Post-collisional magmatism in Wuyu basin,central Tibet: evidence for recycling of subducted Tethyan oceanic crust

The trachyte and basaltic trachyte and intruded granite-porphyry of Gazacun formation of Wuyu Group in central Tibet are Neogene shoshonitic rocks. They are rich in LREE, with a weak to significant Eu negative anomalies. The enriched Rb, Th, U, K, negative HFS elements Nb, Ta, Ti and P, and Sr, Nd and Pb isotope geochemistry suggest that the volcanic rocks of Wuyu Group originated from the partial melting of lower crust of the Gangdese belt, with the involvement of the Tethyan oceanic crust. It implies that the north-subducted Tethys ocean crust have arrived to the lower crust of Gangdese belt and recycled in the Neogene magmatism.     

Post-collisional magmatism in Wuyu basin,central Tibet: evidence for recycling of subducted Tethyan oceanic crust

The trachyte and basaltic trachyte and intruded granite-porphyry of Gazacun formation of Wuyu Group in central Tibet are Neogene shoshonitic rocks. They are rich in LREE, with a weak to significant Eu negative anomalies. The enriched Rb, Th, U, K, negative HFS elements Nb, Ta, Ti and P, and Sr, Nd and Pb isotope geochemistry suggest that the volcanic rocks of Wuyu Group originated from the partial melting of lower crust of the Gangdese belt, with the involvement of the Tethyan oceanic crust. It implies that the north-subducted Tethys ocean crust have arrived to the lower crust of Gangdese belt and recycled in the Neogene magmatism.

     

Skarn-type tungsten mineralization associated with the Caledonian (Silurian) Niutangjie granite,northern Guangxi,China

The Niutangjie tungsten deposit is a bedded skarn-type scheelite deposit and is located at the junction between Ziyuan and Xingan counties in the north of Guangxi,China.The deposit is genetically related to a fine-grained two-mica granite within the orefield.Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of the granite yielded a Silurian(Caledonian)age of 421.8±2.4 Ma,which is contemporaneous with the adjacent Yuechengling batholith.Mineralization within the skarn is associated with a quartz,garnet,and diopside gangue,and scheelite is present in a number of different mineral assemblages,such as quartz-scheelite and quartz-sulfide-scheelite;these assemblages correspond to oxide and sulfide stages of mineralization.Sm-Nd isotope analysis of scheelite yielded an isochron age of 421±24 Ma.Although the uncertainty on this date is high,this age suggests that the scheelite mineralization formed during the Late Caledonian,at a similar time to the emplacement of the Niutangjie granite.Zircons within the granite have?Hf(t)values and Hf two-stage model ages of?6.5 to?11.6,and 1.79 to 2.11 Ga,respectively.These data suggest that the magma that formed the granite was derived from Mesoproterozoic crustal materials.Scheelite?Nd(t)values range from?13.06 to?13.26,also indicative of derivation from ancient crustal materials.Recent research has identified Caledonian magmatism in the western Nanling Range,indicating that this magmatism may be the source of contemporaneous tungsten mineralization.     

藏南错那-沃卡裂谷的第四纪正断层作用及其特征

地表调查发现,位于西藏南部的错那-沃卡裂谷带包含了3个相对独立的地堑-半地堑——沃卡、邛多江和错那-拿日雍错地堑(从北到南),并构成了该区重要的近SN向控震构造带。该裂谷带整体的展布方式及其中各地堑主边界断裂带的正断层活动指示了100°±2°的区域伸展方向。各边界断裂带的活动强度分析表明,断裂的平均垂直活动速率介于0·3~1·9mm/a。其中,末次盛冰以来合理的活动速率估算值为1·2~1·5mm/a,而末次间冰期以来的活动速率只有(0·6±0·3)mm/a,暗示该裂谷带的断裂活动行为可能类似于地震的丛集活动,存在间歇期与活跃期交替出现的特点。综合分析认为,中-下地壳物质的近EW向伸展或流动所导致的上地壳均匀拉张模式可能是该裂谷带的主要成因     

