川西马尔康米亚罗林区的自然景观

四川西北部是青藏高原东部的边缘部分,约在北纬32~0以北为高原草甸草原;北纬32~0以南则属于岷江上游与大渡河上游的高山深谷区域,谷中林木茂密,为我国主要的天然针叶林区之一(图1)。     

川西马尔康米亚罗林区的自然景观

四川西北部是青藏高原东部的边缘部分,约在北纬32~0以北为高原草甸草原;北纬32~0以南则属于岷江上游与大渡河上游的高山深谷区域,谷中林木茂密,为我国主要的天然针叶林区之一(图1)。     

封面图片说明：红原草地

图片为位于红原县城北面的四川省草原科学研究院红原高寒草地试验区（31°51’-33°19＇N,101°51＇-103°23’E）,地形以白河一级阶地与高原面浅丘状山地构成主要地貌景观,主要植被类型为高寒草甸和以高山绣线菊（Spiraea alpine）为建群种的高寒灌丛草甸。整个红原地区地处“世界屋脊”青藏高原东部边缘,位于四川省西北部、     

贵州省自然区划与区域开发

贵州省位于中国西南合。以土地段为制图单元,根据初级地貌形态组合、土壤和植被的差别,可分出5种一级土地类型和78种二级土地类型。把土地类型结构相对一致的范围组合为自然小区,贵州省共有32个自然小区。参照“由上向下”的演绎,自然小区再“由下向上”地归纳为7个自然亚区和3个自然区,同时也明确地划定了界线。这样,全国自然区划方案在贵州省得以彻底贯彻,土地分类与自然区划也统一起来。然后以自然区划为框架,以自然资源结构为基础,论述了每个区划单元的区域开发战略。     

青藏高原东部高寒草甸区放牧家畜粪花粉组合特征及其环境指示意义

青藏高原是我国重要的高寒草甸分布区和畜牧区,畜牧活动对区域植被和生态的影响作用受到众多学者的广泛关注.通过采集青藏高原东部高寒草甸区共49个放牧家畜粪样品(牦牛粪样品30个、马粪样品11个、羊粪样品8个),并在区域植被调查的基础上,对粪样品开展了花粉分析.结果 表明:这3种类型的粪样品花粉组合以莎草科(Cyperace...     

封面照片说明:青藏高原高寒草甸

高寒草甸(Alpine meadow)又称为高山草甸,是发育在高原和高山地带的一种草地类型。由于处在寒冷的环境条件下,其植被组成主要是冷中生的多年生草本植物。在青藏高原东部及其周围海拔3 000 m以上的高海拔山地,广泛分布着由蒿草等高寒植被组成的草甸,是青藏高原高寒生态系统的主要草地类型,分布面积约70×104km2,占青藏高原可利用草场的近50%。作     

高寒草甸土壤有机碳储量及其垂直分布特征

青藏高原是全球变化的敏感区。高寒草甸草原是青藏高原上最主要的放牧利用草地资源之一。选择青藏高原东北隅海北站内具有代表性的高寒草甸土壤进行高分辨率采样,测定土壤根系和有机碳含量。研究得出,青藏高原高寒草甸土壤贮存有巨大的根系生物量 (23544.60 kg ha^-1~27947 kg ha^-1) 和土壤有机碳 (21.52 GtC);自然土壤表层 (0~10 cm) 储存了整个剖面土壤有机碳总量的30%左右。比较发现,高寒草甸土壤的有机碳平均贮存量 (23.17×10⁴ kgCha^-1) (0~60 cm) 较相应深度的热带森林土壤、灌丛土壤和草地土壤的有机碳贮存量高约1~5倍多。在全球碳预算研究中,青藏高原高寒草甸土壤有机碳库不可忽视。随着全球变暖,表层土壤有机碳分解释放的CO₂将增加。为了减少高寒草甸生态系统的碳排放,应加强高寒草甸土壤地表覆被的保护,合理种植深根系植物。这对减缓全球大气CO₂浓度升高的速率以及可持续开发高寒草甸的生态服务功能都具有重要意义。     

