Lower Cambrian Black Rock Series and Associated Stratiform Deposits in Southern China

Widespread in more than ten provinces of southern China are the Lower Cambrian black argillaceous-arenaceous rock series consisting of black carbonaceous shales,black carbonaceousargillo-siliceous rocks,black carbonaceous silicolite and black silicolite and black carbonaceous argillaceous siltstone.The Ni,Mo,V,Cu,U,Ba,Ag,P contents of these series are usually several to tens of times higher than their average values in shales.As viewed from lithological sequence,element association and evolution,these black series can be diveided into two types.There occur a variety of deposits in the black rock series,such as phosphorite deposits,Ni-Mo-V polymetal deposits and “Stone coal“ seams.According to ore composition,texture and structure,the phosphorite deposits fall into three types,i.e.,thick-bedded,lenticular and nodular,The Ni-Mo-V polymetal deposits,V deposits and reworked sedimentary CU-U-Cd polymetal deposits in terms of their element assiciation and ore genesis.As for the stratiform deposits in the black rock series,three mineralization stages have been recognized,i.e.,the formation of phosphorite deposits,of Ni-Mo polymetal deposits and of V-Cu-U-Cd polymetal deposits as well as of “:stone coal“ seams.Evidence strongly suggests that lower organisms have played an important role in mineralization. Our studies indicate that the Lower Cambrian black argillaceous-arenaceous rock series in southern China and their associated stratiform deposits occur generally in the basal parts of a big sedimentary cycle,i.e.,the initial period of a transgression,or in the fine detrital-siliceous formation between two carbonate formatons,formed in a humid climatic zone between two arid ones.As for the environment of deposition,it is suggested that the Lower Cambrian black argillaceous-arenaceous rock series and associated stratiform deposits(excluding thick-bedded phosphorite deposits)were formed mainly in a restricted and poorly-fed sea basin of stagnant shallow water containing abundant lower or ganisms and organic matter under statically hydrodynamic conditions.     

The Almadén mercury mining district, Spain

The Almadén district is the largest mercury concentration in the world, with a total content of about 250 000 t of mercury, nearly one third of the known total mercury resources of the Earth. Mercury has been exploited since the Celtic and Roman times, with peak production during the Renaissance and between 1939–1945. The district is hosted by a Paleozoic synclinorium overlying Precambrian rocks. The Paleozoic sequence comprises epicontinental quartz arenite rocks, including black shales and quartzites. Diatremes, alkaline lavas of different composition, and late tholeiitic diabases account for the Ordovician to Devonian magmatism. The tectonic setting of this complex suite corresponds to the intraplate type. The mercury deposits of Almadén can be classified into two main types: type 1, early stratiform type ores characterized by cinnabar deposition on the lower Silurian quartzites (Criadero quartzite; e.g. the Almadén and El Entredicho deposits), and type 2, late discordant orebodies (e.g. Las Cuevas), largely hosted or related to diatremes (the `frailesca rocks') of alkaline basaltic composition. In type 1 cinnabar was deposited during diagenesis, in relation to hydrothermal circulation driven by magmatic activity. Type 2 include a variety of deposits having in common the discordant character of the orebodies (e.g. veins, stockworks, massive replacements), and their wide dispersion along the stratigraphic column, i.e. from Lower Silurian (e.g. Nueva Concepción) to Upper Devonian (e.g. Corchuelo). Received: 23 October 1998 / Accepted: 4 January 1999     

中国北方震旦-寒武纪磷块岩的地质特征

在地质历史中有几个主要成磷时期,而各个时期的磷块岩矿床又具有一定的分布规律。在晚白垩世到早第三纪时期,形成了巨大的工业磷矿床,其储量居世界首位,主要分布在地中海沿岸国家和南美哥伦比亚。其次是二叠纪时期,磷矿主要分布在美国西部。第三是震旦—寒武纪时期,磷矿主要分布在亚洲和澳洲,并多集中在我国,形成了我国最重要的磷块岩矿床。它不仅储量大、类型多、而且分布广。这对研究磷酸盐的沉积机理、成矿条件以及     

Association of manganese ore and phosphorite-bearing facies in sedimentary sequences: Communication 2. Co-occurrence and paragenesis of P and Mn in Lower Paleozoic and Precambrian sediments

The article is dedicated to regularities in the distribution of sedimentary phosphorite and manganese deposits in the Lower Paleozoic and Proterozoic formations. Special attention is paid to co-occurrence of phosphate and manganese ores formed during the Vendian-Cambrian shale formation epoch. It is shown that shale formation in certain epochs of the Precambrian and Phanerozoic was determined by the excess influx of carbon and biogenic elements to seas and marginal parts of the oceans and by enhanced productivity of planktonic organisms in corresponding geological periods.     