Re-Os age for molybdenite from the Gangdese porphyry copper belt on Tibetan plateau: Implication for geody- namic setting and duration of the Cu mineralization

It is recognized that there are at least two sorts of significant environments for porphyry copper deposits, i.e. magmatic arcs and collisional orogens[14]. The deposits in the former environments are exampled by the circle-Pacific porphyry copper belt, such as An-dean-type deposits, which mainly formed in the period of the Andean tectonic cycle characterized by trans- pressional and transtensional movements along the arc-parallel strike-slip fault zone in the Late Eo-cene-Early Oligocene[5…     

滇西临沧花岗岩基新生代剥蚀冷却的裂变径迹证据

为揭示临沧花岗岩基的剥蚀冷却历史,探讨印藏碰撞对滇西的影响,对6块临沧花岗岩基样品进行锆石和磷灰石裂变径迹测定,并利用模拟退火法对其中5块样品的磷灰石裂变径迹数据进行非线性热史反演,估算了不同时期的剥蚀量和抬升量. 结果表明,岩基自印藏陆陆碰撞以来经历了两期冷却事件,早期冷却速率仅5～10 ℃/Ma,晚期冷却速率明显增高,特别是近3 Ma以来的冷却速率达到16～20 ℃/Ma;两期总剥蚀厚度可达3300～3500 m. 分析表明冷却事件与印藏碰撞关系密切,早期冷却是在印藏碰撞影响下,临沧岩基卷入逆冲推覆运动而遭遇抬升、剥蚀的结果;晚期冷却则是上新世以来,特别是3Ma以来岩基经受整体的强烈抬升、剥蚀的结果,该期构造抬升量约为672～1263 m;裂变径迹资料还揭示印藏碰撞先影响南部岩体,随后才波及到岩基中北段.     

Early Jurassic intra‐oceanic arc system of the Neotethys Ocean: Constraints from andesites in the Gangdese magmatic belt,south Tibet

The Gangdese magmatic belt is located in the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane, south Tibet. Here zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic data, as well as whole‐rock geochemistry and Sr–Nd isotopes on andesites from the Bima Formation with a view to evaluating the history of the Gangdese magmatism and the evolution of the Neotethys Ocean. Zircon U–Pb dating yields an age of ca 170 Ma from six samples, representing the eruptive time of these volcanic rocks. Zircon Hf isotopes show highly positive ε_Hf(t) values of +13 to +16 with a mean of +15.2. Whole‐rock geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic results suggest that the magma source of these andesites was controlled by partial melting of a depleted mantle source with addition of continental‐derived sediments, similar to those in the southern arcs of the Lesser Antilles arc belt. In combination with published data, the volcanic rocks of the Bima Formation are proposed to have been generated in an intra‐oceanic arc system, closely associated with northward subduction of the Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere.     

沿雅鲁藏布江（东段）地区推覆与反向冲断构造的地质特征及其形成机制

沿雅鲁藏布江（东段）两岸至少发育着两套断裂系统。其一是断面北倾,由北向南远距离的推覆断裂系,发育着构造窗和飞来峰。该断裂系形成在洋－陆俯冲和陆－陆碰撞两个造山阶段（１００～２６Ｍａ）;其二是断面向南陡倾,由南向北逆冲,切割了早期的由北向南的推覆断裂系的反向冲断层系。该断裂系形成于碰撞造山阶段晚期（＜２６Ｍａ）的局部反向道冲作用或造山期后的重力伸展作用。上述两套断裂系的叠加造成沿江地区构造的复杂     

Paleomagnetic study of the Eocene Quxu pluton of the Gangdese belt: Crustal deformation along the Indus-Zangbo suture zone in southern Tibet

