单多普勒雷达反演热带气旋近中心风场的VAP扩展应用方法

在尝试运用VAP方法和扩展VAP(EVAP)方法,对"韦帕"台风期间移动天气雷达(CINRAD/CCJ)观测基数据进行单雷达风场反演时,发现部分区域出现风向、风速不合理的情况.分析认为,在热带气旋近中心区域风向风速变化均较剧烈,而上述两种算法的假定条件难以准确代表风场的实际变化.根据热带气旋发展成熟阶段的气旋环流近似轴对称的特点,文中提出一种新的假定条件,即在与热带气旋中心等距离的圆周上局地风速不变、风向均匀变化,对VAP方法进行扩展应用,称为EVAPTC(EVAP for Tropical Cyclone)方法.对理想模型流场试验及对实际个例的反演结果表明,EVAPTC方法简便,反演误差相对较小,能够基本反映出台风近中心的环流特点,尤其是螺旋云带上的风场特征.例如"韦帕"台风螺旋云带内侧有明显的辐合气流进入螺旋云带,螺旋云带尾部的外围气流绕着云体移动,螺旋云带上的强回波区存在着风场扰动等.     

双多普勒雷达风场反演资料的同化应用试验

利用合肥、马鞍山2部多普勒雷达联合观测资料及多部多普勒雷达合成和连续调整技术（MUSCAT）,在笛卡尔坐标下反演得到三维风场。将得到的风场通过由CAPS（center for analysis and prediction of storm）研发的ARPS（advancedregional prediction systemv5．2．4）模式及数据处理系统ADAS（ARPS data analysissystem）进行同化试验。结果表明,反演风场信息可以改善短时模拟场、特别是风场的状况;但由于对湿度场等的改进较小,致使预报的3h降水量与实况有出入。     

温州单多普勒雷达资料三维风场反演初步试验

简要地介绍了温州单多普勒雷达三维风场反演的方法和几个应用个例,为进一步提高雷达资料在台风等灾害性天气短时临近预报中的作用进行了初步的探索。     

用机载多普勒雷达资料进行三维风场解析反演

模拟结果证明，在机载雷达的技术参数下，多重解析多料勒方法能够提供误差可以接受的三维风场反演。１９９１年夏在美国的佛罗里达州举行的ＣａＰＥ现场实验中首次应用了机载双束多普勒雷达，并获取了珍贵的雷达实测资料。用ＭＡＮＤＯＰ方法分析１９９１年８月９日观测到的一个飑线，取得类似全以往用地基雷达资料得到飑线内部大气环流结构。另外，机载雷达资料与地基雷达资料联合反演的结果与纯粹用机载雷达资料反演的结果之间很好     

多种单多普勒雷达风场反演方法对比试验

采用典型风场资料对 4种单多普勒天气雷达风场反演方法进行了对比试验 ,这4种方法是 VAP方法 ,涡度 -散度法 ,简单伴随函数方法 ,动力方程组求解方法。试验结果表明 ,不同风场应采用不同反演方法。     

单多普勒雷达风场反演的扩展VAP方法(Ⅰ): 方法与对比试验

利用构造的均匀和涡旋风场模拟了单多普勒雷达径向风资料,分析了VAP方法对不同类型风场的反演能力,发现VAP方法对均匀风场反演能力很强,而对涡旋风场反演效果较差,这主要与该方法局地均匀风假定有关。据此,针对不满足VAP方法假定条件的局地非均匀风场,提出了扩展VAP方法,并用模拟资料进行了对比试验,结果表明,扩展VAP方法能显著提高局地非均匀风场的反演能力,反演风场在风速大小和方向上都更趋于合理。通过实例反演以及与双多普勒雷达反演结果对比,进一步证实了扩展VAP方法的反演能力。     

用非线性近似方法反演单多普勒雷达风场

回顾了近年来由单多普勒雷达观测反演风场的各种方法。这些方法大部分基于线性假设，因此风场的非线性交化经常影响反演结果，使得反演的风场误差增大。我们提出一种以非线性近似理论为基础的反演方法，该方法主要考虑了风场分片光滑的特点并充分利用了雷达的径向风场数据。我们把该方法应用到1998年淮河能量与水循环实验的两个个例中。通过同双多普勒雷达观测的结果比较，发现该方法能反演较高分辨率和淮确性的水平风场，反演的垂直风场也比较合理。     

单多普勒雷达反演涡旋风场方法分析

由于单雷达在探测台风临近、登陆时仍具有双部或多部雷达难以具备的优势,目前利用单多普勒雷达反演涡旋风场的方法并不多见,本文对能够反演涡旋风场的3种方法NIVAP(自然坐标系的积分VAP方法)、EVAPTC(反演热带气旋的EVAP方法)、GBVTD(地基速度追踪法)进行了比较,分别从每种方法的假设条件和数学方法以及结果精度来比较3种方法对涡旋风场的适用性。利用中尺度气旋Rankine模式模拟了纯涡旋性气旋、只有环境风场时、环境风场和辐合(辐散)同时存在时的径向速度场及风场,比较了各种情况下的反演风场和模拟风场的相似系数。在对模拟风场比较之后,选取了2014年"威马逊"台风登陆前1h、登陆时及登陆后1h的3个实测雷达资料,对比分析了3种方法反演实测资料的风场特征,3种方法中EVAPTC方法最好,GBVTD方法在应用中有一定的限制,NIVAP方法较差。     