Groundwater Systems and Resources in the Ordos Basin, China

The Ordos Basin is a large-scale sedimentary basin in northwestern China.The hydrostratigraphic units from bottom to top are pre-Cambrian metamorphic rocks,Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks,Upper Paleozoic to Mesozoic clastic rocks and Cenozoic deposits.The total thickness is up to 6000 m.Three groundwater systems are present in the Ordos Basin,based on the geological settings,i.e.the karst groundwater system,the Cretaceous clastic groundwater system and the Quaternary groundwater system.This paper describes systematically the groundwater flow patterns of each system and overall assessment of groundwater resources.     

塔里木盆地西克尔萤石地球化学特征及成因讨论

通过对塔里木盆地西克尔地区萤石矿及赋矿围岩进行地球化学分析,探讨该区萤石矿成因。研究表明,萤石矿物稀土元素配分模式图表现出轻稀土元素相对富集,正铕异常特点;微量元素分析显示Eu、Sr、Ba具有相关性;Sr同位素比值与围岩相近。最终认为萤石矿成矿流体主要来自于加热的盆地卤水,微量（包括稀土）元素来自下伏地层及围岩,Ba、Eu、F等元素可能来自下寒武统硅质岩及磷块岩。     

PRINCIPAL GEOLOGIC AND METALLOGENIC FEATURES OF THE MOUNTAINOUS TAYMYR

Within the mountainous Taymry the oldest formations are highly metamorphosed sedimentary and extrusive rocks of Proterozoic age, overlain by less altered rocks of the Sinian complex. These in turn are overlain with angular unconformity by Lower Cambrian deposits, whose age has been determined on the basis of fossils. Paleozoic rocks are widespread, and all systems of the era are represented. Proterozoic rocks occur on the northern coast of the peninsula. The younger Sinian and Paleozoic formations are south and southeast of these. Mesozoic rocks constitute small areas in depressions. Quaternary sediments, consolidated by permafrost, are widely distributed throughout the area. Magmatic activity is well developed. The lower Proterozoic magmatic cycles began with intrusion and extrusion of basic rocks, and ended with granitoid injections accompanied by formation of pegmatitic zones. In the upper Proterozoic, magmatic activity is again characterized in early stages by extrusion and intrusion of basic rocks, and later by the formation of granitic intrusions and their facies, as well as by extrusion of felsite porphyry towards the end of the era. Intrusions of granitoids appeared in the middle Paleozoic. The upper Paleozoic was marked by the formation of traprock and sulfide mineralization. In the early Mesozoic, the occurrence of small subalkaline intrusions resulted in the formation of ores of various types.     

Late Paleozoic phosphorite-bearing basin in the southern Urals: Development history,main types of phosphate occurrences,and their facies and stratigraphic position

Based on the detailed biostratigraphic study of the entire polyfacies sedimentary complex in the Uralian foredeep, the distribution of Late Paleozoic (Middle Carboniferous-Permian) phosphate occurrences and phosphorite deposits is shown. Their genetic relation with the foredeep development and facies constraints are established. A new concept of genesis of the Asha and Dombar deposits is substantiated and the age of the Asha deposit is revised. Prospects of their industrial development are suggested.     

Groundwater Systems and Resources in the Ordos Basin,China

The Ordos Basin is a large-scale sedimentary basin in northwestern China. The hydrostratigraphic units from bottom to top are pre-Cambrian metamorphic rocks, Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks, Upper Paleozoic to Mesozoic clastic rocks and Cenozoic deposits. The total thickness is up to 6000 m. Three groundwater systems are present in the Ordos Basin, based on the geological settings, i.e. the karst groundwater system, the Cretaceous clastic groundwater system and the Quaternary groundwater system. This paper describes systematically the groundwater flow patterns of each system and overall assessment of groundwater resources.     