Forty-five samples have been collected at nine sites on the 42.5 Ma Quxu pluton (90°50′E, 29°20′N) in the Gangdese batholith. Westerly declination (D = −48°and−83°) is observed in primary magnetizations from two sites about 25 km from the Indus-Zangbo suture zone after thermal demagnetization. This direction is consistent with the westerly paleomagnetic directions of the crustal blocks in other areas along the Indus-Zangbo suture zone. The Quxu pluton of the Gangdese Belt was rotated in a “domino style” deformation process as a part of a long (840 km) and narrow (less than 100 km) deformed zone between the India-Eurasia continents associated with the collision of India since 42.5 Ma. The pluton, between 11 km and 14 km from the suture acquired the secondary magnetization (D = −28°and−39°) during a cataclastic metamorphic process at sometime during the ‘domino style’ deformation. The primary magnetization was completely destroyed in the pluton within 11 km of the suture during slow cooling at the uplift stage and was replaced by thermoviscous remanent magnetization parallel to the present axial dipole field.     

江西九岭南缘九仙汤侵入体的锆石U—Pb定年

九仙汤侵入体位于江西九岭复式岩基内,前人认为属燕山期花岗岩。笔者在该区进行1：25万上高县幅区域地质调查时,利用T／MS锆石u—Pb定年方法对九仙汤英云闪长岩进行了同位素年龄测定,结果表明九仙汤侵入体形成时代为（763±1）Ma,属新元古代花岗岩。     

Upper Cretaceous trench deposits of the Neo-Tethyan subduction zone: Jiachala Formation from Yarlung Zangbo suture zone in Tibet,China

The history of convergence between the India and the Asia plates, and of their subsequent collision which triggered the Himalayan orogeny is recorded in the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. Exposed along the southern side of the suture, turbidites of the the Jiachala Formation fed largely from the Gangdese arc have long been considered as post-collisional foreland-basin deposits based on the reported occurrence of Paleocene-early Eocene dinoflagellate cysts and pollen assemblages. Because magmatic activity in the Gangdese arc continued through the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene, this scenario is incompatible with U-Pb ages of detrital zircons invariably older than the latest Cretaceous. To solve this conundrum, we carried out detailed stratigraphic, sedimentological, paleontological, and provenance analyses in the Gyangze and Sajia areas of southern Tibet,China. The Jiachala Formation consists of submarine fan deposits that lie in fault contact with the Zongzhuo Formation.Sandstone petrography together with U-Pb ages and Hf isotope ratios of detrital zircons indicate provenance from the Gangdese arc and central Lhasa terrane. Well preserved pollen or dinoflagellate cysts microfossils were not found in spite of careful research, and the youngest age obtained from zircon grain was ～84 Ma. Based on sedimentary facies, provenance analysis and tectonic position, we suggest that the Jiachala Formation was deposited during the Late Cretaceous(~88–84 Ma) in the trench formed along the southern edge of Asia during subduction of Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere.     

Isotopic evidence for meteoric-hydrothermal alteration of plutonic igneous rocks in the Yakutat Bay and Skagway areas,Alaska

Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios were measured on coexisting minerals from quartz diorites and quartz monzonites from a section across the Coast Range batholith in the Skagway area, Alaska, including a variety of outlying plutons west of the batholith in the Yakutat Bay-Mt. St. Elias region (latitudes 59–60°N). The extremely low and variable δ¹⁸Oand δD results indicate widespread meteoric-hydrothermal alternaiton of the Coast Range batholith, and to a lesser extent, of the Yakutat Bay plutons as well. In the Yakutat Bay area, the plutons with K—Ar ages younger than 50 m.y. have widely varying δD values of ?72 to ?148, compared to δD = ?69to?90 for all but one sample in the 50–225 m.y. age grouping (one biotite has δD = ?109). This suggests that the major meteoric-hydrothermal episodes in this area occurred during the Eocene and Miocene. This involved relatively small meteoric water/rock ratios(<0.1), as none of the δ¹⁸O values show any clear-cut evidence of alteration (δ¹⁸O_quartz= 7.4 ?11.8; δ¹⁸O_feldspar= 5.7?10.0). However, in the section across the Coast Range batholith, 85% of the plutonic rocks have very low δD values of ?100 to ?167, and the δ¹⁸O values are extremely variable δ¹⁸O_feldspar= + 10.3to?4.0 and Δ¹⁸O_{quartz-feldspar}= 0.4?10.5. These data indicate that a major portion of the batholith, particularly the quartz monzonite-rich eastern part, but also including many of the quartz diorite plutons as well, interacted with meteoric-hydrothermal convective systems that involved water/rock ratios of about 0.3–1.4. The quart diorite plutons are most depleted in¹⁸O near their northeast contacts against the younger quartz monzonite intrusions. The primary igneous δ¹⁸O values of the quartz diorites were apparently higher than those of the quartz monzonites; they are also unusually high in¹⁸O compared to most other analyzed quartz diorites, suggesting derivation from, exchange with, or assimilation of high-¹⁸O metasediments or altered volcanic rocks. These data and conclusions are very similar to those reached previously on a similar isotopic study of the Coast Range batholith in British Columbia, 700 km to the southeast at latitudes 54–55°N, except that in the Skagway area an even greater proportion of the batholith was apparently depleted in deuterium. This implies that deep (?5km?) circulation of meteoric groundwaters is probably a characteristic of the later stages of emplacement of the Cordilleran batholiths of western North America, suggesting that the eastern sections of these batholiths in particular were emplaced at relatively shallow depths.     

High and dry in central Tibet during the Late Oligocene

The time at which the Tibetan Plateau rose to its present high elevation remains controversial, with estimates ranging from 40 Ma to more recent than 7 Ma. New stable isotope analyses of modern and accurately dated ancient paleosol carbonate in the Nima basin of central Tibet point to an arid climate and high paleoelevation (4.5–5 km, comparable to today's setting) by 26 Ma. Oxygen isotope values of ancient (26 Ma) soil carbonate are both very negative and indistinguishable–after modest corrections for changes in global climate–from the lowest (least evaporated) oxygen isotope values of modern soil carbonates in the area. Substantial enrichments in oxygen-18 in paleolacustrine carbonates, as well as high carbon isotope values from paleosol carbonates, indicate considerable lake evaporation and low soil respiration rates, respectively, and both are consistent with the present arid climate of the Nima area. Blockage of tropical moisture by the Himalaya and perhaps the Gangdese Shan probably has contributed strongly to the aridity and very negative oxygen isotope values of soil carbonate and surface water in the Nima area since at least the Late Oligocene. The maintenance of high elevation since at least 26 Ma suggests that any flow of lower crust from beneath central Tibet must have been balanced by coeval northward insertion of Indian crust beneath the Plateau.     

Tectonic reconstruction of batholith formation based on the spatiotemporal distribution of Cretaceous–Paleogene granitic rocks in southwestern Japan

The spatiotemporal distribution of Cretaceous–Paleogene granitic rocks in southwestern Japan is investigated to understand the origin of the granitic batholith belt and to reconstruct the tectonic setting of emplacement. New U–Pb zircon ages for 92 samples collected from a region measuring 50 km (E–W) by 200 km (N–S) reveals a stepwise northward younging of granitic rocks aged between 95 and 30 Ma with an age‐data gap between 60 and 48 Ma. Based on the spatiotemporal distribution of granite ages, we examine two plausible models to explain the pattern of magmatic activity: (i) subduction of a segmented spreading ridge and subsequent slab melting (ridge‐subduction model), and (ii) subduction with a temporally variable subduction angle and corresponding spatial distribution of normal arc magmatism (subduction angle model). We optimize the model parameters to fit the observed magmatism in time and space, and compare the best‐fit models. As to ridge subduction model, the best‐fit solution indicates that the spreading ridge started to subduct at approximately 100 Ma, and involved a 45‐km‐wide section of the ridge segment, a subduction obliquity of 30°, and a slow migration velocity (～1.6 cm/y) of the ridge. These values are within the ranges of velocities observed for present‐day ridge subduction at the Chile trench. On the other hand, the best‐fit solution of subduction angle model indicates that the subduction angle decreases stepwise from 37° at 95 Ma, 32° at 87 Ma, 22° at 72 Ma, to 20° at 65 Ma, shifting magmatic region towards the continental side. These results and comparison, together with constraints on the geometry of the tectonic setting provided by previous studies, suggest that the ridge subduction model better explains the limited duration of magmatism, although both models broadly fit the data and cannot be ruled out.     

