黄河上游崩滑体成因与稳定性综述

黄河上游龙羊峡至刘家峡段 ,山峻河窄 ,水流湍急 ,水量充沛稳定 ,是我国西北水力资源开发和利用的主要地段。已经修建和正在规划修建的梯级电站大多座落于黄河的高山峡谷之中 ,而这些区段往往是崩滑灾害的多发区。显然 ,崩滑体的稳定性与水电站的安全运行密切相关 ,一旦失稳将会造成难以弥补的损失。因此深入分析研究它们形成的原因 ,掌握规律 ,评价其稳定性 ,是工程技术人员普遍关注的重要工程地质问题之一。黄河上游广泛发育的崩滑体有其发生、发展和衰亡 ,由静到动 ,由动到静的过程。只有掌握它们形成的内在规律 ,才能防患于未然。影响坡…     

全长粘结锚杆在崩滑体治理工程中的应用

崩滑体是三峡库区奉节、巫山、巴东等地较为普遍的地质现象,具有厚度大、风化破碎等特征,是三峡库区地质灾害治理的主要对象, 锚固是崩滑体治理的手段之一。本文通过分析崩滑体的地质特征及全长粘结锚杆的作用机理,结合三峡库区一大型崩滑体治理工程,说明采用全长粘结锚杆不仅增加了坡体的抗滑力,而且通过锚杆的植入改善了坡体的结构性,从而提高崩滑体的稳定性。     

黄河上游地质环境的演化与崩滑体成因探讨

黄河上游水流湍急,水量丰沛。利用水能资源所规划和兴建的梯级电站,大多座落在黄河上游的高山峡谷区。这些区段地势高陡,崩滑体分布广泛,是我国崩滑灾害的多发区段。一旦坝前失稳,将会造成难以弥补的损失。本文从地质环境演化的观点出发,对崩滑体的成因进行了较为深入的探讨,并对其稳定性进行了初步评价。     

某水电站古崩滑体的成因机制及稳定性研究

该古崩滑体位于拟建水库坝址线上游27.7 km处,体积巨大,水库三个设计蓄水高程均在滑体剪出口之上,且该区属高烈度区,滑体一旦失稳,可能造成涌浪,甚至堵江和堰塞溃坝,影响严重。本文通过对古滑体地质背景、结构特征、变形破坏特征和形成条件分析,确定该滑体属崩滑性质。在漫长地质历史时期,受到较为频繁构造作用,斜坡岩体块裂化较明显,节理切割严重,产生了不利结构面的空间组合,一旦破坏面贯通,则导致斜坡沿着滑面崩滑下座,覆盖到冲洪积物堆积体之上。其稳定性通过定性、定量两方面评价,其中定量计算中,通过试验资料,结合参数反演确定计算参数,利用规范传递系数法和毕肖普法进行计算。评价结果表明,在天然、暴雨、蓄水及水位骤降工况下,滑体均处于稳定状态。而在考虑地震时,其稳定性迅速降低,滑体整体处于基本稳定状态。     

三峡库区变形体、滑坡、崩滑体的区别及认识

结合三峡库区丰都县三期地质灾害调查工作,介绍在野外实际工作遇到的各种地质灾害情况的判定,为今后在同类工作中作以参考.     

巴东作揖沱崩滑体基本特征及成因机制分析

:作揖沱崩滑体是三峡工程库区重点勘察研究的崩滑体之一 ,位于湖北省巴东县楠木园乡长江南岸 ,距三峡工程坝址 83km,作揖沱崩滑体东西宽为 5 40～ 72 0 m,南北长为 2 80～ 40 0 m,前缘高程为 2 0 m(水下 ) ,后缘高程为 2 80 m,体积为 413.32万m3。作揖沱崩滑体的组成物质为碎块石夹土 ,块石成分复杂 ,局部还保存有变位岩体。作揖沱崩滑体的形成经历了崩塌、滑移、加载和变形滑动等阶段 ,是一个典型的崩滑复合体。近代以来 ,作揖沱崩滑体曾发生多次变形复活 ,是一个不稳定的崩滑体     

镇坪县宝塔梁崩滑体成因分析

镇坪县宝塔梁崩滑体形成于1987年,2008年2月发生强烈变形,裂缝由原来的1～2条变为多条,裂缝长度最长的100m以上,裂缝宽度达1．2m,多条裂缝贯通,最大可见深度2m左右,裂缝两侧相对位移最大1．6m,陷落深度达1．2m;崩滑体前缘的崩塌面宽度由原先的数米宽增至60-70m,且向陡崖上部延伸发展,崩滑堆积物由原有的数百方增至数千方,陡崖不断地垮塌;到3月5日,滑塌体变形减缓。本文从地质条件、地质构造、地形地貌、水文地质、人类工程活动及气候条件等几方面,对该崩滑体形成的原因进行了分析。     

