Community Cohesion: Social and Economic Ties in the Personal Networks of Fisherfolk

Social ties influence access to knowledge and cooperation in natural resource management, with the sharing of certain characteristics thought to be positive for social cohesion and participatory forms of management. In this article, a holistic characterisation of fisherfolk personal networks is developed, disaggregating results by the main occupational groups within the fisheries studied, to provide a more nuanced understanding of the personal networks of types of fisherfolk. Links are then made between the characteristics of personal networks and evidence on how fisherfolk benefit from their networks, interpreted as contributing to social cohesion within the communities. The personal networks of fisherfolk (boat crew, boat owners and traders/processors) of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda bordering Lake Victoria were investigated using personal network analysis, with fisherfolk asked who they discuss their fisheries activities with. The analysis found that networks based on the same occupation were more characteristic of fish traders/processors networks than those of boat crew and boat owners and that shared ethnicity, gender and location were characteristic of boat owner and boat crew networks, though shared ethnicity may reflect the composition of the communities rather than choice. Social and economic interactions within the networks were based on provision of credit, social support and advice, suggesting that these form the basis of social cohesion and should be taken into consideration in working with fishing communities in both development interventions and designing collaborative management approaches.     

高铁流视角下的中国县域网络结构特征与演化研究

高铁通过改变城市间的连接性和联系强度来影响城市网络的结构、功能和关系。随着中国高铁网络的延伸与升级,基于高铁流来认识和解构城市网络成为了重要的途径之一。论文从高铁流出发,借助2008—2018年高铁客运班次数据和社会网络分析方法,对中国县域网络结构特征和演化进程进行分析。结果表明：① 高铁网络密度逐年提高。东中部地区的中心度值较高,枢纽地位明显,多条高铁干线的核心交汇点易生成高中介度节点。② 多重网络结构层级性辨识出具有演化分异的层级特征和复杂多样的联系格局。第一、第二层级节点效应显著,区位优势明显;第三层级是网络的延伸和细化。③ 地域邻近程度和空间联系强度决定了凝聚子群的构成,受高铁线路布局的影响,子群呈现“多核化”趋势,具体表现为延伸、合并和新增3种演化类型。     

Neoliberal subjectivities or a politics of the possible? Reading for difference in alternative food networks

Recent research on alternative food networks has highlighted the centrality of place-embeddedness as a strategy in constructing alternatives to conventional agri-industrial food systems, and has illustrated the political nature of these strategic localisms. Recently, critical human geographers and sociologists have drawn on relational theory to criticise the localism of alternative food networks as representing a politics of place which is unreflexive or defensive. Furthermore, some readings of alternative food networks argue that they reproduce the very neoliberal subjectivities that they seek to oppose. This article argues that agri-food scholars should be aware of the ways in which their readings of alternative food networks can guide and reproduce alternative food network practice. Drawing on Gibson-Graham's technique of 'reading for difference', I argue for a reading of alternative food networks that sees difference beyond the discursive field of neoliberalism. The article explores recent debates around governmentality as the mechanism through which neoliberal subjectivities are reproduced, and draws on a preliminary discussion of the alternative food network practice of the 100 Mile Diet in order to illustrate the arguments made .     

Incremental infrastructures: material improvisation and social collaboration across post-colonial Accra

Approaching the informal construction and extension of infrastructures through the terrain of what I term “the incremental” opens up new platforms of analysis for post-colonial urban systems. This refers to ad hoc actions on the part of slum dwellers to connect to energy networks or carve out informal living spaces. I argue that incrementalism is produced and subsequently secured and scaled through material configurations that seek to test and prefigure new forms of infrastructure and accompanying resource flows. I use a case study of energy and housing systems in a low-income neighborhood in Accra to define and examine these incremental infrastructures. I examine shifts in the Accra energy network as urban dwellers rework connections to flows of electricity. I also consider the material adjustment of housing and the role of cooperation in responding to threats of demolition and displacement. Together, incremental infrastructures and the ways that they are constituted articulate a prefigurative politics in which residents seek to generate access to new infrastructural worlds.     

Research Ethics,Trauma and Self-care: reflections on disaster geographies

In this Research Note, I reflect on researcher trauma in the discipline of geography, and explore ways to build a framework for researcher self-care by facilitating conversations about mental health in collaboration with Human Research Ethics Committees, Professional and Organisational Development Services and Workplace Health and Safety units.     

