土地集约利用与城市化相互作用的定量研究——以中国三大城市群为例

基于京津冀、长三角和珠三角三大城市群2007-2013年土地集约利用与城市化水平的测度,运用协整检验、脉冲响应和方差分解等计量方法,对其城市化与土地集约利用的动态关系和相互作用强度进行研究。结果表明：三大城市群土地集约利用与城市化水平之间存在长期的正向促进作用,但作用强度不同;城市化对土地集约利用的作用强度表现为京津冀>珠三角>长三角,而土地集约利用对城市化的作用强度则表现为长三角>京津冀>珠三角;京津冀和珠三角城市群应在城市化进程中加强城市土地的内涵挖潜,而长三角城市群应逐步调整和优化城市发展模式,从而实现三大城市群城市化与土地集约利用的协同发展。     

新世纪山东省城镇化可持续发展问题研究

新世纪的山东省城镇化必须尽快实现由外延式向内涵式发展模式的战略转变,走可持续发展之路。以城镇产业的发展和向高层次跃进为支撑,以完善和强化城市功能为核心,全面提高城镇发展质量;变农村工业化为城镇工业化,以工业和服务业的联动发展推动城镇化水平的提高;加快相关制度改革步伐;统筹规划、分区推进全省城镇化进程的对策。     

The conception framework of Asian urban development in transition

IntroductionImper'tant academic results concerning urballhation worldwide, especially the ongoing urban tranSihon ofdeVeloping world of Asia haVe been achieved in the past tWo decades. The theoretical frameWork ofurbaniZation discourse itSelf has been evolving by stages in accordance with the major historical advancesof social sciences. The attempt to explain the relationship between urbalhaation and economic growth ofindividual countries dominated the literatUre in the 1960s and the 1970s…     

城市土地集约利用与区域城市化的时空耦合协调发展评价——以环渤海地区城市为例

处于城市化不同发展水平的城市,其土地集约利用的利用强度、利用形式与利用类型存在显著差异,城市土地利用最佳集约度与城市化水平密切相关,而城市土地集约利用与城市化的耦合协调可有效推动城市可持续发展。基于城市土地集约利用与城市化的交互耦合作用机制,本文构建两者之间的耦合协调发展度模型,定量评价城市土地集约利用与城市化的耦合协...     

西藏人口发展的空间解析与可持续城镇化探讨

改革开放以来,西藏的社会经济发展水平显著提高。但同时人口压力也在不断加大,农村的高自然增长率对城镇化产生一定的负效应,而流动人口成为新时期加速城镇化进程的主体力量。在分析人口增长与人口流动对城镇化作用的基础上,对西藏城镇的"职能-规模-空间"结构变动的综合特征进行了解析,认为经济职能是近年加速城镇规模扩大的重要因素,新镇的设立对城镇化贡献显著,使城镇空间分布逐渐趋于"大分散、小集中"的格局。并进一步探讨了人口发展、城镇化同资源环境、社会经济的冲突,提出可持续的城镇化是西藏人口发展和城镇化进程中需要努力实现的目标。     

对我国城市化研究的再考察

本文通过对当前我国城市化研究领域中一些观点的重新考察,以务实的态度提出有关我国城市化进程,城市规模,城市化转移空间,郊区化等问题的探讨性看法,指出城市化既要遵循经济规律,又要发挥政府的适当调控,不拘于西方模式与简单的现象分析,追求城市实质性的健康,有序,持续发展,才是城市化的主旨。     

城市化对西安市降水及河流水文过程的影响

为探究城市化对西安市降水机制及城市河流灞河下游水文过程的影响,根据西安市及灞河1970-2015年水文气象资料以及由遥感影像解译得到的土地利用数据,在分析西安市降水、土地利用特征及灞河下游降水、径流变化特征的基础上,运用水文特征参数时间序列法分析城市化对西安市降水的影响以及灞河水文过程的影响。结果表明：1970-2015灞河降水量呈不显著下降趋势,而径流量呈显著下降趋势;西安市土地利用程度较高,土地利用变化表现为耕地及林地向建设用地转移;受城市化影响,西安市降水机制发生了改变,强降水频次呈增加趋势,且城区增幅大于郊区;降水年内分配不均匀,越来越集中于夏季,增加了城市内涝的威胁;城市化对灞河下游降水-径流关系产生了影响,降水对径流的影响呈减弱趋势,而城市化对径流的影响呈增强趋势;此外,受城市化影响,灞河下游径流量年内波动趋缓,特别是汛期;城市化是影响径流变化的主要因素（61.5%）,降水变化是影响径流变化的次要因素（38.5%）;灞河下游径流量的减流主要是水利工程的作用及过量开采傍河地下水。     