巴东作揖沱崩滑体基本特征及成因机构分析

作揖沱崩滑体是三峡工程库区重点勘察研究的崩滑体之一，位于湖北省巴东县楠木园乡长江南岸，距三峡工程坝址83km作揖沱崩滑体东西宽为540－720米，南北长为280－400米，前缘高程为20米（水下），后缘高程为280米，体积淡413．32万立方米，作揖沱崩滑体的组成物质为碎块石夹土，块石成分复杂，局部还保存变位岩体作损沱崩滑体的形成经历了崩塌，滑移，如载和变形滑动等阶段，是一个典型的崩滑复合体，近代以来，作揖沱崩滑体曾发生多次变形复活，是一个不稳定的崩滑体。     

映秀—北川断裂带沿线崩滑体分布规律浅析

“5.12”汶川大地震诱发的大规模次生地质灾害主要以崩滑体的形式表现。选取地震发生的映秀—北川断裂带沿线的崩滑体进行分析。根据地震影响的强弱、崩滑体分布的规模、大小及地形等因子,把映秀—北川断裂带沿线分为3个区域,分析崩滑体分布的微观规律。在震中,崩滑体的分布与地震释放能量大小正相关;在距震中稍远的地区,崩滑体的分布主要受岩石能干性及地形的控制。崩滑体的分布与地震影响强弱、岩性及地形相关的这一规律,对于防止类似次生地质灾害的发生、次生地质灾害的转化以及灾后重建等都有重要的参考价值。     

基于地貌特征的浅层崩滑体遥感自动识别

建立了一种基于地貌特征的浅层崩滑体遥感自动识别方法,通过对地物的遥感光谱特性、几何形状和顺坡性相关的6次布尔运算完成对浅层崩滑体的自动识别.并以碧罗雪山一处高山峡谷地区为例,采用10m空间分辨率的SPOT-5多光谱影像和1:5万地形图生成的DEM(数字高程模型)作为数据源,进行了浅层崩滑体自动识别效果的检验.实验结果表明:①该方法顾及了地貌对浅层崩滑体空间几何形态的影响,可以有效地提高浅层崩滑体遥感自动识别的正确率;②识别对象与数据源的关系明确、决策阙值容易确定,便于使用决策树进行分类;③该方法对数据源要求较低.只需中等以上比例尺的DEM和拥有红、近红外的遥感影像即可;④粘连图斑的分割是该方法面临的主要难题.     

冻结砂土力学性质的离散元模拟

基于离散单元法颗粒流理论,土体颗粒单元间采用接触黏结模型中来考虑冻土中冰的胶结作用,建立了冻结砂土的颗粒流模型。通过改变计算模型中颗粒单元的参数,模拟了在不同冻结温度以及不同围压下冻结砂土的宏观力学性质,并与冻结砂土的室内试验结果进行了比较,结果表明：颗粒流方法可以较好地模拟冻结砂土的应力-应变关系以及剪切带的发展变化过程,颗粒流细观参数对温度具有显著的依赖性。研究结果对离散单元法在特殊土中的应用具有一定的理论和应用价值。     

Granular element method for three‐dimensional discrete element calculations

This paper endows the recently‐proposed granular element method (GEM) with the ability to perform 3D discrete element calculations. By using non‐uniform rational B‐Splines to accurately represent complex grain geometries, we proposed an alternative approach to clustering‐based and polyhedra‐based discrete element methods whereby the need for complicated and ad hoc approaches to construct 3D grain geometries is entirely bypassed. We demonstrate the ability of GEM in capturing arbitrary‐shaped 3D grains with great ease, flexibility, and without excessive geometric information. Furthermore, the applicability of GEM is enhanced by its tight integration with existing non‐uniform rational B‐Splines modeling tools and ability to provide a seamless transition from binary images of real grain shapes (e.g., from 3D X‐ray CT) to modeling and discrete mechanics computations.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

结构性黄土一维湿陷特性的离散元数值模拟

针对结构性湿陷性黄土大孔隙和胶结特性,应用离散元生成了不同含水率结构性黄土试样,研究试样的一维湿陷特性。首先,根据已有的结构性黄土试验资料和胶结颗粒材料离散元数值试验成果,建立胶结强度和初始饱和度之间的关系。其次,采用蒋明镜等提出的分层欠压法[1]和胶结模型[2]制得不同含水率结构性黄土离散元试样,然后进行不同含水率双线法和同一含水率4个压力下单线法湿陷试验的离散元数值模拟。数值模拟结果表明,提出的离散元分析方法能模拟天然结构性湿陷性黄土的主要力学性质,随着含水率的减少,结构屈服应力和最大湿陷压力增加,湿陷系数随着压力先增加后减小,湿陷起始压力为饱和试样的结构屈服应力,单线法湿陷后压缩曲线与饱和试样的压缩曲线接近。此外,模拟结果还表明,不同含水率结构性黄土离散元试样的最大湿陷系数与天然结构性湿陷性黄土相差较远,但在最大湿陷系数与孔隙比的比值上相接近;结构屈服对应着胶结的逐步破坏,湿陷伴随着大量的胶结破坏。提出了基于胶结点数目的损伤变量,研究了其在加载和湿陷过程中的变化规律。研究成果为认识黄土复杂力学特性和建立其本构理论提供了基础。     

