贵州普定碳酸盐岩上覆松散堆积物的沉积环境初探

通过对贵州省普定县马官地区不同地貌部位的4个剖面进行详细的粒度分析,把粒度参数以及频率曲线与各种沉积环境的特征进行对比,排除了河流沉积、风成沉积的可能性。研究区域各剖面的粒度分布特征表明其沉积环境属于碳酸盐岩溶蚀残余风化,同时还有坡面流水和地下水作用的参与。     

钙质碎屑对热带海滩砂粒度参数的影响分析

钙质碳酸盐碎屑是热带海滩沉积物的重要组成部分,其物理特性与海滩中的石英颗粒差异明显。对海南岛东部文昌铜鼓角两侧海湾海滩砂样采用除钙和不除钙两种预处理方法,使用Mastersizer 2000激光粒度仪和筛析法进行粒度分析,结果表明:除钙以后粒度频率曲线主体朝细偏,但在粒度频率曲线细尾(4~9)会新增一小峰;去钙前后粒度参数存在明显的线性相关,平均粒径、分选系数和偏态的相关系数依次降低;粒度参数的组合变化以“平均粒径变细、分选系数变好、偏态朝细偏”为主,但仍存在其他的组合变化;在对类似于铜鼓岭周边环境的海滩进行沉积物粒度分析及动力环境研究时,需要了解钙质碎屑含量和颗粒组成。     

Depositional environments of coastal sediments of Calangute,Goa

The grain-size statistics and environmental conditions of deposition of the beach and dune sediments from the Calangute region, Goa, have been studied. The results of Student's t test and bivariate plots reveal that there exist distinct differences in grain-size parameters of the sediments from different environments and that these differences are highly significant. The study shows that the variations in mean grain size (Mz), graphic standard deviation (O₁), graphic skewness (Sk₁), simple sorting measure (So_s) and simple skewness measure (O_s) are significant in identifying the sediments from different environments. Further, the study reveals the usefulness of grain-size parameters not only in differentiating beach and dune sediments, but also in delineating the beach into foreshore and backshore. The differences in grain-size characteristics of the sediments between the environments reflect the transport, erosional and depositional mechanisms (active hydrodynamic processes in the beach foreshore and aerodynamic processes in the backshore and dune environments) prevailing in the area of study.     

稳定湖相沉积物和风成黄土粒度判别函数的建立及其意义

沉积物粒度变化主要受搬运介质、搬运方式、沉积环境和气候等多种因素的控制,通过粒度分析可判别沉积物的成因类型,推断其形成的沉积环境,解释环境演变。利用统计学方法对典型稳定湖相沉积物（罗布泊湖相样品２８２块,岱海湖相样品１２３块）和典型风成黄土（甘肃兰州榆中样品２６３块）粒度参数进行定量化分析,并经稳定湖相和风成沉积物验证,获得稳定湖相与风成沉积物的判别公式:Ｆ（湖相、风成沉积物） ＝２０．３６３Ｍｚ－５６．３７１Ｓｄ－６７．９２２Ｓｋ＋２３．５１６Ｋｇ－５５．６２６,若Ｆ＞０,为稳定湖相沉积物,反之,Ｆ＜０,则为风成沉积物。这为研究地史中稳定湖泊与风成环境 沉积物的鉴别提供粒度分析定量化判别方法,它对陆相古环境、干旱化事件和尘暴事件等研究具有十分重要的借鉴价值。     

辽东湾西岸典型岬湾海滩表层沉积物粒度分布特征及水动力条件浅析

海滩形态、沉积物组分和粒度参数能反映海滩沉积环境。自2010年7月到2011年12月在辽东湾西岸葫芦岛市龙湾滨海沙滩和兴城第一海水浴场沙滩进行冬夏重复海滩剖面测量和表层沉积物粒度分析,结果表明:①两海滩以85黄海高程-0.6 m和-4.7 m为界划分为海滩、水下岸坡和陆架平原三个地貌单元。②龙湾沙滩海滩形态较稳定,兴城一浴海滩和水下岸坡淤积,均与海滩养护相关。③根据沉积物组分和粒径参数的差异,两海滩可横向划分为I、II、III、IV四个沉积区。各沉积区内中值粒径并没有出现横向递减的趋势,分选系数、偏态和峰态变化复杂。各沉积区间水力条件截然不同。④与兴城一浴相比,龙湾沙滩I沉积区沉积物颗粒较细、分选较好,水下岸坡存在综合动力条件弱的沉积区段,陆架平原缺少潮流作用强烈的区段。     