中国城市间投融资网络结构及其影响因素

基于企业网络联系构建城市网络研究是近年来的研究热点。以往研究多运用企业总部与分支机构的空间位置关系建立企业内部联系,以构建城市网络,缺少从企业间实际联系层面对城市网络的研究。本文利用企业间跨城市投融资关系建立城市联系并探究其驱动机制,为中国城市网络研究提供了新的思路。研究发现：①2013—2016年全国企业间跨城市资本流动数量不断增加,全国范围内投融资覆盖面越来越广,资本越发集中于大城市。②中国资本流动城市网络基本形成了以京津冀、长三角、珠三角、成渝地区以及武汉等城市为重要节点相互联系的空间结构,京深、京沪和深沪是网络中最重要的城市联系对。③长三角城市群内部联系最为密切,形成的城市网络最为复杂,资本活跃程度高;京津冀、珠三角城市群内部城市间联系相对较弱,“核心-边缘”结构分化较为严重。④中国城市网络嵌入在独特的制度环境中,市场和政府作用共同导致了城市网络空间结构演化。     

The Implications of Psychoanalysis for Qualitative Methodology: The Case of Interviews and Narrative Data Analysis*

In this article I ask to what extent geographers can draw on psychoanalytic theory when examining interview data. I consider Freud's theory of the mind and its unconscious processes to ask how bringing the unconscious to bear on identity studies potentially impacts qualitative research on subjectivity and identification. Existing geographic debate on psychoanalytic theory and methods provides an organizing framework for my argument. Although the article advocates an ontology of the psychoanalytic subject, I suggest that researchers must avoid psychoanalyzing research subjects. This distinction limits the ways in which scholars can “read” personal narratives for unconscious processes.     

Narratives of Safety on Social Media: The Case of #mysafetyselfie

This article draws on the case of #mysafetyselfie as an example of how social media can be used to highlight the social and spatial factors affecting women's experience with safety. In particular, I consider the ways in which media technology mediates embodied practice through an examination of the selfie as a form of relational place making. In the first section, I situate #mysafetyselfie as a node along a continuum of sociospatial work by Jay Pitter—the project's initiator—stemming from her personal and professional engagement with safety. I then draw from mobile interface theory to argue for the selfie as a practice of embodied implacement, which situates experience as contextually informed. In the next section, I conduct a close reading of three safety selfies from the project, in which safety is framed by the subject in intelligent and creative ways. I conclude by reflecting on the outcomes of #mysafetyselfie and the ethical responsibility of curating stories both offline and online.     

高被引华人科学家知识网络的空间结构及影响因素

知识网络的空间结构特征与影响因素是经济地理学探讨的热点议题之一,以往研究侧重于产业案例的分析,主要关注国家和城市层面的知识网络,而对科学家等个人层面的网络研究较为缺乏。以2014—2015年全球高被引科学家为原始数据,筛选出高被引华人科学家,并基于Web of Science数据库,检索高被引华人科学家之间合著论文的数据构建知识网络,借助社会网络分析方法对高被引华人科学家知识网络的空间结构进行分析;并运用负二项回归模型,从地理邻近性、社会邻近性、制度邻近性3个维度,探讨高被引华人科学家知识网络的影响机制。研究发现：① 高被引华人科学家知识网络存在核心-边缘结构特征,且具有小世界网络的网络特征;② 此知识网络呈现“小集聚大分散”的空间结构特征,地理邻近性作用明显;③ 高被引华人科学家知识网络形成过程中会受到科学家自身科研能力等因素的影响,地理距离和科学家之间的联系呈现负相关关系,地理邻近性的影响仍然存在,社会邻近性和制度邻近性均对知识网络的形成有促进作用。     

新经济条件下我国生产性服务业的发展

探讨在新的经济条件下我国生产性服务业受到的影响，对生产性服务业做了较全面的认识，分析了新经济条件下的经济自由化对生产性服务业的影响，以及新经济条件下的网络经济对生产性服务业的影响，提出了我国生产性服务业的今后发展的几点思考。     

Russia's Far East: A Region at Risk

Abstract

In this article I ask to what extent geographers can draw on psychoanalytic theory when examining interview data. I consider Freud's theory of the mind and its unconscious processes to ask how bringing the unconscious to bear on identity studies potentially impacts qualitative research on subjectivity and identification. Existing geographic debate on psychoanalytic theory and methods provides an organizing framework for my argument. Although the article advocates an ontology of the psychoanalytic subject, I suggest that researchers must avoid psychoanalyzing research subjects. This distinction limits the ways in which scholars can “read” personal narratives for unconscious processes.

