蔬菜大棚内光照温度的特点分析

通过对塑料蔬菜大棚内光照强度、温度日变化状况以及外界气象条件对棚内光照强度和温度影响的观测,分析了棚内光照强度、温度对棚栽茄子开花坐果的影响,提出了对塑料蔬菜大棚低温寡照的补足措施.     

改进塑料笔尖

改进塑料笔尖徐毓钟（甘孜州气象局邮编：６２６０００）近年来，压、温、湿、风、雨量等自记仪器的记录笔尖都逐渐用塑料笔尖替换了金属笔尖。使用塑料笔尖有一定好处，如记录曲线细而清晰，便于观测读数；自记记录过程中无墨水溅出，不易污染仪器和自记纸等。但是，塑料...     

大棚蔬菜最低气温预报及冻害防御技术

在大棚蔬菜低温冻害防御中,通过搭建拱棚加盖不同层塑料内膜的大棚温度调控模式应用广泛。通过对不同层塑料内膜覆盖的大棚小气候环境温度观测,分析了棚内外日最低气温的相关关系,建立了棚内小气候环境日最低气温的一元线性回归预测模型,应用气象台天气预报中的日最低气温预报开展了大棚小气候环境的日最低气温预报,根据预报结果和蔬菜冻害指标,确定大棚增温防冻需要加盖塑料内膜的层数,提出大棚蔬菜内膜覆盖方式的冻害防御对策,为设施农业提供安全生产保障依据。     

利用普通塑料溶液复制冰晶

研究了利用普通塑料,如聚苯乙烯、有机玻璃(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)和聚碳酸酯(聚碳酸盐)来复制冰晶.结果表明,所有经试验的普通塑料配合使用合适的溶剂都可以复制冰晶.有机玻璃配合二氯乙烯或三氯乙烯,聚苯乙烯配合1,1,1-三氯乙烷或四氯化碳,比其它被试溶液效果好.还发现,使用塑料和试验过的溶剂的组合的蒸气方法一般不适合复制微小冰晶的细微表面结构.     

秸秆的综合利用技术

秸秆当作废物燃烧,不仅浪费资源,而且污染环境,其形成的持续烟雾,干扰运输秩序、带来火灾隐患.因此,近几年来我们总结了一些既能减少环境污染,又能产生良好经济效益的秸秆综合利用技术.     

蔬菜大棚内光照及温度的特点分析

通过对塑料蔬菜大棚内光照强度、温度日变化状况以及外界气象条件对棚内光照强度和温度影响的观测，分析了棚内光照强度、温度对棚栽茄子开花坐果的影响，提出了对塑料蔬菜大棚低温寡照的补足措施。     

长治塑料日光温室小气候状况分析及改善措施

长治塑料日光温室小气候状况分析及改善措施曹建国，崔建旭（长治市气象局０４６０００）０引言以太阳辐射为主要热量来源的塑料日光温室（以下简称温室），近年来发展速度很快，长治市郊区垢北在乡于１９９１年在充分论证的情况下，将山东寿光县温室结构作了必要改造后引...     

如何给塑料笔尖加墨水

电接风的自记笔尖过去都是铁制的,可近几年配发的都是塑料的,为其加墨水比较困难。我站经反复试验,得到了一种比较理想的方法：把笔尖后面的盖子去掉,用注射器从后面往里加注墨水。在使用中应注意定期清洗笔尖,在不易清洗时,可用热水烫一下,再清洗。如何给塑料笔尖...     

彬县川道塑料中棚早春茬黄瓜、秋延茬番茄气候生态适应性分析

从温度条件及生育期不利气象因素分析了彬县川塑料中棚早春茬黄瓜、秋延茬番茄的气候生态适应性，提出该区塑料中棚早春茬黄瓜的适宜播期为2月下旬-3月上旬，秋延茬番茄的适宜播期为5月下旬-6月下旬，并提出主要气候灾害防御措施。可用以指导同类地区的生产实际。     

秸秆的综合利用技术

秸秆当作废物燃烧,不仅浪费资源,而且污染环境,其形成的持续烟雾,干扰运输秩序、带来火灾隐患。因此,近几年来我们总结了一些既能减少环境污染,又能产生良好经济效益的秸秆综合利用技术。秸秆做肥料:在目前的经济和技术条件下,还田做肥料仍是秸秆消化的主要渠道。其方式主要有:     