Simulation of drilling‐induced compaction bands using discrete element method

Rock failure is observed around boreholes often with certain types of failure zones, which are called breakouts. Laboratory‐scale drilling tests in some high‐porosity quartz‐rich sandstone have shown breakouts in the form of narrow localized compacted zones in the minimum horizontal stress direction. They are called fracture‐like breakouts. Such compaction bands may affect hydrocarbon extraction by forming barriers that inhibit fluid flow and may also be a source of sand production. This paper presents the results of numerical simulations of borehole breakouts using 3D discrete element method to investigate the mechanism of the fracture‐like breakouts and to identify the role of far‐field stresses on the breakout dimensions. The numerical tool was first verified against analytical solutions. It was then utilized to investigate the failure mechanism and breakout geometry for drilled cubic rock samples of Castlegate sandstone subjected to different pre‐existing far‐field stresses. Results show that failure occurs in the zones of the highest concentration of tangential stress around the borehole. It is concluded that fracture‐like breakout develops as a result of a nondilatant failure mechanism consisting of localized grain debonding and repacking and grain crushing that lead to the formation of a compaction band in the minimum horizontal stress direction. In addition, it is found that the length of fracture‐like breakouts depends on both the mean stress and stress anisotropy. However, the width of the breakout is not significantly changed by the far‐field stresses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

K28边坡变形破坏机制的离散元模拟

在工程地质勘察的基础上,对K28边坡在天然和饱水状态下的变形进行离散单元法数值模拟,分析了此类缓倾角顺层边坡滑移压致拉裂的变形破坏机制,以及地下水促进边坡变形破坏的作用机理,为边坡的工程治理设计提供合理的建议。     

Analysis of mechanical behaviour and internal stability of granular materials using discrete element method

Granular materials like sand are widely used in civil engineering. They are composed of different sizes of grains, which generate a complex behaviour, difficult to assess experimentally. Internal instability of a granular material is its inability to prevent the loss of its fine particles under flow effect. It is geometrically possible if the fine particles can migrate through the pores of the coarse soil matrix and results in a change in its mechanical properties. This paper uses the three‐dimensional Particle Flow Code (PFC3D/DEM) to study the stability/instability of granular materials and their mechanical behaviour after suffusion. Stability properties of widely graded materials are analysed by simulating the transport of smaller particles through the constrictions formed by the coarse particles under the effect of a downward flow with uniform pressure gradient. A sample made by an initially stable material according to the Kenney & Lau geometrical criterion was divided into five equal layers. The classification of these layers by this criterion before and after the test shows that even stable granular materials can lose fine particles and present local instability. The failure criterion of eroded samples, in which erosion is simulated by progressive removal of fine particles, evolves in an unexpected way. Internal friction angle increases with the initial porosity, the rate of lost fine particles and the average diameter D₅₀. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Shortest link method for contact detection in discrete element method

With the increasing demand for discrete element simulations with larger number of particles and more realistic particle geometries, the need for efficient contact detection algorithms is more evident. To date, the class of common plane (CP) methods is among the most effective and widely used contact detection algorithms in discrete element simulations of polygonal and polyhedral particles. This paper introduces a new approach to obtain the CP by employing a newly introduced concept of ‘shortest link’. Among all the possible line segments that connect any point on the surface of particle A to any point on the surface of particle B, the one with the shortest length defines the shortest link between the two particles. The perpendicular bisector plane of the shortest link fulfils all the conditions of a CP, suggesting that CP can be obtained by seeking the shortest link. A new algorithm, called shortest link method (SLM), is proposed to obtain the shortest link and subsequently the CP between any two polyhedral particles. Comparison of the analysis time between SLM and previously introduced algorithms demonstrate that SLM results in a substantial speed up for polyhedral particles contact detection. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于统一标定的势接触力计算

传统的离散元类数值方法存在处理角-角接触时接触力方向不确定、三维情形时接触计算极其复杂等问题。Munjiza提出的基于势的接触力计算方法很好地解决了这一问题,但同时存在势的物理意义不明确,计算出的接触力与物理直观不符、相同嵌入量计算的接触力大小不一致等问题。在已有研究的基础上,提出了一种基于统一标定的势接触力计算方法,该方法重新定义了势函数,即三角形单元内一点的势与该点到3条边的最短距离成正比。采用这种势函数定义可以对嵌入量进行统一表征。在相同的嵌入量下,计算的接触力大小是一致的,同时保留基于势的接触力计算方法所有优点。新定义的势函数,解决了原有势函数所存在的重大缺陷,只要重叠区域不变,计算的总接触力是不变的,接触力计算具有局部特性,而与划分的三角形单元的整体形状和大小无关,即新的接触力计算方法,具有更好的网格鲁棒性。该方法使得基于势的接触力计算方法建立在坚实的物理基础之上,意义重大。     

离散元计算的位移控制方法

基于离散单元的动态松弛法,提出了由每循环步允许块体最大位移增量控制每步块体求解的方法--位移控制法。该方法通过对块体的位移试算来决定时步的大小,不仅解决了离散元计算中的如叠合过大等问题,还可以提高计算的精度和效率。编制了相应的程序和程序流程图,并给出了算例分析。