青藏高原植被垂直带与气候因子的空间关系

集成了青藏高原气候区149个山地植被垂直带数据,利用国家基本气象台站自建站以来到2001年的地面观测日气象数据,计算了地面的温暖(WI)、寒冷(CI)、湿润(MI)、吉良龙夫(Kira)干湿指数、干燥度(Idm)等水热指数,运用GIS的空间分析模块,模拟了青藏高原水热条件的空间分布形势,探讨山地植被垂直带谱分布规律与制约因子的定量指标.结果表明:在高原的东北部、西北边缘,以荒漠、荒漠草原、山地森林、山地草原、灌丛、草甸为组合的半干旱、干旱结构向高原腹地以高寒草原、高山草甸、荒漠带组合的高寒干旱带谱结构的变化;东南、南部边缘,以温暖湿润为特征的以森林带为优势带谱组合结构逐渐向寒冷的高原中心变化;高原的地势效应,致使的水热形势旱现从中央向边缘变化的趋势是致使青藏高原植被垂直带谱分布的重要原因.     

贵州省土地类型、自然区划与地区开发研究

从深入探讨土地分类的理论和方法开始,实地研究了贵州省的土地类型及其大农业评价和合理利用方向;在土地分类中还设计了一个三维判别图以使各种土地类型既排列有序又详尽无遗。接着应用“自下而下”演绎区域分异规律方法划分贵州省的自然区划系统,并应用“自下而上”归纳土地类型结构的方法确定自然区划单元的界线。提出了每个自然区划单元今后的开发方向和战略重点及土地资源开发的战略日标、方针及相应的措施。在定量的系统分析基础上,寻求出最优开发方案。在主题展开过程中还讨论了其它如土地类型与土地评价的关系、土地结构的概念、自然资源转换型区域开发战略的特点,等等。     

青藏高原东缘红原地区三种不同草甸土壤活性碳特征

采用野外调查和室内分析结合的方法研究了青藏高原东部高寒草甸土壤活性碳含量特征,结果表明,在选取的浅丘山地灌丛、浅丘山地草甸、以及丘前阶地草甸三块样地中,活性碳沿土壤剖面整体呈下降趋势,中间有不同程度的波动.浅丘山地草甸土壤活性碳含量变化于8.19～17.41 mg,/g,浅丘山地灌丛变化于8.66～17.62mg/,g,丘前阶地草甸变化于9.63～17.68 me/g,浅丘山地草甸变化幅度为52.96%>浅丘山地灌丛(50.85%)>丘前阶地草甸(45.53%),三者间差异不显著.有机碳活度最大值都不是出现在最表层,浅丘山地草甸最高值为,0.395,出现在10～15 cm;浅丘山地灌丛和丘前阶地草甸最高值分别为0.407和0.435,出现在25～30 cm.     

Pollen-based reconstructions of Holocene vegetation and climatic change of Tibetan Plateau

A synthesis of Holocene pollen records from the Tibetan Plateau shows the history of vegetation and climatic changes during the Holocene. Palynological evidences from 24 cores/sections have been compiled and show that the vegetation shifted from subalpine/alpine conifer forest to subalpine/alpine evergreen sclerophyllous forest in the southeastern part of the plateau; from alpine steppe to alpine desert in the central, western and northern part; and from alpine meadow to alpine steppe in the eastern and southern plateau regions during the Holocene. These records show that increases in precipitation began about 9 ka from the southeast, and a wide ranging level of increased humidity developed over the entire of the plateau around 8-7 ka, followed by aridity from 6 ka and a continuous drying over the plateau after 4-3 ka. The changes in Holocene climates of the plateau can be interpreted qualitatively as a response to orbital forcing and its secondary effects on the Indian Monsoon which expanded northwards     

中国西南喀斯特旅游景观区划研究

西南喀斯特集中分布在西南的广西、湖南、贵州、四川、云南、重庆等省、市、自治区,又以贵州高原、滇东高原和四川盆地南部和广西最具有代表性。根据区划理论的自然条件相似性与差异性原则、区域共轭性与景观整体性原则、综合主导性与简洁实用性原则,将西南喀斯特旅游景观划分为由滇东-东南高原山地喀斯特景观区、黔南-桂西北斜坡山地喀斯特景观区、黔中北高原山地喀斯特景观区、桂中盆地喀斯特景观区、渝东中山峡谷喀斯特景观区等5个喀斯特景观区,次一级的多个景观亚区、景观群、景观点构成的景观体系,并对各景观区组合特征进行了具体阐述。     