内蒙古达茂旗满都拉地区铜矿地质特征及找矿方向探讨

满都拉地区地处达茂旗—白乃庙Cu-Au多金属成矿带,区内地层主要为古生界及中新生界,断裂构造主要为NE向、NW向及近WE向,岩浆岩以华力西晚期为主。区内铜矿床类型较丰富,有斑岩型、热液型和火山块状硫化物型。铜矿床主要产于上石炭统本巴图组及下二叠统大石寨组中,受NW向及近EW向断裂控制,与华力西岩浆活动密切相关。文章认为区域上近EW向的上石炭统—下二叠统火山岩-碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩系,是本区的最佳找矿地段,华力西晚期岩浆岩及其与地层的接触带是找矿的重要标志。     

西天山地区金矿床主要成因类型及找矿方向

西天山地区地处古亚洲构造域天山-兴蒙成矿带的西段，经历了漫长复杂的构造演化过程，尤其是海西期强烈的构造岩浆活动，为金成矿创造了有利的条件．近几年，本区找金工作取得了突破性的进展，相继发现了阿希、望峰、大山口等金矿床，显示了良好找金前景．根据前人和笔工作，讨论了本区主要金矿化类型浅成低温热液型(又进一步划分为冰长石-绢云母型和硅化岩型)斑岩型、韧性剪切带型穆龙套型等的成矿特征，在综合分析基础上，指出找矿方向．     

甘蒙北山中南带新发现燕山早期走滑挤压推覆构造带

近年来在区域调查基础上,于甘蒙北山中南带首次发现了六条由南向北推覆的构造带,在每个推覆陶造带边缘发育大小不一的飞来峰。推覆体走向近东西,推覆在震旦系至中、下侏罗统之上,最大直观推覆距达55km,累积推覆距大于150km,并被上侏罗统不整合覆盖,形成时代为燕山早期。     

桂西晚古生代海相玄武岩的特征及其形成环境

广西西部广泛分布的基性岩，过去被认为是侵入的辉绿岩，晚古生代的基性熔岩只在泥盆系和下石炭统中零星分布，呈夹层产出，厚度不大。根据近年的野外工作，我们已经指出这些基性岩实际上是与晚古生代深水沉积共生的海相玄武岩，而不是象过去认为的大陆裂谷型玄武岩。玄武岩样品的地球化学分析结果表明，它们形成大洋板内构造背景，这证实了对古特提斯东延的设想，并有必要重新认识广西晚古生代地质演化的历史     

Zoning of Faults and Secondary Mineralization of Host Rocks of Kimberlites of the Maiskoe Diamond Deposit,Nakyn Field,Yakutia

Study of faults and secondary mineralization of host rocks of diamond-bearing kimberlites yields important data for local prediction of kimberlite bodies. Of special methodological interest are exploration data on deposits where the study of host rocks is based on a dense observation network. Factual material for this paper was collected from cores of all inclined exploration boreholes of the Maiskoe diamond deposit found in the Nakyn field in Yakutia in 2006. The paper shows a nonuniform distribution of tectonic deformations, stringer mineralization, O and C isotopes of calcite, and CO₂ content of Lower Paleozoic host carbonate rocks of kimberlites. Our data agree with different diamond potentials of two areas of the Maiskoe kimberlite body, which can be used to search for and explore deposits.     

Problems of Siderite Formation and Iron Ore Epochs: Communication 1. Types of Siderite-Bearing Iron Ore Deposits

It is shown that siderite is unstable during sedimentation, diagenesis, and metamorphism of sedimentary and volcanosedimentary rocks. Regularities in the distribution of siderite in Precambrian jaspilites (iron formations), metasomatic ores of the Bakal type, continental–marine coaliferous formations, and oolitic iron ores are discussed. The genesis of the Precambrian iron formations and Riphean–Lower Paleozoic elisional–hydrothermal deposits is considered. The genetic relation of nodular siderites from coaliferous formations and oolitic iron ores with lowmoor coal-forming peat deposits is noted.     