浙江江山藕塘底组陆源碎屑与碳酸盐混合沉积特征及其构造意义

浙江江山藕塘底组是晚石炭世威宁期陆源碎屑与碳酸盐的混合沉积,包括两种组分在同一岩层内相互混杂形成混积岩和陆源碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩互层形成混积层系。藕塘底组是海陆交互环境的沉积产物,剖面结构具有下细上粗的岸进序列。混积岩形成于滨岸浅滩环境,由沿岸流和回流将河口或滨岸海滩的石英砂带到滨岸浅滩和潮坪相碳酸盐沉积区混杂而成。具两种混积层系类型,即浅海滨岸环境中砂岩与碳酸盐岩互层、河流相碎屑岩与海相碳酸盐岩互层。研究表明,混合沉积成因属“相混合”,主要受区域构造隆升、全球海平面上升和盆地水介质条件特性控制。区域海平面周期性变化和岸进序列可能是华夏古陆强烈隆起的结果。作者还讨论了混合沉积的分类和命名,将陆源碎屑与碳酸盐层相互交替构成的互层和夹层组合称为“混积层系”,并建议将“混积岩”一词用来表征两种组分相互混杂这种特殊沉积事件,而不用作具体岩石名称.     

碎屑岩沉积从源到汇的“物-坡”耦合效应*

碎屑岩沉积体系的三维展布特征及其成因机制是建立沉积模式与预测其砂体分布的关键,更是沉积学研究的关键性科学问题。国内外绝大多数学者认为其平面形态和剖面充填型式均与其沉积的地形坡度、粒度粗细有密切的联系,但其定量关系并不清楚。建立不同类型沉积体中粒度和坡度之间的定量关系,对于预测沉积体中不同颗粒的运动方式及其分布至关重要。应用“源-汇”系统研究的思路,分析了供源区、搬运(输送)区及汇积区各自的地质特点,从单向水流对不同质量颗粒在静止/运动中的受力分析与沉积前总体地形斜坡设定2个角度,系统分析、推导并模拟了不同碎屑颗粒在纵向剖面上的运动轨迹,其表现为随着设定的坡型呈抛物线变化,反映出沉积物输送营力的变换及其随坡度变化的响应特征。建立了陆相碎屑岩沉积体系纵向剖面的流速与坡度的计算方程,明确指出沉积物的流速或流态决定其沉积方式,阐述了汇积区碎屑颗粒的加积型式与沉积物分布上的总体规律,由此提出碎屑岩沉积体系的“物-坡”耦合效应及其主要内涵,并从多个维度与源-汇的各区段,阐述了“物-坡”耦合效应在各种沉积体系的沉积物类型及其空间形态特征上的地质响应。     

临洪河口现代沉积环境及重金属元素的分布特征

对江苏北部临洪河口不同区域的表层与柱状沉积物进行了粒度分析、石英颗粒表面微细结构和沉积物的测年分析以及沉积物中的重金属含量分析．将河口划分为不同的沉积环境区．探讨了不同沉积环境中沉积物的粒度分布、石英颗粒表面微细结构、沉积速率以及重金属元素分布差异的原因。结果显示,临洪河口可以划分为低潮滩上的波浪与潮流强烈混合作用区、高潮滩上的弱潮流作用区、口门附近的潮流与河流强烈混合作用区和河道内河流与潮流弱混合作用区。重金属的含量在柱样的30～40cm深度呈现向表层递增的趋势,Hg的污染比较严重．其他元素基本无污染,整个河口区域的生态危害性严重;沉积物粒度分布不是该区域重金属分布的主要影响因素,城市污水排放量增加、氧化还原层位、沉降方式和不同沉积区的水动力环境是影响本区域重金属元素分布和累积的主要原因。     

