.38×104 m3的泥石流物质可以到达岷江,形成高度约为51.61 m的堰塞坝。在主河洪水的作用下,堰塞坝发生溃坝,溃坝洪水的峰值流量为5 935.49 m3/s,到达绵虒镇后降至2 312.25 m3/s。由于相应的洪水深度（4.00 m）大于防护堤的高度（3.50 m）,因此溃坝洪水很可能会对绵虒镇防护堤附近民房造成破坏。为今后大型泥石流堵河特征的分析,以及溃决洪水对下游城镇可能造成的影响提供了参考。     

藏东南部泥石流堵河试验研究

通过模型试验对泥石流入汇主河后堵塞坝形成过程以及堵塞坝体溃决后主河河床形态特征进行了研究。实验历时3个月,共13组试验。在支主沟交汇角为90°的情况下,通过改变支沟泥石流容重、支主沟的流量比和动量比,建立了泥石流堵河的判别公式,当r>1 001.16时容易发生堵河现象,并对培龙沟两次泥石流堵河事件进行了判定;定义了主河的束窄率S与主河流速变异系数Fv,并发现了主河的束窄率与支主沟动量比之间存在线性关系;主河稳定后的平均宽度与流速变异系数之间存在幂的关系。该实验能够较好地模拟泥石流堵塞坝形成的过程,结果比较合理,并为泥石流灾害的防治提供了相应的理论基础。     

四川壤塘县石吾陇沟泥石流启动条件与堵河程度分析

阿坝州壤塘县宗科乡石吾陇沟于2014年历经20年一遇强降雨,暴发了较大规模泥石流,泥石流峰值流量35.38m^3/s,冲出约6000m^3固体物堆积于沟口,造成沟口宗科河堵塞约三分之二。本文在对石吾陇沟的发育特征进行分析和对运动特征参数进行计算的基础上,对吾陇沟在不同频率泥石流规模下的堵河特征进行研究。首先利用已有经验公式对石吾陇沟在不同频率下堵河程度进行判断,其次结合流体动力学软件CFX对石吾陇沟堵河情况进行模拟分析。经验公式和数值模拟结果均表明,20年一遇泥石流会造成主河严重堵塞,与2014年实际情况基本一致;50年一遇泥石流会造成主河堵断。此研究结果可为石吾陇沟泥石流治理提供依据。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861