半城镇化农民可持续生计与农村可持续发展——理论框架、研究进展及未来展望

可持续生计理论方法不仅可以应用于城市务工的半城镇化农民,服务于有序推进中国的城镇化,而且可广泛应用于中国西部农村地区和农户尺度的研究,服务于农村可持续发展。本文首先梳理了当前可持续生计的概念及分析框架,并基于半城镇化农民可持续生计与农村可持续发展,从地理学的综合视角提出了一个适应于中国实证研究的理论分析框架。然后依托国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目“半城镇化农民生计状态评估及市民化阻滞因素与政策调控”,梳理了可持续生计的国际国内研究进展以及半城镇化农民市民化与农村地区可持续发展的中国实证研究成果。最后提出了未来的研究展望,包括半城镇化农民市民化与农村地区可持续发展的联动研究,半城镇化农民市民化转变的主观意愿与客观阻滞因素综合研究,半城镇化农民与农村发展作用机理及其市民化效应,可持续生计与农村可持续发展的集成研究。     

Assessing land-use and -cover changes in relation to geographic factors and urban planning in the metropolitan area of Concepción (Chile). Implications for biodiversity conservation

The conservation of biodiversity in Latin American metropolitan areas is threatened by the intense land-use and -cover change. Assessing the overall biodiversity changes in entire regions faces with the traditional lack of consistent biodiversity data. This work aims at contributing to this assessment through a set of major pressures to biodiversity defined from land-use and -cover changes, and evaluating their extent, distribution and correlations with geographical variables. The study was performed in the framework of the Metropolitan Urban Plan of Concepción (MUPC, Chile). Land-use and -cover maps were obtained through image classification for the years 2000 and 2010, before and after the MUPC approval, and combined in a land-use and -cover change (LUCC) map. A set of pressures to biodiversity (natural and artificial forestation, deforestation, agricultural abandonment and expansion, and urbanization) was obtained from reclassifying the LUCC map. The correlations of these pressures with a set of geographical variables were assessed using canonical ordination methods. Finally, a preliminary forecast analysis of the effects of the MUPC was performed by combining the land-use and -cover map of 2010 with the urban-extension areas of the plan.Results showed that, in only 10 years, 57% of the Concepción Metropolitan Area (CMA) was affected by land-use and -cover changes, and 48% was affected by the pressures to biodiversity. Artificial forestation and deforestation were the dominant pressures, followed by agricultural abandonment and urbanization. The geographical distribution of pressures during the 2000–2010 period also contributed to affect the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable management of the CMA. Indeed, natural forestation occurred close to urbanization, thus threatening the ecological integrity of native forests, while artificial forestation, deforestation and agricultural abandonment took place in steeply areas thus increasing landslide risk. Despite urbanization was not the most relevant pressure in the short studied period, urban development planned in the MUPC would determine an overall increase of 60% in the built-up area of the CMA, mostly affecting brushwood and forest plantations but also native forest and wetlands. Implications of these results for the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) and the sustainable management of Latin American metropolis are finally discussed.     

西南经济核心区中心城市城镇化结构质量比较分析——以成都、重庆为例

运用耦合协调模型和基于主成分的多元线性回归法,对2005—2017年间中国西南经济核心区中心城市成都和重庆的城镇化结构质量及其驱动力展开对比分析。结果表明：① 重庆与成都的城镇化结构质量整体水平较高且在持续增长中;成都的城镇化结构质量明显高于重庆,这与因地形、发展阶段、城市定位而限定的重庆“主城区现代化大都市+非主城区广大农村地域”、成都现代化都市圈的空间结构组织形式密切相关;② 城镇化驱动因子呈现多元化、阶段性与差异性特征,行政力和市场力起主要作用;其次是内源力和外向力,但外向力正处在一个不断弱化的过程,反映中国城镇化发展的内生性特征;③ 基于取平均值的城镇化子系统及其系统耦合协调性分析,可有效避免当前城镇化耦合分析中因各子系统指标选取个数不等而带来的失真、不准确问题。     