民航上海多普勒雷达风场反演UW方法的试验

介绍一种实用的单多普勒雷达风场反演方法－UW技术，并以民航上海气象中心多普勒雷达资料的试验结果作简单验证。     

用单部多普勒雷达径向速度资料反演的风场资料及其应用

利用安装在南京气象学院的天气多普勒雷达收集到的雷达资料,分析了在江淮流域大暴雨后期静止锋附近风场的中尺度结构特征。结果表明:静止锋附近的近地面层为冷平流,往上为暖平流。低层吹东北风,随着高度增大,风速减小,在2km高度附近风速最小,以后转为西南风,并反映出水平风场中存在垂直切变。     

基于风向线性变化假定的单Doppler雷达风场IVAP反演技术

IVAP和扩展VAP技术是在常用的VAD和VAP技术基础上发展起来的单Doppler雷达风场反演技术.在IVAP和扩展VAP技术基础上,进一步改进IVAP技术,将IVAP技术反演假定从局地均匀扩展到局地风速均匀、风向随方位角线性变化,进而提高IVAP技术的反演能力.使用涡旋流场试验表明,改进后的IVAP技术对于风速稳定,而风向变化的风场的反演能力有明显提高.由于改进后的IVAP技术保持了IVAP技术反演时可不对原始资料进行平滑预处理,对于小尺度扰动具有滤波作用,其应用更为广泛.     

An Integrating VAP Method for Single-Doppler Radar Wind Retrieval

Some traditional methods, such as the velocity-azimuth display (VAD) and the velocity-azimuth processing (VAP), have been widely usedto retrieve the 3-D wind field from single-Doppler radar data because of their relative conceptual and practical simplicity. The advantage of VAD is that it is not affected by small-scale perturbations of the radial wind along the azimuth, to which the VAP method is very sensitive. Nevertheless, the spatial resolution of the VAD method is very poor compared to the VAP method. We show, in this study, that these two retrieval methods are actually related with each other and they are two special applications of a retrieval function based on the azimuthal uniform-wind assumption for a given azimuthal interval [θ1, θ2]. When using this retrieval function to retrieve wind fields, the azimuthal interval used in retrieval can be adjusted according to the requirement of smoothness or resolution. The larger (smaller) the azimuthal interval is, the coarser (finer) the horizontal resolution of retrieved wind field is, and the more insensitive (sensitive) the retrieval method is to small-scale perturbations. Because the full information within the azimuthal interval [θ1, θ2],instead of the information at two terminal points only, i.e., azimuths θ1 and θ2, is used to retrieve the wind fields, this method is referred to as the integrating VAP (IVAP) method, wherein the horizontal wind field is retrieved by using the Doppler velocity over the part of circumference, delimited by the given azimuthal interval times the scan radius. By contrast,the VAP method uses only the velocities at two terminal points of the given azimuthal interval. Therefore, the IVAP method has a filtering function, and the filtering rate can be controlled by adjusting the azimuthal interval. The filter such as that used in the pre-processing of the VAP method is no longer necessary for the IVAP method. When the retrieval azimuthal interval is as large as a whole circumference, the IVAP becomes the VAD. On the other hand, if only two neighboring azimuthal data are used, the IVAP becomes the VAP. The frequency response function of IVAP indicates that the IVAP method can filter out shortwaves, and a larger azimuthal interval leads to stronger filtering ability, therefore a smoother retrieved wind field. The shortwave filter function of the IVAP method is tested by an ideal experiment wherein the radar observations are artificially created by a uniform flow superposed with random disturbances. The VAP and IVAP methods are used in wind retrieval, respectively, and give different results for different azimuthal intervals (i.e., 6°, 12°, 24°, and 48°). Because the VAP method is sensitive to small disturbances, the retrieved winds have larger errors for all different azimuthal intervals. However, the retrieved wind by the IVAP method has smaller errors when the azimuthal interval is larger due to its shortwave filter function. An experiment for an idealized linear wind field is also carried out to demonstrate the effect of the retrieval azimuthal interval on the IVAP method. The results show that a short interval gives the retrieval close to the “true" wind field with a linear distribution. When increasing the interval, the retrieval is smoothed and can represent only the mean wind field.     

