Voronoi生成的Clifford代数实现方法

引入具有维度融合、坐标无关等特性的Clifford几何代数,构建不同维度统一Voronoi生成框架及算法流程。定义了可支撑不同维度、不同对象间距离、相交及对偶关系的几何、拓扑运算,基于多重向量设计了可支撑不同维度地理对象的统一存储结构及关系表达机制,实现了基于Clifford代数的多维统一Voronoi生成算法。以中国城市气象数据为例进行了算法验证,并分析了算法复杂度。结果表明,该算法可根据输入数据维度自适应地实现相应维度的Voronoi分析,可为以维度统一为特征的GIS分析算法实现提供借鉴。     

几何代数GIS计算引擎的设计与实现

分析型GIS的发展对GIS开发模式的统一性和算法的通用性提出了新的要求。基于几何代数(GA)的GIS多维统一计算模型(GA-MUC)为进行复杂GIS空间分析提供了解决思路。该文提出了基于GA的多维统一GIS计算引擎(GA-MUCE),探讨了基于GA的属性空间、网络空间与场空间中基本对象与算子的表达,并将其用于GIS算法的构建。该引擎具有自适应性特征,可根据具体的应用需求定义计算空间,进而设计相应的对象表达与算子、算法库,最终构建插件形式的GIS分析求解模板。该研究是对复杂GIS空间分析问题求解模式的探索,有利于促进新一代分析型GIS的发展。     

三维社区建模与分析的共形几何代数方法

利用共形几何代数的多维统一表达与分析优势,研究了集成多源数据的三维社区统一建模与分析方法。构建了基于多重向量存储结构的社区场景整体建模流程,实现了CityGML、DXF等多源数据的导入与集成,并设计了基于共形几何代数的对象运动表达与插值方法。以德国Waldbruecke村为例的验证结果显示,基于共形几何代数的三维社区建模可以较好地表达复杂社区对象,并可以有效支撑几何度量、动态对象跟踪、运动轨迹重建等功能实现。     

多条件约束应急疏散路径分析的几何代数方法

面向突发事件的应急响应与疏散路径分析的需求,基于几何代数构建多目标约束应急疏散路径分析方法,利用多重向量实现了多维地理场景建模及路径距离计算.其中利用几何基进行网络编码,构建多维地理网络拓扑结构的几何代数邻接矩阵表达,建立了基于几何代数的最短路径算法,进而构建多目标约束的应急疏散模型.基于德国Waldbruecke村三维场景中污染物扩散条件下的应急疏散分析表明,该方法可较好地支撑阈值限制条件下网络路径的动态生成,可为虚拟场景中应急疏散的决策与模拟提供理论与技术支撑.     

基于几何代数的多类型约束路网最优路径分析算法

针对现有交通规划中最优路径算法难以同时集成多种不同类型约束的不足,提出了一种多类型约束下最优路径统一求解的几何代数算法。基于几何基编码的网络表达模型,实现了对节点、边、路径等网络对象及权重和约束条件的统一表达。建立了基于几何邻接矩阵外积的路径延拓、遍历与筛选机制,实现了路径延拓过程中网络拓扑关系和权重结构的同步计算。在此基础上,构建多约束条件下最优路径生成算法。最后,以江苏道路网络为例对算法的正确性进行验证,结果显示,该算法可较好地支撑同时包含数值型、节点型及结构型约束条件下最优路径的计算,可为复杂GIS网络分析提供理论与方法支撑。     

基于对象的GIS时空数据模型设计方法

GIS时空数据模型是描述空间实体的时间特性和空间特性的有机体,是GIS存储、再现、分析动态的现实世界的基础.该文采用面向对象的思想将地理实体抽象为空间对象,对空间对象的空间几何信息、属性信息、时间信息进行封装,提出了基于对象的GIS时空数据模型的构建方法.重点探讨了基于对象的地理实体描述方法、空间对象的时态特征和时态数据的存储方法,为时空信息的有机集成、共享管理、决策分析与应用提供了关于时空数据组织与管理模式的新思路.     