     

公路网系对喀斯特流域水系结构的影响

为了定量评价公路对地表水文过程的影响,选择典型喀斯特流域,在GIS水文分析功能支持下探讨了公路网系对流域水系结构的改变。研究表明:公路代表的人类强烈扰动集中分布在水系两侧1 km范围内。叠加路网之后流域内三级以下的低级水系数量和总长度显著增加,主河道分枝能力和流域平均分枝比增大,说明路网将增大河道行洪压力,同时减弱喀斯特流域的溶蚀作用而增强流水侵蚀作用。对子流域单元的统计分析表明,路面产流强度与子流域水系长度增加量之间存在较好的线性关系。在空间上,路网增加的水系在流域出口附近的集中程度较高。公路影响抑制喀斯特地下水系的径流调蓄作用,可能导致洪水期河流洪峰提前并增大洪峰流量,从而加剧洪灾风险。     

Business networks and the competitiveness of small manufacturing firms in Sweden's northern periphery

The establishment of inter-firm networks is a key resource for the competitiveness of small firms. The literature on small firm networking stresses the importance of building a balanced network of regional and extra-regional networks in order to engender optimal levels of firm performance. In peripheral regions, the academic debate is focused on understanding how geographical remoteness affects the spatial orientation of networks of small firms. Based on the analysis of survey responses and financial accounts of 26 small manufacturing firms located in Sweden's northern periphery, the study investigates how the spatial configuration of networks, and particularly their regional and international components, is related to other aspects of the firms, such as geographical location or level of performance. The study shows that increased geographical remoteness tends to promote the establishment of international relations instead of hindering them and that peripheral small firms able to penetrate international markets tend to achieve higher levels of productivity. The subsequent discussion stresses the need to rethink the spatiality of policies promoting small firm networks, from a locally-bound to a more diversified, internationalised one.     

旅游体验视角下旅游流网络结构比较研究——以黄山市为例

随着当代社会表现出日益凸显的流动性特征,旅游流在旅游地域系统的要素关联和空间组织中发挥重要作用。旅游体验会对旅游者的空间行为造成影响,产生游中和游后差异性的旅游流网络,为区域旅游流网络结构的重组和优化提供了新的研究视角。以黄山市为研究案例地,运用社会网络分析方法,对游中和游后的旅游流网络结构进行比较研究。研究发现：（1）在旅游流网络结构方面,游中和游后的旅游流网络均存在明显的“核心-边缘”结构,游后的旅游流空间网络规模及范围较游中发生了显著变化,旅游者倾向于对更大空间范围内的邻近节点进行组合游览;（2）在旅游流节点功能方面,核心节点在游中和游后均发挥重要的辐射和集聚功能,游后旅游流节点功能整体提高,部分具有鲜明地方文化特色的节点成为游后旅游流网络的关键节点;（3）在空间组织重组和优化方面,进一步增强区域内部核心旅游节点的旅游流集散功能,并在更大空间范围内形成空间组织的良性互动与合作,是未来区域旅游流网络结构发展和调整的总体趋势。在此基础上,从理论和实践层面对相关结论展开讨论,并分别从空间格局、线路组织和交通体系三个方面,对黄山市旅游网络结构合理优化提出对策建议。     

Gatekeepers,Shareholders, and Evangelists: Expanding Communication Networks of African American Forest Landowners in North Carolina

The Sustainable Forestry and African American Land Retention Program (SFLR) was launched in 2012 to increase adoption of sustainable forestry practices among African American landowners in the southeastern United States to prevent land loss, increase forest health, and build economic assets. One of its main goals was to build communication networks through which African American landowners could obtain and share information about forestry practices and landowner assistance programs independent of public agencies. To measure and examine the growth of these communication networks over a three-year period (2014-2017), we conducted 87 interviews with landowners (24 of whom were interviewed multiple times), SFLR personnel, and Federal and State staff members in North Carolina. We used complementary methods of data gathering and analysis, including social network analysis and qualitative analysis. Our results showed expanding communication networks will be sustained independently of the program over time, although there is still a heavy reliance on program personnel.     

