城市地下管线空间数据更新研究

本文结合城市地下管线管理现状,研究了目前城市地下管线数据更新维护中存在的问题,探讨了城市地下管线空间数据更新原则,必要条件和更新方法。     

武汉城市地下空间工程地质研究

利用武汉市现有勘察资料,初步分析研究城市地下空间的物质载体及其空间组合关系,从空间岩土体工程地质性质和赋水条件入手,研究得出武汉城市地下空间的利用存在岩溶地面塌陷、地下水作用、软土变形三大工程地质问题。在此基础上进行地下空间利用区划,指出各区在地下工程建设中需要重点防范的工程地质问题和合理利用地下空间的方法。最后以武汉地铁首期工程为例,分析工程地质优势与问题,提出防范问题的措施建议。     

基于国内典型城市对比的地下空间开发利用现状及问题分析

根据对北京、上海、南京、成都、青岛、武汉、郑州、惠州8个国内典型城市地下空间开发利用现状的调查与研究,认为我国城市地下空间开发利用的速度和规模发展迅速,成效显著,但不同类型城市地下空间开发利用程度还存在较大差异,城市地下空间存在冒进式开发与协调性不足等问题,地下空间开发深度不够、功能不全面、规划体系不完善和管理制度不健全等问题较为突出。结合国外发达国家与城市地下空间发展的方向和趋势,提出了我国城市地下空间发展应不断加强城市地质调查、完善地下空间规划体系、加强城市地下空间运营管理、健全城市地下空间信息共享平台和推动科学技术创新的意见与建议。     

地质信息可视化的应用——城市环境地质研究之发展方向

随着21世纪人类城市化建设的发展，城市环境地质研究成为水工环地质研究领域的一个重要组成部分，城市建设中的最主要问题是水资源问题和环境地质问题。城市水资源问题有：城市后备水源地的研究，以及应急水资源地和地下水库的研究。城市环境地质问题主要包括：（1）围绕城市建设和发展的一般性资源、地质环境问题；（2）城市地质作用产生的地质环境问题；（3）城市人口密集区及工业区的土壤和水体有机污染问题。解决城市环境地质问题的关键是对地下空间地层岩性及构造条件的研究，通过这些基础条件研究分析城市地质环境和地下水资源问题。可视化研究技术通过对城市地质体在地下空间的相对位置、形态、物化特征等三维构模处理，使这些城市赖以存在的地质基础条件可为非专业的决策层所理解，并在城市发展的规划中体现这些大自然所赋予人类的地下空间资源的价值。应用三维可视化技术对城市环境地质研究是一个全新的研究领域，目前尚没有系统完整的应用先例。三维可视化技术将在城市化环境地质研究中，开拓一个崭新的环境地质研究时代，成为城市环境地质研究的发展方向。     

地下管廊施工技术研究

正随着我国现代化进程的加快,城市地下管线因扩容、更新、维修等带来的道路反复开挖现象时有发生,带来污染危害,造成社会成本不断增加。因此,如何充分利用地下空间,成为当前一个亟待研究重要的课题之一~([1])。作为目前比较先进的基础设施管网布置形式,地下城市综合管廊将有效解决地下空间利用问题。目前,国内外对于综合管廊中矩形顶管施工主要依靠工程经验,主要集中在闹市区,随着我国对地下空间利用的不断增加,会经常出现非开挖工程与既有地铁隧道或邻近建筑物等近接施工问题~([2]-[3]),这些都将对地下管廊的施工提出严峻挑战。因此,地下管廊安全高效的施工,对城市建设尤为重要。本文以福州市福马路地下管廊工程为例,对城市地下综合管廊建设关键技术进行研究,以期为今后类似条件下的城市地下综合管廊建设提供参考和借鉴。     

上海城市地下工程环境地质效应的几个关键问题

城市工程环境地质效应是随着城市化快速进程中的一种自然与人为作用下的新型地质作用,这种作用的持续发展,造成人员和财产的损失,即质变为城市地质灾害。随着上海城市建设进程加快,地下空间的开发所引起的环境地质问题,成为上海城市工程环境地质效应的关键问题;上海地铁M4号线建设重大事故发生后,对地下工程潜在的环境地质作用的研究显得特别重要。本文在大量调查、分析与研究的基础上,结合上海市城市地下空间快速发展面临的一系列工程环境地质灾害,采用自然科学与社会科学相互交叉的方法,剖析了上海市地下工程建设中的主要环境和地质灾害问题;针对城市地下空间引起的工程环境地质灾害具有突发性、潜在性、隐蔽性、社会性的特点．归纳出城市地质灾害的成灾原因,提出防治对策;根据城市发展的实际情况和2004年以后的远景目标,因地制宜地提出了整治城市地下空间工程环境地质效应的基本对策与管理措施．为制定城市地下空间发展远景规划和奋斗目标提供基本思路。这对深化地下工程环境地质问题的认识,推动城市地下工程环境及岩土工程问题的研究有积极意义。     

我国城市地下空间规划现状、问题与对策

地下空间规划是城市地下空间开发利用有序开展的重要保障。随着我国轨道交通建设的全面展开以及相关政策的陆续出台,我国城市地下空间开发利用必将迎来更大的发展。城市地下空间规划也在近年越来越得到重视。从目前各城市的地下空间规划实践来看,我国城市地下空间规划的技术体系已基本成型,但其中仍然存在着各种各样的问题。在摸清我国城市地下空间规划编制现状和实施效果的基础上,掌握我国城市地下空间规划所面临的问题,并结合未来地下空间发展趋势提出我国城市地下空间规划解决问题的对策,有助于城市地下空间规划理论和方法进一步完善,更好地保障我国城市地下空间事业的可持续发展。     

复合土拱新技术及其在城市地下工程中的应用

城市地下空间的开发正起到愈来愈重要的作用,并逐渐形成了一种空间、地面和地下三维一体化的城市新型建筑体系。在这种体系中,地下和地面建筑之间的地基处理是一个十分棘手的问题。结合工程实例,介绍一种复合土拱新技术能够有效地处理这类问题,该技术在今后城建领域中有一定推广价值。     

国际城市地下空间开发利用现状、趋势与启示

城市地下空间开发是缓解“城市病”、实现城市可持续发展的重要举措。欧美等发达国家和地区已经积累了丰富的城市地下空间开发的经验和教训。通过调研国际上一些主要城市的地下空间开发利用状况,剖析了当前国际城市地下空间开发的现状、问题及发展趋势,以指导我国城市地下空间开发。目前,国际城市地下空间开发形成了以缓解城市交通拥堵、扩大城市生存空间、建立集约型城市、构建舒适宜居城市环境为导向的开发模式,并以建设绿色、智慧的立体化城市为未来的发展趋势。我国应在充分吸收和学习国际上城市地下空间开发的经验和教训基础上,结合自身城市特点,高质量开发城市地下空间。     

城市地下岩洞开发利用研究进展

岩洞开发今后可能成为城市地下空间开发的一种主要趋势.北欧国家(如瑞典、挪威和芬兰)、新加坡和中国香港等国内外城市在地下岩洞开发方面处于世界领先水平,并且在岩石资源调查与区划、岩洞三维建模、开发可行性与适宜性评价及岩洞开发规划等方面已取得了成功经验.首先概述了国内外典型城市在地下岩洞开发方面的现状和发展特点,然后结合实例,着重介绍了城市地下岩洞开发利用相关技术研究进展,并分析了目前存在的问题.为实现我国内地城市(尤其是山地城市)可持续发展,建议重视并开展基于岩洞开发的城市地下空间理论和关键技术研究.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.