GIS作为新一代地理学语言的特征

地理学语言是人类理解、研究、表达与传播地理信息的重要工具, 它随着人类科学技术的进步与认识水平的提高而不断演进。本文根据地理学语言在结构、功能及其特征方面所发生的变化, 结合地理信息本体论、认知论和语言学理论, 总结了GIS 语言的定义与基本属性, 阐述了GIS作为新一代地理学语言的本质特征、结构、功能以及内容体系, 明确了其在地理学研究中的地位与作用。GIS语言实现了地理对象的语义定义、特征抽象、行为表达和时空运算处理过程的高度统一, 是地理学语言的高级形态;通过分析GIS 语言所具有的抽象性、系统性、严密性、确切性、层次性等基本特征。认为GIS语言的概念与体系结构的形成, 将推动地理学及地理信息科学的发展。文中从数字技术的影响、学科范式的转变、发展导向和地理表达能力四个方面对GIS语言的研究作了展望。     

时空数据模型的研究现状与展望

分析了时空表达与建模理论的5个发展阶段:基于静态数据模型扩展、面向对象表达、基于对象变化(事件序列)、时空集成和以过程为核心的时空数据模型;阐述了时空数据模型在时空动态语义、地理时空认知表达和地球信息科学解决的基本问题方面的研究现状,并指出由于现有时空数据模型主要以地理实体存在状态的"对象视图"或"事件视图"(而不是演变特性的"过程视图")作为表达载体,割裂了其内在联系,无法实现复杂地理实体的时空语义描述和动态过程分析。最后,提出以地理实体演变为核心的时空语义描述方法和融入地理对象、变化机制、对象变化的时空动态表达将是时空表达与建模理论的发展趋势。     

一种基于对象的CSG-BR三维数据模型构建方法

在CSG-BR三维模型的基础上提出一种基于对象的CSG-BR三维数据模型构建方法.将地理实体按照CSG-BR三维模型的要求进行抽象、分解和组织,并把最小地理实体的几何特征、属性信息等相关信息进行对象封装,用边界表示法和结构实体几何表示法组织地理空间对象信息,建立各对象之间的语义关系.利用VRML对OCSG-BR数据进行三维可视化,实现了复杂三维空间数据及其相互间复杂关系的集成组织和管理,为对象化三维模型构建提供一种新方法.     

基于地理空间概念的地理元数据组织管理研究

数据共享一直是大型GIS应用的瓶颈问题。为了能给用户提供一个统一的地理空间的概念和地理数据访问方式,该文从地理元数据在共享平台中的重要作用入手,分析了地理空间的时空特性、绝对空间和相对空间、多尺度特征,探讨了共享平台设计的关键技术：空间数学基础,多级格网的Morton编码,元数据的多维数据模型组织,地理数据评价模型。在技术实现上采和分布式数据库系统的模式结构,并分析了地理数据注册、更新和查询方式。     

Fundamental operations in computer-assisted map analysis

Abstract

Geographical information systems (GIS) provide capabilities for the mapping, management and analysis of cartographic information. Unlike most other disciplines, GIS technology was born from specialized applications. A comprehensive theory relating the various techniques used in these applications is only now emerging. By organizing the set of analytic methods into a mathematical structure, a generalized framework for cartographic modelling is developed. Within this framework, users logically order primitive operators on map variables in a manner analogous to traditional algebra and statistics. This paper describes the fundamental classes of operations used in computer-assisted map analysis. Several of the procedures are demonstrated using a fourth-generation computer language for personal computers.     

Change detection for 3D vector data: a CGA-based Delaunay–TIN intersection approach

In this paper, conformal geometric algebra (CGA) is introduced to construct a Delaunay–Triangulated Irregular Network (DTIN) intersection for change detection with 3D vector data. A multivector-based representation model is first constructed to unify the representation and organization of the multidimensional objects of DTIN. The intersection relations between DTINs are obtained using the meet operator with a sphere-tree index. The change of area/volume between objects at different times can then be extracted by topological reconstruction. This method has been tested with the Antarctica ice change simulation data. The characteristics and efficiency of our method are compared with those of the Möller method as well as those from the Guigue–Devillers method. The comparison shows that this new method produces five times less redundant segments for DTIN intersection. The computational complexity of the new method is comparable to Möller’s and that of Guigue–Devillers methods. In addition, our method can be easily implemented in a parallel computation environment as shown in our case study. The new method not only realizes the unified expression of multidimensional objects with DTIN but also achieves the unification of geometry and topology in change detection. Our method can also serve as an effective candidate method for universal vector data change detection.     

