Investigation of groundwater contamination using electric and electromagnetic methods at an open waste-disposal site: a case study from Isparta, Turkey

 Geophysical methods, when integrated with soil chemical and hydrogeological methods, can be used to investigate groundwater contamination. Direct current (DC) resistivity geo-electrical sounding and very-low-frequency electromagnetic (VLF-EM) data were collected at an open waste site used by the municipality of the city of Isparta, Turkey. The groundwater at shallow depths in alluvium, which is composed of gravel, sand and clay, were expected to be hazardously contaminated under and around the open waste-disposal site, in which both household and industrial wastes are known to be disposed of improperly. In this study, we mapped the spread of groundwater contamination using a VLF-EM method, which allows fast and inexpensive data collection. The method complements the results of geo-electrical sounding. There is a good correlation between the results of the VLF-EM and the DC-resistivity methods employed for the investigation of subsurface structure of the site, where soil chemical and previous hydrogeological surveys have indicated high levels of chemical concentrations. Received: 17 January 2000 · Accepted: 12 August 2000     

Vertical electrical sounding (VES) and multi-electrode resistivity in environmental impact assessment studies over some selected lakes: a case study

A combined geophysical investigation consisting of vertical electrical sounding (VES) and multielectrode system was carried out to map the subsurface resistivity in all major lakes which are highly polluted by the discharge of sewage and other chemical effluents in greater Hyderabad, India. The structural features identified in the study area play a major role in groundwater flow and storage. The interpretation of geophysical data and lithologs indicates that a silt/clay zone (predominantly silt) has a thickness of 5–10 m all along the drainage from Patelcheruvu to the Musi River. The silt/clay zone inferred close to the lakes is a mixture of clay, silt and sand with more silt content as indicated from the lithologs during drilling. The low resistivity values obtained can be attributed to the pollutant accumulated in the silt which can reduce the resistivity values. Further, the TDS of the water samples in these wells are more than 1,000 mg/l which further confirms the above scenario. The pollution spread is less in the upstream areas whereas it is more in the downstream which can be attributed to the shallow water table conditions and also due to the interaction of surface water and groundwater.     

上海地区土体抗剪强度与静力触探比贯入阻力相关关系研究

基于上海地区19个工程共201组数据,通过黏土、粉质黏土和粉砂在上海地区土层中的分布,比贯入阻力Ps,室内固结快剪试验黏聚力cu和摩擦角?u,孔隙比e,塑性指数Ip沿土层深度的变化,分析得到3种土类的抗剪强度与比贯入阻力的相关关系,并总结了国内软土地区土体抗剪强度与静力触探比贯入阻力之间的相关关系。本文得到黏土的相关关系与以往的经验公式相近,同时给出了原位土层粉质黏土和粉砂的相关关系。区别不同土类使得相关关系可用性提高,在工程应用中更加合理。根据本文相关关系,通过静力触探比贯入阻力可以得到不同土层的抗剪强度值,进而应用于基坑稳定计算。本文研究的结果可以应用于海相沉积土的勘察和工程设计工作。     

云南省岩溶水地球物理探测实践

由于岩溶发育的不均匀性,决定了岩溶水的埋藏分布也具有不均匀的特征,含水层富水性的空间差异极大。岩溶水的不均匀性给岩溶水勘查和开发工作带来了很大的困难,以至于裸露型岩溶石山区的供水勘探孔成井率仍然很低。要有效地发挥岩溶水资源的优     

高密度电法在新疆某矿区滑坡勘察中的应用

高密度电法集电测深和电剖面装置于一体,具有观测精度高、数据采集量大、地质信息丰富、生产效率高,以及探测深度较大等特点,在工程地质和水文地质勘查中被广泛应用。这里将高密度电法应用于新疆某矿区的滑坡体调查中,通过该矿区的地质地球物理特征,验证了实施高密度电法调查滑坡体的可行性。采用温纳装置,对矿区内的地层结构、滑床位置及深部地层情况的分析解释,证实了高密度电法应用效果良好,为进一步认识滑坡及其勘察治理提供了地球物理依据。     