黄土高原分形沟网研究

推测认为黄土高源沟网具有分形性。根据Hoton定律推导沟网分维计算式，确定沟网分形结构，分形理论求算得小流域沟网的分维D＝1．9接近于平面空间时的D＝2理论值。统计分析发现流域边界周长、长轴、短轴、长短轴比、汇合角等地貌指标随流域面积的变化。从而证明黄土高源流域的自相似性。     

中国城市知识网络嵌入与科技企业孵化的交互影响研究

城市知识网络深刻影响着中国城市作为科技企业孵化苗圃的功能,深入揭示城市知识联系的创业驱动效应及其反馈机制已成为新时期经济地理学的重要课题,也将为中国创业政策的优化调整提供参考。本文以2020年中国274个地级以上城市为样本,利用专利权转让数据构建城市知识网络,以网络权力测度城市的网络嵌入特征,以科技型中小企业注册数量表征城市的科技企业孵化能力,通过联立方程模型检验了中国城市知识网络嵌入与科技企业孵化的内生交互影响及其空间溢出效应。研究表明：(1)城市在知识网络的嵌入特征与科技企业孵化能力存在交互的正向影响,即网络权力的提高通过改善城市对网络知识的利用能力正向影响着城市的科技企业孵化能力,科技企业的集聚发展又通过提高城市的知识交流能力正向影响着城市的网络权力。(2)城市知识网络嵌入与科技企业孵化存在交互的空间依赖效应,即城市在知识网络的权力地位正向依赖于周边城市的科技企业孵化能力,城市的科技企业孵化能力也受到周边城市网络嵌入特征的正向影响,并且这种交互的空间依赖效应呈现出随距离而衰减的特征。未来应解析中国城市知识网络嵌入与科技企业孵化交互关系的空间异质性特征,并关注城市在知识网络的嵌入特...     

旅行社网络化路径研究

随着中国旅行社数量的增多和市场竞争日趋激烈,网络化战略已成为数量众多中小型旅行社持续发展和提升自身竞争力的趋势性选择。在对国内旅行社的经营现状和网络化发展态势分析的基础上,提出旅行社进行网络化的5种路径,即旅行社战略联盟、旅行社虚拟企业、旅行社联合体、旅行社企业集团、旅行社间“准一体化”,及其3种构建方式,即横向一体化、纵向一体化、横纵向混合一体化,以期实现中国旅行社业健康持续发展。     

广州新塘牛仔服装制造业集群创新网络的演化阶段与特征

基于演化经济地理学视角,运用实地调研获得的第一手数据,构建由核心网络－支持网络－环境网络构成的创新网络结构模型,提出网络演化的分析框架,并对广州新塘牛仔服装制造产业集群创新网络演化过程、特征及动因进行实证研究。结果表明：1）新塘牛仔服装制造产业集群创新网络经历了萌芽（1980—1990年）、结网（1990—2000年）、成长（2000—2012年）和发展（2012—2018年）4个阶段。在萌芽期,企业间的生产和创新联系开始出现,集群创新网络初步建立;在结网期,大批量企业衍生加深了企业间的非正式联系,创新核心网络稳固发展;在成长期,政策及规划定位的调整重塑产业发展策略,创新联系增强,创新网络规模扩大;在发展期,政府与高校、研究机构和企业间的合作加强,龙头企业在牛仔服装生产上的技术创新能力得到提升,线上线下相结合的商业模式创新突显,创新网络规模稳定。2）不同子网络在推动整体网络演化过程中发挥不同作用。在萌芽期,创新环境子网络直接诱发创新网络的形成;在结网期,创新环境网络与创新核心网络共同推动创新网络的进一步发展;在成长期,创新支持网络是加速创新网络成长的主要因素。在发展期,创新环境网络再次成为创新网络演化中的关键。3）从演化动力上看,内生和外生动力共同推动集群创新网络的发展。集群外向型的经济特征使得初期网络由全球力量主导,在本地形成规模后向国内扩张。核心网络、支持网络、环境网络作为集群创新网络的重要组成部分,三者之间互为因果、互相作用,共同推进整体网络的演化。     

Extension 3.0: Managing Agricultural Knowledge Systems in the Network Age

This article develops the idea of “Extension 3.0” as an approach to agricultural extension that capitalizes on the network structure of local agricultural knowledge systems. Over the last century, agricultural knowledge systems have evolved into networks of widely distributed actors with a diversity of specializations and expertise. Agricultural extension programs need to manage these networks in ways that maximize the synergy between experiential, technical, and social learning. Using empirical research from California farmers, we highlight the structure of these networks within and across contexts, and the importance of boundary-spanning relationships. We provide some initial recommendations about actions needed to realize the goal of Extension 3.0, which is to deliver relevant agricultural knowledge to the right people, at the right time and place.