基于紧密型二三维结合的GIS构架与系统实现

在三维系统中实时渲染二维图层是实现紧密型二三维结合GIS的关键.该文在二三维结合实现三维GIS的基础上,提出了基于LOD(Level of Detail)的二维图层与三维地形叠加的渲染构架和紧密型二三维结合GIS的初步系统构架,并利用ArcGIS Engine 开发包与World Wind开源软件实现了该原型系统.系统运行结果表明,该构架完全能够满足紧密型二三维结合GIS对渲染效果和效率的要求,成功解决了紧密型二三维结合系统的关键问题.     

人口统计数据空间化的一种方法

人口空间分布信息在环境健康风险诊断、自然灾害损失评估和现场抽样调查比较等地理学和相关学科研究中占有重要的地位。目前随着对地观测技术和地理信息科学的飞速发展, 如何精确地进行人口数据空间化成为了研究的难点和热点。针对采用传统方法解决人口空间化问题所遇到的困难和不足, 设计了遗传规划(genetic programming, GP)、遗传算法(genetic algorithms, GA) 和GIS 相结合的方法, 以GIS 确定量化影响因子权重, 以GP 建立模型结构, 以GA 优化模型参数, 成功建立研究区-山西省和顺县的人口数据格网分布表面。实验证明与传统建模方法(如逐步回归分析模型和重力模型)相比, 所提方法建模过程更为智能化与自动化, 模型结构更为灵活多样, 而且数据拟合精度更高。     

The GRASS GIS temporal framework

The availability of continental and global-scale spatio-temporal geographical data sets and the requirement to efficiently process, analyse and manage them led to the development of the temporally enabled Geographic Resources Analysis Support System (GRASS GIS). We present the temporal framework that extends GRASS GIS with spatio-temporal capabilities. The framework provides comprehensive functionality to implement a full-featured temporal geographic information system (GIS) based on a combined field and object-based approach. A significantly improved snapshot approach is used to manage spatial fields of raster, three-dimensional raster and vector type in time. The resulting timestamped spatial fields are organised in spatio-temporal fields referred to as space-time data sets. Both types of fields are handled as objects in our framework. The spatio-temporal extent of the objects and related metadata is stored in relational databases, thus providing additional functionalities to perform SQL-based analysis. We present our combined field and object-based approach in detail and show the management, analysis and processing of spatio-temporal data sets with complex spatio-temporal topologies. A key feature is the hierarchical processing of spatio-temporal data ranging from topological analysis of spatio-temporal fields over boolean operations on spatio-temporal extents, to single pixel, voxel and vector feature access. The linear scalability of our approach is demonstrated by handling up to 1,000,000 raster layers in a single space-time data set. We provide several code examples to show the capabilities of the GRASS GIS Temporal Framework and present the spatio-temporal intersection of trajectory data which demonstrates the object-based ability of our framework.     

土地利用动态变化的空间测算模型研究

The spatial calculating analysis model is based on GIS overlay. It will compartmentalize the land in research district into three spatial types: unchanged parts, converted parts and increased parts.By this method we can evaluate the numerical model and dynamic degree model for calculating land-use change rates. Furthermore, the paper raises the possibility of revising the calculating analysis model of spatial information in order to predicate more precisely the dynamic changing level of all types of land uses. In the most concrete terms, the model is used mainly to understand changed area and changed rates (increasing or decreasing) of different land types from microcosmic angle and establish spatial distribution and spatio-temporal principles of the changing urban lands. And we will try to find out why the situation can take place by combining social and economic situations. The result indicates the calculating analysis model of spatial information can derive more accurate procedure of spatial transference and increase of all kinds of land from microcosmic angle. By this model and technology we can conduct the research of land-use spatio-temporal structure evolution more systematically and more deeply, and can obtain a satisfactory result. The result will benefit the rational planning and management of urban land use of developed coastal areas in China in the future.     

Integration of genetic algorithms and GIS for optimal location search

Optimal location search is frequently required in many urban applications for siting one or more facilities. However, the search may become very complex when it involves multiple sites, various constraints and multiple‐objectives. The exhaustive blind (brute‐force) search with high‐dimensional spatial data is infeasible in solving optimization problems because of a huge combinatorial solution space. Intelligent search algorithms can help to improve the performance of spatial search. This study will demonstrate that genetic algorithms can be used with Geographical Information systems (GIS) to effectively solve the spatial decision problems for optimally sitting n sites of a facility. Detailed population and transportation data from GIS are used to facilitate the calculation of fitness functions. Multiple planning objectives are also incorporated in the GA program. Experiments indicate that the proposed method has much better performance than simulated annealing and GIS neighborhood search methods. The GA method is very convenient in finding the solution with the highest utility value.