Plastic pollution and the open burning of plastic wastes

The open burning of plastic wastes is a practice that is highly prevalent across the globe, toxic to human and environmental health, and a critical—but often overlooked—aspect of plastic pollution. Most of the countries where such burning is widespread have laws and policies in place against it; open burning continues nevertheless. In this article, using data from ethnographic fieldwork in urban and rural sites in India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Zambia, we examine local practices of open burning and investigate why regulations to tackle it have proven largely ineffective. Adopting a harm reduction approach, we then suggest preliminary measures to mitigate the health risks of open burning by targeting those plastics and packaging types that are most toxic when burned.     

浅析有色金属浮选尾矿排放工艺与选矿生产用水重复利用率的关系

随着有色金属采选建设项目的增加,选矿生产的耗水量日渐为公众及管理部门所关注,在整个生产过程中,除精矿粉中会带走精矿重量约10%的水分外,绝大部分排放水是尾矿矿浆经输送至尾矿库澄清后排出的。因此从环境保护及提高水的利用率角度考虑,选矿废水应回用,而尾矿的排放方式又对生产用水回用率有着很大的影响。     

日光温室中加扣小拱棚的温湿度效应

利用2013年1-2月河北省清河县日光温室中加扣小拱棚后温湿度观测资料和气象站观测资料,采用数理统计法,对不同天气条件下小拱棚温湿度变化特征和温湿度效应进行分析。结果表明：在晴天、少云-多云天气条件下小拱棚内日最高气温分别达30.0 ℃和25.0 ℃以上,且分别比小拱棚外高1.3-6.6 ℃和1.0-4.5 ℃;在晴天、少云-多云天气条件下小拱棚内日最低气温分别为4.0-11.0 ℃和6.0-14.0 ℃,比小拱棚外高0.0-1.5 ℃。小拱棚内日最小空气相对湿度为50%左右,比小拱棚外高2%-11%,日最大空气相对湿度与小拱棚外持平或略高;小拱棚内0.0 m气温和空气相对湿度日变化幅度均小于小拱棚内0.5 m。连续寡照天气时,小拱棚内气温为5.0-15.0 ℃,空气相对湿度全天为85%以上,温度、湿度变化幅度小且与小拱棚外接近或略高。总体来讲,日光温室加扣小拱棚在晴天或少云-多云天气时具有较好的增温保湿效果,但在寡照天气时增温效果不明显。温室中小拱棚内和小拱棚外温度差、湿度差在白天尤其中午前后较大,而在夜间内外相差较小或无差异。在管理上,应注意预防晴天中午前后小拱棚内温度过高引起的灼伤和寡照天气时低温高湿引起的冻害和病害。     

盐城地区大棚反季节蔬菜生产的温度条件及其应用

通过平行对比观测试验，分析得出了我市塑料大棚不同层次的增温效应，以及晴雨天气转换时大棚内的各项温度的变化情况，并根据大彬的几种主要蔬菜适宜生长的气象指标，对我市沿海地区大棚的反季节蔬菜生产作出各类蔬菜棚内的适宜生长期，为利用大棚进行反季节蔬菜生产提供了科学依据。     

膜下条播冬小麦试验研究

利用地膜的增温、保墒效应，充分利用晚秋和早春的光热资源，提高冬小麦产量，地膜冬小麦成熟较早，也为复播创造了条件。分析地膜冬小麦适宜的播种期和揭膜期。     

Hazardous waste from the global shipbreaking industry: Historical inventory and future pathways

Shipbreaking activities release hazardous wastes (namely, oil, asbestos, other landfillable wastes, and incinerable wastes) that harm both workers' health and the environment. However, an accurate and detailed emission inventory to support policy design of the greening reform remains lacking. By developing a framework that combines dynamic material flow model, global change assessment model and scenario analysis, this study carries out historical analysis and future projection of global ship scrap and pollutant emissions, based on ship scrap datasets. Our results show that shipbreaking sites have gradually shifted from more developed regions such as Taiwan, the European Union (EU), Japan, and Russia to the three less developed Southern Asian countries, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, in the past four decades. Waste emissions in these three countries have increased significantly by 6.5 times between 1990 and 2019. Although the volume of scrapped ships is expected to reach 75–95 million gross tons per year by 2050, the cumulative waste emissions from 2020 to 2050 will be reduced by 92% and 79% under the EU Convention and the Hong Kong Convention scenario, respectively. Lastly, policy implications such as how to mitigate the adverse impact of shipbreaking activities after the international conventions enter into force are comprehensively discussed.     