青藏高原土地沙漠化区划

青藏高原是土地沙漠化正在发展-强烈发展的重要区域,土地沙漠化区域分异明显。本文在确定区划原则和区划指标的基础上,将青藏高原沙漠化区域划分为藏南河谷湖盆区、藏北高原区、阿里高原区、藏东南三江河谷区、柴达木盆地区、共和盆地区、青海湖盆地环湖区、青南高寒区和川西甘南高原区等9区23亚区,各区域土地沙漠化的基本特征、现状与发展态势各有不同。按照高原沙漠化地域分异规律与特点,结合生态建设的要求,青藏高原沙漠化防治的基本思路是:全面保护,综合治理,适度开发,协调发展。     

Comparison of Methods for Evaluating the Forage-livestock Balance of Alpine Grasslands on the Northern Tibetan Plateau

Livestock grazing is one of primary way to use grasslands throughout the world, and the forage-livestock balance of grasslands is a core issue determining animal husbandry sustainability. However, there are few methods for assessing the forage-livestock balance and none of those consider the dynamics of external abiotic factors that influence forage yields. In this study, we combine long-term field observations with remote sensing data and meteorological records of temperature and precipitation to quantify the impacts of climate change and human activities on the forage-livestock balance of alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau for the years 2000 to 2016. We developed two methods: one is statical method based on equilibrium theory and the other is dynamic method based on non-equilibrium theory. We also examined the uncertainties and shortcomings of using these two methods as a basis for formulating policies for sustainable grassland management. Our results from the statical method showed severe overgrazing in the grasslands of all counties observed except Nyima (including Shuanghu) for the entire period from 2000 to 2016. In contrast, the results from the dynamic method showed overgrazing in only eight years of the study period 2000-2016, while in the other nine years alpine grasslands throughout the northern Tibetan Plateau were less grazed and had forage surpluses. Additionally, the dynamic method found that the alpine grasslands of counties in the northeastern and southwestern areas of the northern Tibetan Plateau were overgrazed, and that alpine grasslands in the central area of the plateau were less grazed with forage surpluses. The latter finding is consistent with field surveys. Therefore, we suggest that the dynamic method is more appropriate for assessment of forage-livestock management efforts in alpine grasslands on the northern Tibetan Plateau. However, the statical method is still recommended for assessments of alpine grasslands profoundly disturbed by irrational human activities.     

青藏高原高寒草地净初级生产力(NPP)时空分异

基于1982-2009 年间的遥感数据和野外台站生态实测数据,利用遥感生产力模型(CASA模型) 估算青藏高原高寒草地植被净初级生产力(NPP),分别从地带属性(自然地带、海拔高程、经纬度)、流域、行政区域(县级) 等方面对其时空变化过程进行分析,阐述了1982 年以来青藏高原高寒草地植被NPP的时空格局与变化特征。结果表明:① 青藏高原高寒草地NPP多年均值的空间分布表现为由东南向西北逐渐递减;1982-2009 年间,青藏高原高寒草地的年均总NPP为177.2×10¹² gC·yr^-1,单位面积年均植被NPP为120.8 gC·m^-2yr^-1;② 研究时段内,青藏高原高寒草地年均NPP 在112.6~129.9 gC·m^-2yr^-1 间,呈波动上升的趋势,增幅为13.3%;NPP 增加的草地占草地总面积的32.56%、减少的占5.55%;③ 青藏高原多数自然地带内的NPP呈增加趋势,仅阿里山地半荒漠、荒漠地带NPP呈轻微减低趋势,其中高寒灌丛草甸地带和草原地带的NPP增长幅度明显大于高寒荒漠地带;年均NPP增加面积比随着海拔升高呈现"升高—稳定—降低"的特点,而降低面积比则呈现"降低—稳定—升高"的特征;④ 各主要流域草地年均植被NPP均呈现增长趋势,其中黄河流域增长趋势显著且增幅最大。植被NPP和盖度及生长季时空变化显示,青藏高原高寒草地生态系统健康状况总体改善局部恶化。     