THE CARBONATE FRACTION OF BEACH AND DUNE SANDS

The sand size carbonate fractions of beach and dune sands from the southeastern U.S. Atlantic coast were investigated from the standpoint of mineralogy, roundness and size distribution. The carbonate fractions of beach-dune sands used in this study range in abundance from less than 1% to over 40% and average about 10%. Calcium carbonate is least abundant in Georgia beaches and increases slightly to the north and greatly to the south. The size distribution of the carbonate fraction is similar to that of the non-carbonate fraction since both have been distributed by the same processes. The variable flat shape of calcareous fragments causes the carbonate fraction to be usually coarser and more poorly sorted than the acid insoluble residues of the samples. No regional relationship between roundness and wave energies was found in sand size materials although field observations indicate high energies strikingly round gravel sized calcareous fragments. There is some tendency for angularity to increase with decreasing grain size in the sand sizes as with quartz grains. The mineralogy of beach sand carbonate fractions is characterized by the almost total absence of high My calcite. Aragonite is the dominant mineral.     

东海内陆架泥区沉积物的环境敏感粒度组分

对东海内陆架泥质沉积区的DD2孔和悬浮体进行了陆源物质提取,应用激光粒度仪做了粒度分析,并分析了DD2孔粒度参数的垂向分布序列。通过计算粒级-标准偏差的变化获得了DD2孔沉积物中对沉积环境变化较为敏感的粒度组分,约 19和 130μm是DD2孔所属区域对沉积环境敏感的粒级,分别对应于东海沿岸流和风暴流沉积动力过程。敏感粒度组分含量随深度变化的分析表明,该孔上段的沉积作用主要受控于沿岸流,沉积环境相对稳定;而下段沉积环境变化大,是风暴流和沿岸流的混合作用沉积的结果。     

贺兰山下古生界陆源碎屑-碳酸盐岩混合沉积特征

陆源碎屑和碳酸盐岩的混合沉积现象分布广泛,但由于混合沉积的研究起步较晚,且受不同沉积条件的制约,研究相对薄弱。贺兰山地区早古生代发育了陆源碎屑岩和海相碳酸盐岩的混合沉积建造,目前国内外学者对贺兰山地区的混合沉积现象的研究至今没有涉及。研究区早古生代混合沉积狭义上表现为混积岩,主要类型包括:泥质灰岩、含泥灰岩、灰质砾岩、灰质粉砂岩;广义上表现为混积层系,主要类型包括:陆源碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩、混积岩-陆源碎屑岩、混积岩-碳酸盐岩。本文从沉积相变关系、区域地层间接触关系、残余地层展布、物源分析等方面对研究区下古生界混合沉积特征进行了较为深入的探讨,研究区寒武纪和奥陶纪表现出了截然不同的混合沉积样式:寒武纪为"拼贴式"混合沉积,而奥陶纪为渐变式混合沉积。板块运动、全球海平面变化、陆源碎屑物质的供给等因素共同控制了研究区早古生代混合沉积的形成。从研究区早古生代不同时期特有的沉积样式人手,分析了研究区早古生代盆地类型及演化。研究区早古生代经历了寒武纪大洋和克拉通盆地共存-早奥陶世的局限克拉通盆地-中、晚奥陶世的前陆盆地雏形这样一个演化过程。     

冲绳海槽南部沉积层序的粒度特征

对取自冲绳海槽南部的A2 3孔经前处理后的沉积物样品进行了粒度测试,探讨了陆源沉积层序的粒度特征。沉积物平均粒径、分选系数、偏态、峰态等粒度参数的变化显示出A2 3孔的沉积层序以 4 0 0cm为界可分为上、下两段,下段各参数稳定,代表了比较稳定的水动力条件的沉积环境;上段则波动较大,小规模浊流沉积频繁发育,暗示了不稳定的沉积环境。浊流层内粗粒与细粒组分含量及粒度分布的变化具有明显的规律性。通过分析A2 3孔陆源沉积层序的各沉积参数特征,认为冲绳海槽南部的沉积环境和动力在时间尺度上有较大的变化,东海陆架物质向南部海槽的输运可能是以峡谷为通道的重力作用引起的床底沉积作用为主。另外,对陆源碎屑和全样粒度结果的对比,显示了前处理方法对于海洋沉积物粒度分析的重要性.     