Ore-forming fluids in the dongping gold deposit, northwestern Hebei Province

The Dongping gold deposit is contained within an inner contacting zone of the Hercynian Shuiquangou alkali syenite. The ores occur as veins or as replacement bodies. Fluid inclusion observation shows that in early and main mineralizing stages inclusion types are gas and gas-liquid inclusions, respectively. Gas inclusions occur in isolation in vein quartz, their homog-enization temperature is 372-306°C, and salinity 3.7-1.0 wt% NaCl. Gas-liquid inclusions occur in clusters or healed fractures but do not cut quartz boundary with homogenization temperature 342-267°C and salinity 1.9-0.8 wt% NaCl. Stable isotope measurements show that at main gold mineralization, hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios of the mineralizing fluids are -70.8‰-108.4‰ and 2.44‰-4.05‰, respectively. Primary ore fluids in Dongping are higher temperature and lower salinity NaCl-CO₂-H₂O fluids, and come from Yanshanian granitic magmatism. Fluid im-miscibility, fluid-rock interactions and meteoric water adding were main reasons for gold deposition.     

核电厂沉积岩岩基激振试验研究

岩基是核电厂Ⅰ、Ⅱ类物项的承载基础,其动力参数取值对核电厂抗震设计意义重大.目前,我国核电站岩基以块状火成岩为主,其动力参数取值和试验成果较少,而有关层状岩体结构的核电站沉积岩岩基动力参数取值和试验研究则未见报道.本文以我国首个以沉积岩为岩基的核电厂为例,基于振动基本理论,设计了自由振动和强迫振动激振实验,并对比了垂直层理水平方向和沿层理水平方向的激振试验结果,旨在获得首个沉积岩核岛岩基的岩基阻尼比、抗剪刚度和抗弯刚度等动力参数,以期为类似工程提供设计依据.试验表明:由自由振动和强迫振动获得的某核电站呈层状岩体结构的沉积岩核岛岩基动力参数相近,岩基抗压刚度系数为21.4-28.83MN/m3;岩基抗剪刚度系数为15.44-22.68MN/m3;岩基抗弯刚度系数为44.24-60.72MN/m3;岩基竖直向阻尼比为7.34%-7.68%;岩基水平回转向第一振型阻尼比为7.43%-7.44%;垂直层理水平方向和沿层理水平方向试验成果的各向异性指数为0.9%-7.5%;动力参数呈弱各向异性.试验结果首次给出了该核电站沉积岩岩基的动力参数取值范围,对具有相似岩基的核电厂抗震设计有较好的工程参考价值.     

新疆西天山乌孙山地区石英正长斑岩形成时代及其地质意义

新疆西天山乌孙山地区科库萨依系列石英正长斑岩呈岩瘤状、岩脉状产出,侵入于早石炭世大哈拉军山组地层中。其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为314.4±3.7 Ma（MSWD=0.51）,属石炭世晚期,为本区岩浆活动及构造环境探讨提供年代学依据。     

Cretaceous plutonism in Central Tibet: an example of post-collision magmatism?