21世纪以来长三角地区人口-土地城镇化协调度评价

改革开放以来城市化以政府驱动的大规模城镇土地开发为显著特征,新型城镇化强调土地城镇化与人口城镇化的协调发展.通过构建人口与土地城镇化综合指数及协调度评价方法,分析了2000—2015年期间长三角发展最快至转型时期的城市化协调特征,分析表明:长三角地区土地城镇化水平整体低于人口城镇化但增长率更高,2008年后两者进入高协...     

中国人口迁移,流动人口与城市化——现实,理论与对策

中国改革前的城乡不平等关系已演变成城市中拥有本地户口的居民与没有本地户口的流动人口的不平等关系。目前的城市化可以说是不完全和排斥性的城市化。要达到完全的城市化,必须关注三个重要方面,包括常规的城乡迁移、城市对流动人口的融合与包容以及城市边缘区的城乡一体化。流动人口地位低下的情况,政府和企业对此负有部分责任。讨论在户口制度背景下城市化的基本理论和城市流动人口融合的理论,认为应使用系统方法去研究城市化和城乡一体化的课题,该方法可应用于不同尺度的人与自然共生系统的规划、发展、建设和扩展,同时以香港的马鞍山新市镇作为例子来展示如何规划和发展一个可持续社区,以满足现代城市居民的期望。     

中国新型城镇化在“十九大”后发展的新态势

新型城镇化建设,关系到城镇化质量提升,关系到中国向高质量发展转型,关系到新时代“两阶段目标”的实现。“十九大”后,中国新型城镇化表现出4个方面新态势：一是走中国特色新型城镇化道路成为广泛共识,从城镇化严重滞后转向新型城镇化,从盲目赶超发达国家转向符合中国实际,从土地城镇化转向人的城镇化;二是新型城镇化是破解新时代不平衡不充分主要矛盾的重要抓手,新型城镇化具有高度综合性,与乡村振兴、“一带一路”等加强协同推进;三是新型城镇化在新时代背景下需要细化和深化,重点是人的城镇化与基本公共服务均等化、生态文明与可持续城镇化、社会治理与制度创新、空间治理与空间规划;四是城市群发展的重要性不断增强,京津冀协同、粤港澳大湾区,长三角城市群、中西部地区重点城市群以及国家级新区等空间载体在新型城镇化中引领作用更加凸显。加强新型城镇化的基础研究,提升地理学服务国家新型城镇化能力。     

Modeling Environmental Concern for Urban Tree Protection Using Biophysical and Social Psychological Indicators

Urban forest management is being increasingly recognized as a viable policy vehicle for improving community health, sustainable development, and well-being for city dwellers. To improve our understanding of public concern for the local urban forest, a theoretical framework employing concepts traditionally explored in social–psychological and environmental concern studies was tested using data from a public opinion survey of 800 homeowners living in a major urban area in Southern Appalachia, USA. Publicly available geographic information system (GIS) data were analyzed to measure tree canopy density around survey respondents’ properties. Structural equation modeling was used to test the validity of the hypothesized relationships among the survey-derived constructs and the spatial data as predictors of public support for urban forest protection policy. The results suggest that homeowners living around urban trees place greater importance on various attributes of trees, and that tree knowledge and experience are indirectly and positively related to support for urban forest protection.     