水地春小麦全生育期地膜覆盖节水增产效果初探

本文通过试验研究,初步肯定了全生育期地膜覆盖对水地春小麦的节水增产效果。初步看出其节水增产的机理为:地膜覆盖的增(地)温和保墒作用,增加了春小麦幼苗期的干物质积累和叶面积,促进了根系的生长发育;并使出苗提早,促进延长了穗分化,起到增粒作用;同时使千粒重也有所增加,从而达到增产;由于保墒作用及头水的推迟,减少了灌溉定额和灌溉次数及耗水量,因此具有明显的节水效果。通过对两年试验所建立的回归模型进行计算机选优,得出了节水、节种、增产的优化栽培措施组合为:头水叶龄4～4.5叶,二水时期为开花,全生育期灌水2次,灌溉定额155～200方/亩,播种23～32万粒/亩,施氮10公斤左右,氮磷比1∶0.5～0.7,但对地膜复盖技术还需继续研究,继续提高其经济效益,同时上列措施组合尚待进一步完善和经生产验证。     

Out of sight,out of mind: Plastic waste exports,psychological distance and consumer plastic purchasing

Per capita consumption of plastic continues to increase and remains at high levels in high-income countries, despite obvious contributions to the global problem of plastics pollution. This paper attempts to provide an explanation for this phenomenon based on construal level theory, positing that plastic waste is a problem that is perceived as “out of sight and out of mind” for consumers in high plastic consumption (typically high income) countries and that this is influenced by the export of plastic waste to other (typically lower income and lower consumption) countries for disposal – shifting the burden of mismanaged plastic waste and perceptions of plastics pollution in the countries creating the majority of plastic waste. The apparent lack of plastics pollution in a local environment becomes a mediator, influenced by the export of plastic waste, which may then contribute to further plastics consumption. The theory is tested using structural equation modelling using rare, available matched data for mismanaged plastic waste, plastic waste exports, and plastics consumption at an aggregate country level. All study hypotheses are supported. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research and practice, including potential changes to government policy aimed at reducing future plastics consumption and pollution.     

奎屯垦区4月地膜增温效应分析

地膜基本效应是增温、增湿,提高棉花出苗期的积温,对增加棉花单产具有重要作用。4月地膜内外最高地温差值很大,而最低地温则差别很小,平均地温的差值相对稳定,膜内、膜外地温差的形成,除与地膜本身的物理特性和当日的气象条件有关,还与土壤热通量有关。     

Plastic Drawdown: A rapid assessment tool for developing national responses to plastic pollution when data availability is limited,as demonstrated in the Maldives

Governments are increasingly supporting initiatives to address plastic pollution, but efforts are largely opportunistic or driven by national socio-political priorities. There is an urgent need to move away from piecemeal single product instruments (e.g. single use plastic bag taxes or plastic straw bans) to deliver system-wide strategies that minimise the most pervasive sources of plastic pollution. Developing a common understanding of a jurisdiction’s plastic waste stream and the solutions available to decision-makers is vital to build consensus across stakeholders and to align on an evidence-based portfolio of priority instruments.This paper presents the Plastic Drawdown framework as a boundary-spanning tool to quickly create a coherent, relevant, and credible analysis and visualisation for stakeholders of plastic waste, leakage hotspots and minimisation opportunities. Using a new plastic waste modelling framework with a consultative structure, Plastic Drawdown explores plastic waste and leakage over a ten-year period and assesses impacts of policy instruments on this projection. Plastic Drawdown is adaptable to the data poor environment typical of many countries and designed as a rapid assessment tool to support the decision making of governments operating in a highly resource-constrained context.The Maldives is used as a case study to show the utility of the tool, where it highlighted strategies with the potential to reduce leakage of plastic waste into the marine environment by up to 85% by 2030. Plastic Drawdown built the case for phasing out single-use plastic waste across the Maldives and supported the Government’s decision to set ambitious targets, as announced at the United Nations General Assembly in 2019.