惠民凹陷沙一中湖相碳酸盐与陆源碎屑混合沉积——以山东商河地区为例

商河地区沙一中广泛发育陆源碎屑与湖相碳酸盐的混合沉积。本文将混积层系、混积岩和呈零星分布的一起定义为广义的混合沉积，并且对于混合沉积来讲，没有一个具体的组分含量标准，只要该沉积物(岩)的确为陆源碎屑与碳酸盐的沉积，而非成岩作用或以后改造的假混合就可认定为混合沉积。研究区内混合沉积特征为陆源碎屑与湖相碳酸盐以较高的频率交互沉积和同一岩层内陆源碎屑组分与碳酸盐组分混合沉积，混合沉积的类型分为三类，即渐变式混合沉积、突变式混合沉积和复合式混合沉积，其中复合式沉积分为复合式沉积Ⅰ和复合式沉积Ⅱ，研究区内复合式沉积Ⅰ发育，复合式沉积Ⅱ不发育。并且本文从研究区混合沉积的区域地质背景、岩石学特征、沉积环境等方面进行了详细分析，建立了混合沉积相模式，进而对混合沉积的控制因素进行了讨论。     

乌伦古湖沉积物粒度特征及其古气候环境意义

利用乌伦古湖沉积钻孔的粒度资料,分析了粒度频率曲线、粒度参数和粒度组成等粒度特征,并探讨了乌伦古湖粒度代表的古气候意义。结果表明乌伦古湖沉积物频率曲线主要是正态单峰型,反映流水作用为主要沉积作用。岩芯下部（225197cm）沉积物分选较差,偏度和尖度较大,为浅水沉积环境;中部（197103cm）分选由差变好,物源由复杂变单一,为浅水沉积向深水沉积过渡环境;上部（1030cm）分选较好,物源单一,中值粒径减小,反映了湖水位的下降。沉积物粒度特征反映了乌伦古湖地区全新世降水、流水和风力作用以及湖面水位高低的变化。乌伦古湖一万年来的古气候环境演化大致经历了102507720cal.aBP的干旱、77202800cal.aBP的湿润和2800cal.aBP以来的偏干三个阶段。      

塔里木盆地西部一间房露头区奥陶系台缘储层沉积体系分析

碳酸盐岩台地边缘优质储层相带预测一直是石油勘探家关注的焦点,露头沉积体系精细结构分析及其储集性能研究是总结预测模型的一把关键钥匙。在塔里木盆地西部一间房露头区,通过详细的野外地质调查、沉积体横向追踪与对比、典型沉积体系剖面写实、系统取样和室内测试分析等方法,对中奥陶统一间房组台缘生物礁-滩沉积体系、上奥陶统良里塔格组底部的台缘斜坡-斜坡扇沉积体系进行了系统的沉积体系内部成因相构成及其储集性能研究。研究认为台缘沉积体系具有复杂的内部构成,其成因相具有相对固定的空间配置格架和品质迥异的储集性能。在台缘靠近台地一侧往往发育生物礁-滩沉积体系,由生物礁、生物碎屑滩和台缘背景沉积等3种成因相组合构成。生物碎屑滩产出于生物礁周围,礁前则具有特征的砾质滩。由内侧滩向外侧滩沉积物颗粒变细、分选性变差、生屑含量和亮晶胶结物减少。而在台缘靠近盆地一侧,则往往台缘斜坡-斜坡扇沉积体系,主要由斜坡、斜坡扇、扇面水道和滑塌体等4种成因相组合构成。扇面水道通常切割斜坡扇,滑塌体周围往往伴生有小型斜坡扇体。由斜坡扇或者扇面水道的近端向远端,沉积物由砾质逐渐转变为砂质。在上述两种台缘沉积体系中,礁前内侧砂质滩和礁后内侧砂质滩、远端砂质斜坡扇具有良好的储层品质。比较而言,台缘生物礁-滩沉积体系的潜在储集性能总体上优于台缘斜坡-斜坡扇沉积体系。     