Spatial Distribution Modelling of Kobresia pygmaea (Cyperaceae) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Kobresia pygmaea Willd. dominates the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Knowledge of this species’ distribution and ecological environment could provide valuable insights into the alpine ecosystem and key species living there, support species and ecosystem conservation in alpine regions, and build on species origin and evolutionary research. To avoid modelling uncertainty encountered in a single approach, four species distribution model algorithms (Surface Range Envelope (SRE), Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Generalized Boosted Regression (GBM) and Maximum Entropy (MAXENT)), were used to simulate the distribution of K. pygmaea based on occurrence samples that were verified using DNA sequencing techniques. Species distribution modelling revealed a vast distribution region of K. pygmaea in the northern Tibetan Highlands and alpine meadows in the southern and eastern declivity of the plateau. A high evaluation performance was found for the GLM, GBM and MAXENT models. Different potential range size patterns for the four models were found between 374340-482605 km² (average = 421591 km²). Precipitation during growing seasons was found to be the dominant factor accounting for the distribution, consistent with patterns of heat and water patterns conditions of alpine ecosystems on the plateau. Species distribution models provide a simple and reliable approach to simulating the spatial patterns of species inhabiting the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

Studies on frozen ground of China

1ThestatusoffrozengroundinChinaBased on previous studies, Zhou and Guo (1982) summarized the distribution characteristics of permafrost in China and indicated that the permafrost area in China is about 215×104 km2, in which about 163.4×104 km2 is on the Tibetan Plateau. After mapping and zonation of frozen ground in 1983, Xu and Wang suggested that the areas of permafrost, seasonally frozen ground and temporal frozen ground in China were 206.8×104 km2, 513.7×104 km2 and 229.1×104 km2 …     

中国冻土研究进展

Permafrost in China includes high latitude permafrost in northeastern China, alpine permafrost in northwestern China and high plateau permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau. The high altitude permafrost is about 92% of the total permafrost area in China. The south boundary or lower limit of the seasonally frozen ground is defined in accordance with the 0 ℃ isothermal line of mean air temperature in January, which is roughly corresponding to the line extending from the Qinling Mountains to the Huaihe River in the east and to the southeast boundary of the Tibetan Plateau in the west. Seasonal frozen ground occurs in large parts of the territory in northern China, including Northeast, North, Northwest China and the Tibetan Plateau except for permafrost regions, and accounting for about 55% of the land area of China. The southern limit of short-term frozen ground generally swings south and north along the 25° northern latitude line, occurring in the wet and warm subtropic monsoon climatic zone. Its area is less than 20% of the land area of China.     

Studies on frozen ground of China

Permafrost in China includes high latitude permafrost in northeastern China, alpine permafrost in northwestern China and high plateau permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau. The high altitude permafrost is about 92% of the total permafrost area in China. The south boundary or lower limit of the seasonally frozen ground is defined in accordance with the 0 oC isothermal line of mean air temperature in January, which is roughly corresponding to the line extending from the Qinling Mountains to the Huaihe River in the east and to the southeast boundary of the Tibetan Plateau in the west. Seasonal frozen ground occurs in large parts of the territory in northern China, including Northeast, North, Northwest China and the Tibetan Plateau except for permafrost regions, and accounting for about 55% of the land area of China. The southern limit of short-term frozen ground generally swings south and north along the 25o northern latitude line, occurring in the wet and warm subtropic monsoon climatic zone. Its area is less than 20% of the land area of China.     

1951-2010 年中国主要气候区划界线的移动

根据采用同一区划方法、指标体系划分的1951-1980 年及1981-2010 年中国气候区划结果,对比分析了过去60 年中国气候区划的主要界线变化特征。结果表明：1951-1980 年至1981-2010 年,我国寒温带界线西缩、北移;暖温带北界东段北移,其中最大北移幅度超过1个纬度;北亚热带北界东段平均北移1 个纬度以上,并越过淮河一线;中亚热带北界中段从江汉平原南沿移至了江汉平原北部,最大移动幅度达2 个纬度;南亚热带北界西段北移0.5~2 个纬度;青藏高原亚寒带范围缩小,高原温带范围增加。东北湿润、半湿润区虽转干与趋湿并存,但其中温带地区的湿润-半湿润东界东移,大兴安岭中部与南部的半湿润-半干旱界线北扩;其他地区的干湿分界线虽未出现明显移动,但北方半干旱及华北半湿润区总体转干,河西走廊、新疆及青藏高原的干旱、半干旱区总体转湿;而南方湿润区则趋干与转湿并存。