健康维度下可持续性研究框架解读与重构

我国快速城镇化导致的环境危机引发了诸多公共健康问题,渐成为实现可持续发展过程中的新常态问题。基于2000年后西方学者对城市环境、健康、可持续发展及其关系的论述,从医学地理学、公共卫生学、城市规划学3个视角对健康与环境的关系进行述评;并在现有可持续发展研究维度的基础上,提出引入健康维度的必要性、合理性及其理论基础,整合并重构健康与可持续性研究框架。我国应以广义城市环境系统为平台,以健康与可持续性的两重性为出发点,基于健康维度重构可持续性的研究框架,为新常态下实现城市可持续发展提供新的理论视角。     

Forest-Landscape Structure along an Urban-To-Rural Gradient*

Human activities and forest-landscape structure are examined along a belt transect that extends 140 km from New York City to northwestern Connecticut. The study quantifies urban structures (population density, land use. transportation) and processes (population growth, urban land development) in the transect, and tests for relationships with the distribution, sizes, and shapes of forests. Our results identify distinct characteristics of urban and suburban environments based on the landscape structure of native forest vegetation. These findings are applicable to the management of natural areas along a gradient of urbanization.     

我国城市群总体发展趋势与方向初探

在经济全球化的背景下,城市群的形成壮大与社会经济发展密切相关。特别是在当今的网络社会和信息化时代,城市群在一个国家现代化发展过程中,其重大的历史地位与作用越来越明显。改革开放30多年以来,我国的城市与城市组团发生了巨大变化,城市群形成发育与时俱进,不断壮大,集聚能力越来越强,总体发展趋势越来越明显。城市群区域已成为我国各地区经济社会发展的重要核心区、产业高度集聚区、经济增长区和财富积聚以及科技文化的创新地区,特别是在城市群区内逐渐形成了一些国际性的大城市,中心城市的作用越来越明显;城市群发展已成为我国当前加快城镇化的重大举措,也是推进我国城镇化、现代化的主体形态,将建设成为我国可持续发展的示范区和对外开放合作的先行实验区。     

城镇土地集约利用研究

小城镇发展战略地位的确立，加速了城镇化进程，城镇化过程中的用地粗放与人均耕地锐减之间的矛盾，是提出城镇土地集约利用的依据。从城镇土地集约利用内涵界定入手，分析了城镇土地集约利用的必要性，探讨了城镇土地集约利用定量评价的原则，从城镇存量土地产出率、土地利用强度、土地投入强度和土地可持续度4个方面建立了城镇土地集约利用评价指标总系统。指出城镇发展与土地集约利用的途径。     

Rebuilding the Brazilian rainforest: Agroforestry strategies for secondary forest succession

Does the adoption of agroforestry by small farmers in the Brazilian Amazon promote secondary forest succession on the degraded pastures and crop fields? New results from a small-scale farm agroforestry demonstration project, the Rondônia Agroforestry Pilot Project (RAPP) that began in 1992 are presented in this paper. In 1992, 242 farmers were surveyed by a stratified random sampling protocol, 50 of whom were selected to participate in the RAPP, constituting its experimental group. The remaining 191 farmers served as a control group. Farmers from both groups were re-surveyed in 2002 (after 10 years) and again in 2010 (after 18 years). Annual site visits to the experimental group farms were conducted from 1993 through 2003 to monitor agroforest plot development and management, and changes in pertinent socio-economic and household demographic characteristics such as household capacity, production systems, and social participation. Differences in property size, number of people permanently residing on the property, and social participation were found between the experimental and control group, with the experimental group having larger properties, more residents, and more participation in mutual aid associations. Control group farmers were also more reliant on cattle production (based on 2009 sales) despite having similar amounts of pasture as farmers in the experimental group. Within the experimental group, very few differences were found between farmers based on the type of agroforestry plot: timber, mixed or non-timber. Remote sensing analyses reveal long-term (10 years+) spectral differences in terms of the similarity to primary forest of both the agroforestry plots and the entire properties of the farms in this study. Experimental group farmers with mixed or timber-based agroforestry plots allowed more secondary forest succession to occur in and around their plots than farmers with non-timber plots. Although, on average, farm properties have become less spectrally similar to primary forest since 1992, properties with agroforestry plots tend to have more secondary succession and/or primary forest on their land in 2011. Several example properties are shown to illustrate the tendency of farmers with agroforestry plots to allow more secondary forest succession to occur on their land.     

城市化进程中城市用地结构演变及其驱动机制分析

该文简介国内外学术界对城市用地空间结构的相关研究,分析城市用地空间结构演变在空间上的两种表现形式,并对城市化进程中促进城市用地空间结构演变的动力主体、驱动力以及城市用地结构演变的驱动机制进行研究。