Grain size and mineralogy of Al Batinah beach sediments,Sultanate of Oman

The nature of Al Batinah coast beach sediments in the Sultanate of Oman was investigated by the analysis of grain size and mineralogy. The beach sediments, mostly light-medium gray green, were predominantly fine sands, with the average grain size of all samples about 200 μm. Some of the particles were gravel (2–16 mm), and some were even larger pebble-size particles (16–256 mm). Some mud (sediment <63 μm) was present, mostly in the sub-tidal sediments. The majority of the samples were skewed to the coarse size with coarse tail partly due to the presence of shell fragments. Approximately 50 % of the beach sediments were quartz with different varieties based on shape and size. The second major component of beach sediment was calcium carbonate which varied from 10 to 65 %. The other components in decreasing order consisted of microbreccia, feldspar, pyroxene, igneous rock fragments, biotite flakes, and heavy minerals. The levels of carbonate were lower in NW Al Batinah coast from Harmul to Al Khaburah but were higher in the SE from Al Khaburah to Al Ghubrah. This could be attributed to either lower carbonate production or more sediment input by wadis along the north-western part of Al Batinah coast. The unique and complex nature of these sediments is largely due to the geology of the terrestrial source area in the Hajar Mountains which contains the famous Samail ophiolite complex and the weak sorting along the shoreline in these tide-modified beaches.     

The relationship of sediment texture with coastal environments along the Kuala Terengganu Coast, Malaysia

The subtidal sediments of four coastal environments (beach, berm, surf zone and nearshore sea floor) of Kuala Terengganu have been studied in terms of their textural characteristics and depositional process. Sampling and statistical analyses of the grain size distributions of beach, surf zone and shallow sea-floor sediments at various locations along the coastline show that they varied in their mean grain size as well as values of sorting and skewness. The statistical parameters of grain size distributions thus allowed recognition of distinct sub-environments. The size distribution of such sediments suggests that the various processes that are responsible for their transportation and deposition are wave, current and wind action. The different energy conditions and the morphology of each coastal environment seem to be reflected in the characteristics of the sediments in each environment.     

Sedimentary fabric characterized by X-ray tomography: A case-study from tsunami deposits on the Marquesas Islands,French Polynesia

X-ray tomography is used to analyse the grain size and sedimentary fabric of two tsunami deposits in the Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia, Pacific Ocean) which are particularly exposed to trans-Pacific tsunamis. One site is located on the southern coast of Nuku Hiva Island (Hooumi) and the other one is on the southern coast of Hiva Oa Island (Tahauku). Results are compared with other techniques such as two-dimensional image analysis on bulk samples (particle analyser) and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. The sedimentary fabric is characterized through three-dimensional stacks of horizontal slices (following a vertical step of 2·5 mm along the cores), while grain-size distribution is estimated from two-dimensional vertical slices (following a step of 2 mm). Four types of fabric are distinguished: (a) moderate to high angle (15 to 75°); (b) bimodal low-angle (<15°); (c) low to high angle with at least two different orientations; and (d) dispersed fabric. The fabric geometry in a tsunami deposit is not only controlled by the characteristics of the flow itself (current strength, flow regime, etc.) but also sediment concentration, deposition rate and grain-size distribution. There is a notable correlation between unimodal high-angle fabric – type (a) – and finely-skewed grain-size distribution. The two tsunami deposits studied represent two different scenarios of inundation. As demonstrated here, X-ray tomography is an essential method for characterizing past tsunamis from their deposits. The method can be applied to many other types of sediments and sedimentary rocks.     

Mixing Deposition of Upper Carboniferous in Jiangshan, Zhejiang Province and its Tectonic Significance

<正>The Outangdi Formation in Jiangshan,Zhejiang,is the mixing deposit of terrigenous clastics and carbonates in Weiningian of the late Carboniferous.The mixing deposits include interbeddings, which constitute a series of alternated clastic and carbonate beds and mixing within the same bed which forms"hunji rock".The Outangdi Formation has the features of intercalated marine and terrestrial deposits with the progradational sequences,which are lower fine and upper coarse sedimentary granularity in the section.Hunji rock is formed in a seashore environment.It is a mixed carbonate sediment found in beaches or tideland facies with quartz sand taken from a bayou or beach by coastwise flow and circumfluence.There are two kinds of hunji sequences:(1) interbeds of sandstone and carbonate rock in seashore environments;and(2) interbeds of clastics in river facies and carbonate rock in ocean facies.It is indicated that mixing depositions belong to"facies mixing",affected mainly by regional tectonic uplift,rise of the global sea level,and the dynamics of water medium in the basin. Regional sea level periodic changes and progradational sequences probably resulted from the intense uplift of the old land called Cathaysia.The classification and name of mixed sediments are also discussed in the present study.Interbeds and alternated beds of clastic and carbonate beds are named"hunji sequence",a new genetic term.It is suggested that hunji rock means a special sediment event of mixing terrigenous clastics and carbonates instead of a name of a specific rock.