The magmatic province of the northern Lhasa Terrane includes an Early Cretaceous (120–130 Ma) plutonic event, and a Late Cretaceous (80–110 Ma) volcanic event. The plutonic association constitutes an older suite of granodiorites, monzogranites and tonalites and a younger peraluminous leucogranite facies. Plutonism occurred about 20 Ma after obduction of the Banggong ophiolite, following closure between the Lhasa and Qiantang Terranes.The earlier suite is of broadly calc-alkaline in composition but differs from arc-related magmas in that only more evolved compositions are represented (SiO₂ > 58%) and Rb/Zr ratios are elevated relative to the Gangdese batholith to the south. Trace-element and isotopic constraints are consistent with derivation from a Late Proterozoic amphibole-bearing crustal source requiring temperatures > 950°C during anatexis. The leucogranites require a pelitic source which is tentatively identified as the Nyaingentanglha basement exposed south of the plutonic province. Unlike the High Himalaya leucogranites, trace elements and field relations require a high degree of melting at source (> 50%) suggesting fluid-absent melting at temperatures > 850°C. Such high crustal temperatures indicate convective heat transfer from the mantle.Thermal constraints together with a tectonic setting of post-emplacement uplift followed by a marine transgression in the northern Lhasa Terrane can not be reconciled with a model of tectonically thickened crust but are consistent with post-collision attenuation of the lithosphere.     

Late Mesozoic time constraints on tectonic changes of the Luanchuan Mo belt,East Qinling orogen,Central China

Two late Mesozoic granitoids in the Luanchuan area of the East Qinling orogen are considered; ore-bearing rocks are granite porphyries and granodiorite, with K₂O > Na₂O, appearing in the form of stocks. The Laojunshan rocks contains dominantly monzonitic granite, with K₂O ≈ Na₂O, in the form of a batholith. Both the ore-bearing rocks and the Laojunshan rocks are highly siliceous and shoshonitic, high-K calc-alkaline, similar to some I-type granites. Light rare earth elements (LREEs) are enriched in both rock suites, although the Luanchuan ore-bearing granitoids have higher concentrations, with (La/Yb)_N ratios twice that of the barren Laojunshan granite suite. Ore-bearing rocks have, therefore, undergone greater fractionation of heavy rare earth elements. All Laojunshan rocks have negative Eu anomalies, indicating plagioclase fractionation. δEu values are different in both rock suites, the values in the ore-bearing granites, ranging from 0.52 to 1.04, which are much higher than that of Laojunshan batholith, ranging from 0.4 to 0.65. (La/Sm)_N values of ore-bearing granites are 5.32–8.28, while that of Laojunshan batholith are 3.75–5.77, confirming the observation that the ore-bearing granites have undergone a higher degree of strong differentiation than that of Lanjunshan batholith.Major and trace element data, and REE data, combined with isotope data from previous work and the close relationships between the tectonic settings of the barren and ore-bearing rocks indicate that both groups of rocks were derived from the lower crust. At ∼157 Ma, with the tectonic regime in transition from a syn-collisional to a post-collisional setting, highly fractionated granites ascended from their storage area via faults; at ∼145 Ma, ore-bearing plutons, which are triggered by slab melts, formed at the junctions of fault planes trending WNW-ESE and NE-SW. At ∼115 Ma, the tectonic regime changed from compression to extension; in this environment, the barren Laojunshan batholith was emplaced, representing the end of the collisional event.     

Petrogenesis of highly fractionated I-type granites in the Zayu area of eastern Gangdese,Tibet: Constraints from zircon U-Pb geochronology,geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes

The Cretaceous granitoids in the middle and northern Gangdese, Tibet are generally interpreted as the products of anatexis of thickened deep crust genetically associated with the Lhasa-Qiangtang collision. This paper reports bulk-rock major element, trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic data, zircon U-Pb age data, and zircon Hf isotopic data on the Zayu pluton in eastern Gangdese, Tibet. These data shed new light on the petrogenesis of the pluton. Our SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age dates, along with LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb...