A Review of “The Middle East Today: Political,Geographical and Cultural Perspectives”

The tremendous changes in China's development philosophy and regional economies during the last two decades have carved out selectively new locations of development across the nation. While politicians heatedly debate the acceptable levels of regional inequality, most scholarly studies focus on broad aggregate trends of inequality among provinces and groups of provinces, and pay little attention to identifying and conceptualizing sources and major agents of spatial change. This paper aims at revealing detailed spatial ramifications of the reforms, and at understanding the impacts of the state, local agents, and foreign investors on regional development. To this effect, we conduct a disaggregated and empirical study of Jiangsu, a coastal province experiencing dramatic economic and spatial restructuring. We show that local agents which favor rural industrial enterprises accelerated new growth in selected rural areas, in contrast to slower growth of older cities and state-owned enterprises, resulting in a net decline of intercounty inequality. But the coalescence of state policy, local agents, and foreign investment has widened the historical gap between northern and southern Jiangsu, and is likely to accelerate intercounty inequality in the future. Our study demonstrates the utility of the “developments from above, below and outside” framework for analyzing key forces of regional growth in socialist transitional economies.     

江苏省县域经济差异演变的结构分析

文章通过基尼系数和广义熵指数的分解方法,对改革开放以来江苏省县域经济差异的演化过程进行结构分析,两种测度方法所得县域差异演变趋势基本一致。20世纪90年代初期以前的县域差异扩大,主要是由于第二产业产值份额过高,分布不均等所致;随着工业化、市场化和城市化进程的加速,产业结构重构与转移,产业的结构效应逐渐大于集中效应,第三产业产值份额不断提高,并对县域差异的促增作用越来越强,导致县域差异经过短暂下降后,又在20世纪90年代后期呈扩大趋势。江苏省的县域差异在空间结构上主要表现为苏南、苏中与苏北三大经济区域间的差异,且呈不断扩大的态势。     

基于区域分离系数的江苏省区域经济差异成因定量分析

本文以人均国内生产总值为测度区域经济差异的变量指标,运用基尼系数和塞尔指数定量评价了改革开放以来江苏省区域经济差异总体水平与变化特征,主要表现为区域总差异扩大的同时,苏南、苏中与苏北三大区域之间的差异和县域之间的差异不断扩大;在此基础上,分析了历史发展基础、经济区位条件、区域发展策略、产业结构转换、乡镇企业发展、经济全球化和市场发育程度等7个因素对江苏省区域经济差异及其变化的影响,并引用国外的区域分离系数方法,定量比较了它们的主次关系。分析结果表明:市场发育程度、产业结构转换和区域发展策略是造成江苏省区域经济差异扩大的最主要因素。     

Spatial Inequality,Foreign Investment,and Economic Transition in Bulgaria*

This study analyzes the possibility of increased regional economic inequality in Bulgaria following the collapse of Soviet-style Communism, which promoted spatial egalitarianism in development policies. Spatial equilibrium (neoclassical) and spatial concentration (cumulative causation) models of regional development in market economies suggest different trends. International investments reported in Business Eastern Europe from 1989 through 1992 are analyzed to test the hypothesis that regional inequalities are increasing as the cumulative causation school suggested they would. Analysis of date, location, type of transaction, and sector variables reveals Sofia's development as a service center and sectoral changes that may have regional implications if the pace of foreign investment quickens. The evidence fails, however, to refute the neoclassical spatial equilibrium model and also fails to dispel the possibility that residual influences of Communist policies are discouraging foreign investment and preventing market-driven spatial adjustments.     

江苏省区域经济极化及其动力机制定量分析

在分析国内外区域经济极化研究进展的基础上,引用最近的国外区域经济极化有关研究方法,以人均国内生产总值 (GDP) 为测度区域经济极化的变量指标,定量评价改革开放以来江苏省区域经济差异与极化的总体水平与变化特征,并发现：随着区域经济差异的扩大,区域极化明显增强,其主要影响因素是区域发展策略、乡村工业化和外商直接投资 (FDI)。分析结果表明：自上而下的动力因子是影响江苏省区域经济极化的最主要方面。在空间上,江苏省区域经济极化明显表现为南北区域的分化与城乡分化两个方面。     

Spatial dynamics of industrialization in Jiangsu Province of China

l introduCtionJiangsu Province is one of the fastest growing provinces in Cab and has eXPerienced aStonishingeconomic development since the Anplementahon of reform and open dOOr POlicy in 1978. As theeconomic development is closely related to the industrial develOPment, this Paper will examine tileperformance of industrial sector in Jiangsu in the period 1978-1995. ms may be helpfiil to understandthe regional economic development in the ProVince which serves as a good case study of this …     

区域战略视角下中国地区差异时空演化特征研究

利用泰尔指数、全局空间自相关指数和局部空间自相关指数等指标,在Eviews和ArcGIS等软件支持下,从时间、空间和空间关联性三方面分析中国在不同区域发展战略时期地区经济差异演化规律。结果表明:在平衡发展战略时期,中国地区经济相对差异较小,主要表现为南北间差异和东西间差异并存的格局,且全局空间分布呈随机状态;在非均衡发展战略时期,相对差异较大,呈现经济发达地区向东部集聚而欠发达地区向中西部集聚的分异状态;在协调发展战略时期,东西间相对差异开始收敛,但集聚和分异的趋势依然显著。     

中国区域开发模式的选择

本文通过资本流动对中国区域开发的作用研究,概括了中国传统区域发模式——“内陆均富”和“沿海先富”及其存在问题,运用西方现代区域发展理论构造了一个以城市为主体的新型区域开发模式.     

A geospatial analysis of multi-scalar regional inequality in China and in metropolitan regions

This paper provides a geospatial analysis of regional inequality across provinces, prefectures and counties in China from 1997 to 2010 under a comparative spatiotemporal conceptual framework. Despite significant spatial agglomeration at all spatial scales, the extent of agglomeration shows an obviously downward trend from 2003 to 2006. Substantially stronger agglomeration of economic development is demonstrated at county scales. Local indicators of spatial autocorrelation (LISA) are employed to visualize the local spatial characteristics of economic growth. Four snapshots (in the years 1997, 2001, 2005, and 2010) of LISA indicate a dramatic north-shifting of hot spots of economic growth in response to the northward movement of foreign investors and spatial agglomeration besides institutional forces in China. Furthermore, local spatial agglomeration demonstrates a heterogeneous process: hot spots of economic development along the coast, cold spots in western China and no significant spatial clusters in central China. As the major carries of scale economies, metropolitan regions see decreasing internal agglomeration during this period with the exception of the Yangtze River Delta area, which shows a strong spatial spillover into its neighbourhood. Finally, LISA Markov and geovisualization methods are employed to predict the long-run properties of spatial distribution in multi-scalar China. The results show that downward co-movements of a county with its neighbours are more frequently encountered, perhaps resulting in the continuous concentration of poor areas in the long run.     

中国区域经济增长与差异格局演变探析

在评析区域经济差异研究进展的基础上,以中国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市为研究单元,以人均国内生产总值(GDP)为测度变量,定量评价了改革开放以来中国区域经济差异及空间格局变化的总体水平与特征;并引用国外最近使用的区域分离系数等方法,分析了中国区域经济增长与差异格局变化的相互关系,得出的基本结论为:随着中国经济的不断增长,其东、中、西三大区域逐渐发散趋异,而南、北两大区域逐渐收敛趋同。     

中国国有企业生产效率的区域差异

借鉴西方经济地理学中的新区域主义和企业与区域联系的关系型理论框架, 对中国国 有企业的区域差异进行了实证分析, 发现中国的国有部门存在显著的内部差异。分省看, 存在显著的东西差异和南北差异。华北和东北的国有企业在规模上要远远大于华东和华南的国有企业, 但是前者的生产效率却要落后于后者。分地市看, 高生产效率的国有企业呈现逐渐 向沿海都市经济区集聚的空间态势。统计检验表明地方化的贸易和非贸易性联系是影响国有 企业生产效率的区域因素。具体而言： ① 与地方经济有着较多的生产和市场联系的国有企业, 受区域外部经济效应的影响, 其生产效率越高; ② 地方劳动力市场的多元化程度有利于国有企业采取灵活的薪酬制度和劳动力管理措施来提高生产效率; ③ 与外资企业的非贸易联系可以方便国有企业学习和采纳行之有效的组织行为和管治结构, 并促进其生产效率的提高。     

具有行业和空间特征的中国创新活动现状研究

创新在区域经济增长中扮演着越来越重要的角色。创新活动的行业和空间特性与各地区各行业的经济增长密切相关。文章对中国最具有创新性的28个行业的大中型企业创新数据进行分析,揭示目前我国创新活动的空间分布态势和地区专业化特征。目前,中国创新活动已经形成沿海、沿江或沿铁路地理集中的态势,并且呈现不同形式的核心边缘现象;创新活动呈现明显的地区专业化特征,上海、北京、天津、江苏、山东、浙江以及广东等极具创新能力的省市呈现不同的创新行业特征。     

THE DEWLOPMENT OF OUTWAND ECONOMY IN RURAL ENTERPRISES AND THE DIFFERENCE AMONG PROVINCES

SincethereformgreatChangeshavetakenplaceinsocialandeconomicfieldsandti1erapiddeveloplnentofoutwardeconomyandruralenterprisesaretwomoStoutStandingaspeCtsinti1esechanges.Withti1edevelopmatofoutWardeconomy,ti1enumberofaterpriseswithforeigninvestmentincreasessharPly.Tl1etideofintroducingfOreigncapitalsoarstoLUrprecedentedheights.Theforeigncapitalusedinl993wasl8timesthatofusedinl983.Atthesametimeti1eforeigntradehadbeenincreasingrapidlybyanaveragegrowthrateofl5.4percwtbetWeenl978andl992,Whichwa…     

基于空间自相关的区域经济极化结构演化研究——以江苏省为例

从空间自相关视角厘清经济发展水平较高和较低地区的空间组织关系演化规律对区域经济健康发展具有重要意义。在界定集极、孤极和外围等概念基础上,运用地统计分析方法,按两级三区和三级五区结构体系分别构建江苏省全局和局部经济空间极化结构,分析其演化过程,结果显示：①全局空间集极范围不断扩大,孤极数量减少,逐渐形成南集极北孤极、南极北外的空间结构,其间空间自相关作用逐渐增强,区位是极化动因;② 局部空间演化走势不尽相同：沿江和沿京杭运河地区经济空间极化结构逐渐升级,而沿东陇海和沿海地区却相对恶化。因此认为当前江苏省全局空间中南北显著分化和局部空间相背演化现象值得关注。     

中国区域经济增长的空间网络关联及收敛性检验

基于1992~2013年中国30个省份面板数据,利用引力模型和网络分析方法考察中国区域经济增长空间关联网络的结构特征,并基于空间网络权重,对中国区域经济增长进行收敛检验,研究发现：① 中国区域经济增长的空间关联网络呈现复杂化与全域性的发展趋势,但网络的整体紧密程度不够。② 山东、河南和江苏在空间关联网络中既扮演中心行动者的角色,又在网络中发挥着“中介”与“桥梁”的作用。③ 四大板块内部及之间存在普遍的关联关系,板块Ⅲ在四大板块中发挥核心带动作用。④ 中国区域经济增长存在全域性收敛现象,与基于传统空间权重的模型相比,空间网络权重下模型的收敛速度加快;资本积累是影响收敛的重要因素。此外,东部、中部和西部存在一定程度的俱乐部收敛趋势。     

外商直接投资(FDI)与江苏省区域经济差异研究

运用Theil系数嵌套分解法和多元回归分析法研究江苏省区域经济差异的演变趋势和成因。改革开放以来江苏省区域经济差异呈现波浪式扩大过程;在省内不同地理空间尺度上,苏南、苏中、苏北三大区域间的差异一直主导着省内整体差异;FDI一直是影响江苏省区域经济差异的重要因素之一。对FDI的流入模式进行定性分析,并提出缩小区域经济差异的引资政策。     

改革开放以来广东省空间极化研究

改革开放２０年来广东省的空间结构演化表明：传统的核心－边缘模式已发生了很大的变化,区域出现多极化且次级核心区形成。广州华南中心城市的地位已经被香港所取代,韶关、湛江、汕头、潮阳等老中心城市地位不断下降,深圳、珠海、东莞、中山、顺德、南海和番禺等新兴城市正发展成为新区域增长中心。珠江三角洲经济发展开始向外围地区扩展,出现了反极化的趋势。全省空间差异扩大,形成了多层次的空间极化格局。     

教育投入对中国经济增长作用的区域差异分析——基于多指标面板数据聚类结果

进入21 世纪,人力资本在经济增长中的作用越来越突出,作为人力资本形成的重要途径,教育在中国已经被提高到优先发展的战略地位。以2001-2010 年中国31 个省份的面板数据为基础,基于人均受教育年限、人均教育经费、教育经费占地区GDP比例三项指标的多指标面板数据聚类结果,进行“微观”面板数据建模,具体比较和分析中国教育发展水平、GDP对教育投入弹性的区域差异。研究发现：教育投入对不同发展水平、不同类型经济区域的影响作用不同。总体来看,GDP对教育投入富有弹性,尤其是对于经济基础好、居民文化素质较低的省份,GDP对教育投入的弹性通常较大。但中西部9 个省份则出现教育与经济消极互动的局面,表现为GDP对教育投入缺乏弹性。     

Urbanization of Capital or Capitalization on Urban Land? Land Development and Local Public Finance in Urbanizing China

This study examines the relationship between urban land development and municipal finance in a Chinese regional economy undergoing rapid urbanization. Drawing upon insights from the perspective of political economy, this study analyzes how municipalities in coastal Jiangsu Province have engaged in the land-dominated urbanization process, and the developmental landscape that has emerged from the new approach toward local public finance. Land development has not functioned simply as a passive outcome of urbanization, but has been actively pursued by local governments as a means of revenue generation to finance local economic growth. An inverse correlation is found between the growth of land conveyance income and the level of the regional economies in China's administrative hierarchy. We call for greater attention to be directed to the interrelationship between land development, local public finance, and urbanization in the ongoing transformation of the Chinese political economy.     

江苏沿海经济发展的区域差异及空间格局演变

以县域为基本单元,以GDP和人口为指标,运用绝对差异指标和相对差异指标等经典统计方法,以及可分解的泰尔指数和区域分离指数,分析了2002~2012年江苏省沿海经济发展差异的演变趋势和空间变化特征。研究结果表明：江苏沿海经济发展的绝对差异一直在不断扩大,相对差异基本呈缓慢缩小趋势。总体差异在波动中逐渐下降,其主要来源于区内差异,其中盐城区内差异贡献率最大。区域分离系数以2006年为拐点,呈倒“U”型变化特征,区域差异逐渐趋同。导致区域差异的原因主要是历史基础、区位条件和政策措施。空间结构的变化反映了政府发展战略的连续变化过程,体现了区域发展的非均衡性。