单部多普勒天气雷达风场反演及其在数值预报中的应用试验

针对1998年7月5日下午到夜间北京地区出现的一次强降雨过程, 采用“局部VAD法”, 对中国气象科学研究院多普勒雷达测得的1998年7月5日12:00UTC的径向风反演成水平风, 并将反演风应用到数值天气预报 (NWP) 同化系统中, 进行了同化预报试验。结果表明, 反演的雷达风基本符合事实, 将其应用到NWP中, 有助于分析和预报时空尺度较小的中尺度系统。     

多普勒雷达风廓线的反演及变分同化试验

为了将雷达风场资料更好地应用到数值预报模式中, 使用VAD方法反演多普勒雷达风廓线并处理成标准的探空资料进行变分同化试验。结果表明: VAD方法反演的风廓线与探空实况对应较好, 验证了用VAD技术反演风廓线的可行性。用GRAPES-Meso模式的三维变分同化系统对雷达风廓线资料进行同化后, 风场的初始场明显改善, 降水强度和落区预报也有不同程度的改善。其中, 对6 h降水预报的改善明显优于对24 h的预报改善。另外, 在短时强降水预报中, 雷达风场资料的同化频率和同化窗口的不同, 对降水预报的改善情况也有所差异。在个例研究中, 同化间隔为1 h的方案6 h降水预报要优于同化间隔为3 h和6 h的方案, 同化窗口为3 h的试验方案6 h降水预报要好于同化窗口为6 h的试验方案。     

多普勒雷达风场反演技术在西南涡暴雨过程中的应用

利用多普勒天气雷达四维变分同化方法反演了2010和2013年重庆市两次西南涡内的局地强降水不同高度水平风场,分析了易发生局地强降水区域的局地环流特征。结果表明:风场反演能较准确地给出低空急流、低层辐合和局地气旋性涡旋的位置及演变情况,辐合线演变及低空急流的强度和移向对强降水有指示意义;局地气旋性涡旋越深厚,局地强降水的强度和范围越大;不同高度的气旋性涡旋耦合,可能有利于急流的加强和水汽输送。     

多普勒雷达积分VAP反演技术

单多普勒雷达风场反演技术对于扩大多普勒雷达的应用范围具有重要的作用.在传统的反演技术中,VAD和VAP技术操作简单,原理清晰,具有一定的实用价值.本文在提出\     

Dynamical and Microphysical Retrieval from Simulated Doppler Radar Observations Using the 4DVAR Assimilation Technique

Based on a cloud model and the four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation method developed by Sun and Crook (1997), simulated experiments of dynamical and microphysical retrieval from Doppler radar data were performed. The 4DVAR data assimilation technique was applied to a cloud scale model with a warm rain parameterization scheme. The 3D wind, thermodynamical, and microphysical fields were determined by minimizing a cost function, defined by the difference between both radar observed radial velocities and reflectivities and their model predictions. The adjoint of the numerical model was used to provide the gradient of the cost function with respect to the control variables. Experiments have demonstrated that the 4DVAR assimilation method is able to retrieve the detailed structure of wind, thermodynamics, and microphysics by using either dual-Doppler or single-Doppler information. The quality of retrieval depends strongly on the magnitude of constraint with respect to the variables. Retrieving the temperature field, cloud water and water vapor is more difficult than the recovery of the wind field and rainwater. Accurate thermodynamic retrieval requires a longer assimilation period. The inclusion of a background term, even mean fields from a single sounding, helped reduce the retrieval errors. Less accurate velocity fields were obtained when single-Doppler data were used. It was found that the retrieved velocity is sensitive to the location of the retrieval domain relative to the radars while the other fields have very little changes. Two radar volumetric scans are generally adequate for providing the evolution, although the use of additional volumes improves the retrieval. As the amount of the observations decreases, the performance of the retrieval is degraded. However, the missing observations can be compensated by adding a background term to the cost function. The technique is robust to random errors in radial velocity and calibration errors in reflectivity. The boundary conditions from the dual-Doppler synthesized winds are sufficient for the retrieval. When the retrieval is mainly controlled by the observations in the regions away from the boundaries, the simple boundary conditions from velocity azimuth display (VAD) analysis are also available. The microphysical retrieval is sensitive to model errors.     

Study on the Variational Assimilation Technique for the Retrieval of Wind Fields from Doppler Radar Data

This paper introduces a variational assimilation technique for the retrieval of wind fields from Doppler radar data. The assimilated information included both the radial velocity (RV) and the movement of radar echo. In this assimilation technique, the key is transforming the movement of radar echo to a new radar measuring variable- "apparent velocity" (AV). Thus, the information of wind is added, and the indeterminacy of recovering two-dimensional wind only by AV was overcome effectively by combining RV with AV. By means of CMA GRAPES-3Dvar and CINRAD data, some experiments were performed. The results show that the method of retrieval of wind fields is useful in obtaining the construction of the weather system.     

用机载多普勒雷达资料进行三维风场解析反演 I. 多重解析多普勒方法在机载雷达情况下的推广及模拟验证

多重解析多普勒（MANDOP）方法是用解析表达式进行三维风场反演。它成功地应用于处理地基多普勒雷达资料，获取对流系统层状降水区域的风场结构。本文将MANDOP方法在机载雷达情况下的进行推广并通过模拟研究径向速度测量中信号噪声、雨滴降落速度估计误差、平流速度估计误差、尤其是由于机载特性的引入产生的雷达束定位误差等对方法的影响。模拟结果显示，在机载雷达的技术参数下，MANDOP方法能够提供误差可以接受的三维风场反演。这为利用MANDOP方法处理在CaPE实验中获取的历史上第一次机载双束多普勒雷达资料建立了可靠的基础。