内蒙古阿拉善北部杭乌拉地区早古生代硅质岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

内蒙古阿拉善北部杭乌拉地区位于中亚造山带的中段南缘,处于西伯利亚板块、塔里木板块和华北板块之间,是研究中亚造山带和古亚洲洋演化的重要区域。文中以杭乌拉地区硅质岩地球化学特征为主要研究内容,结合前人研究结果,对阿拉善北部地区早古生代构造背景进行分析。杭乌拉地区下古生界西双鹰山组和班定陶勒盖组硅质岩镜下可见黏土、陆源粉砂和放射虫等,表现为明显的沉积成因特征。硅质岩地球化学特征一致性较差,其中Fe、Mn、Al等主量元素、Sc/Th值、(La/Ce)_n值和δCe值反映出硅质岩为大陆边缘沉积,(La/Yb)_n值反映硅质岩接近于远洋沉积背景,δEu 值表现为无热液作用影响,V、V/Y、Ti/V值多接近于洋中脊和大洋盆地硅质岩特征,U/Th、Ba/Sr值也属于热水成因硅质岩特征。硅质岩稀土元素配分曲线呈平坦状,无明显的右倾(大陆边缘轻稀土元素富集配分模式)和左倾(开放洋盆重稀土元素富集配分模式)特征。研究区早古生代地质记录相对较少,但是鉴于该地区晚古生代复杂的构造演化特征及其对早古生代古地理格局的继承,并结合上述硅质岩地球化学特征,认为研究区在早古生代为一个多岛洋环境。     

Structural features of the northern West Siberian geosyneclise and new exploration targets

The northern part of the West Siberian geosyneclise is characterized by a thick sedimentary cover and widespread Triassic sedimentary and volcanosedimentary rocks and Paleozoic platform structures. New targets have been recognized in the basement and deeply buried horizons of the geosyneclise cover. Reservoirs might be found in the following formations: Paleozoic cover deposits, weathering crusts, zones of Paleozoic rock deconsolidation, Triassic sedimentary and volcanosedimentary deposits, buried structures in the lower part of the cover, Lower and Middle Jurassic basal layers, pinch-outs of Jurassic horizons, Upper Jurassic bituminous shales and cavernous carbonates. Exploration of these potential structures will change the structure of the existing resource base toward the long-term replenishment of hydrocarbon resources and a stable rate of production replacement.     

Trace-element and Sr–Nd isotopic evidence for the origin of the Sardinian fluorite mineralization (Italy)

The fluorite-bearing hydrothermal mineralization in Sardinia mainly occurs within Paleozoic volcanic and metasedimentary rocks. Only 3 occurrences are located in volcanic and siliciclastic Cenozoic rocks. Most Sardinian fluorites exhibit relatively high rare earth and Y (REY) contents, strong positive Y anomalies, slightly negative Ce and generally positive Eu anomalies. These features indicate that the REY were mobilized mainly from non-carbonate rocks. Neither Sr nor Nd isotopes can be used to date radiometrically the Sardinian fluorites. However, the measured Sr-isotope ratios of the fluorites hosted by Paleozoic rocks fit mixing lines in the 1000/Sr versus ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr plot once recalculated at 280 Ma, suggesting that the age inferred for the correction probably represents that of the formation of the fluorite mineralization. Mixing likely occurred between diluted surficial waters and brines circulating mainly through the Lower Paleozoic metasedimentary basement. The Cenozoic fluorites exhibit chemical and isotopic features similar to those of the Paleozoic fluorites, except the Nuraghe Onigu fluorite displaying a possible contribution of Sr from Cenozoic magmatic rocks. The initial ε_Nd values of the Paleozoic fluorites fit the age proposed for the formation of the deposits. Moreover, the values suggest that radiogenic Nd was provided to the fluids from the Ordovician siliciclastic basement, except for 3 deposits where the potential source rocks of Nd were mainly Ordovician acidic magmatic rocks. The initial ε_Nd values of the Cenozoic fluorites suggest a provenance of Nd essentially from the leaching of Variscan granitoids.     

四川雷波矿集区磷矿沉积特征及成矿规律研究

四川雷波地区磷矿属于中国昆阳式海相沉积型磷矿,赋存于下寒武统梅树村阶麦地坪组地层中。通过野外实测剖面,重点研究其岩石学和沉积相特征,在矿集区建立了潮坪沉积体系,判断麦地坪组以潮下带沉积为主,潮间带和潮上带沉积不发育,总体表现为海侵-海退-海侵的垂向沉积组合。沉积相在矿集区呈环带状分布,磷矿层厚度与地层厚度大体呈正相关关系。磷矿床的岩相古地理类型直接影响了磷质颗粒的物理富集过程,其中潮下高能带为磷矿沉积的最有利相带,是今后勘探开发的重点区域。     

MAGMATIC ACTIVITY RELATED TO LATE PALEOZOIC RIFTING IN CENTRAL QIANGTANG PLATEAU

MAGMATIC ACTIVITY RELATED TO LATE PALEOZOIC RIFTING IN CENTRAL QIANGTANG PLATEAU