基于时延三维电阻率反演的岩溶地下河管道空间分布识别物理模拟研究

岩溶地下河管道空间分布的识别对岩溶区的各类地球科学工作意义重大,文章阐述了采用时延三维电阻率反演技术,开展对地下河管道空间分布识别的研究,在室内灰岩介质下的物理模拟实验结果表明:对雨季管道充水和枯季管道干涸时采集的电阻率数据进行时延反演后,地下河管道的模拟三维空间分布被很好地突显出来,时延反演效果大大地优于对单次采集数据的反演效果,管道充填水时的反演效果次之,管道充填空气时的反演结果很难有效识别地下河管道的空间分布情况。物理模型试验成果可指导野外实践中对岩溶地下河管道的探测研究。      

Potentialities of ultrawideband GPR in low-resistivity geoenvironments

We assess the potentia4lities of ultrawideband (UWB) electromagnetic pulse sounding of low-resistivity geoenvironments using the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system developed by us and compare the obtained results with 2D electrical resistivity tomography and standard GPR data. The research was performed in an area of Quaternary clay deposits with a resistivity of 20-50 Ohmm. For an OKO-2 GPR antenna with a center frequency of 150 MHz, the sounding depth is 2-4 m, whereas UWB sounding provides penetration of the GPR pulse to a depth of 30-40 m. Deep UWB sounding of low-resistivity environments is possible under the following conditions: use of generators based on drift step recovery diodes (DSRDs), high matching of the UWB receiving and transmitting antennas to the environment, and an increase in the noise immunity of the recording system, in particular, due to a decrease in the intensity of air waves.     

Surface geophysical investigations of landslide at the Wiri area in southeastern Korea

A geophysical survey was undertaken at Wiri area of the Andong in southeastern Korea to delineate subsurface structure and to detect the fault zone, which affected the 1997 mountain–hill subsidence and subsequent road heaving initiated by the intense rainfall. Electrical resistivity methods of dipole–dipole array profiling and Schlumberger array sounding and seismic methods of refraction and reflection profiling were used to map a clay zone, which was regarded as the major factor for the landslide. The clay zone was identified in electrical resistivity and seismic sections as having low electrical resistivity (<100 Ωm) and low seismic velocity (<400 m/s), respectively. The clay zone detected by using geophysical methods is well correlated with its distribution from the trench and drill-core data. The results of the electrical and seismic surveys showed that slope subsidence was associated with the sliding of saturated clay along a fault plane trending NNW–SSE and dipping 10°–20° SW. However, the road heaving was caused by the slope movement of the saturated clay along a sub-vertical NNE-trending fault.     

综合电法在新疆哈西金矿区寻找隐伏矿的应用

EH4电磁测深和高密度电法测量均为近年来发展起来的地球物理手段.EH4电磁测深是基于电磁原理的地球物理手段,探测深度大(可达1000m),可用于确定矿化系统深部的宏观构造格架和产状变化;高密度电法集电剖面和电测深于一体,对地质结构解析度高,且同时能够进行激发极化法测量,探明地下金属硫化物富集情况.这两种方法在新疆哈西金矿区综合运用,在寻找覆盖层下的隐伏矿方面取得了良好的效果.     

论强化垂直聚焦测深法

本文首先讨论了强化垂直聚焦测深法（简称聚焦测深法）的视电阻宰表达式,提出了在实际工作中代换该法的简单装置及其观测方案。其次,详细分析了利用线性滤波法计算的聚焦测深法ρs理论曲线,指出了似增层性质及多种因素对ρs曲线的形状和特征点极距的影响作用。最后阐明了聚焦测深法在地质效能上不具有定勘探深度的原因。     

Chemical aspects of quick-clay formation

In connection with the systematical examination of the slope stability in the Go¨ta River Valley in Sweden it was impossible to get a satisfactory explanation of the cause of the high sensitivity of quick clays which could be used in the continued examination as a basis for geotechnical investigations.

It was concluded that the quick-clay problem must be regarded as a problem of colloid chemical nature. Many of the results obtained pointed out the fact that the surface properties of the grains will play an important role, and in this connection the problem with the possible existence of surface-active agents (dispersing agents) in natural quick clays has been studied.

Systematic isolations of dispersing agents have been made by different methods, and the subsequent extracts have been analysed chromatographically. It is found to be easy to isolate dispersing substances by most of the methods tested, but it is very difficult to find any substances with a known composition. Instead, this part of the examination will approach the humic problem. In one case it has been possible to break up the complexes into individual components of known composition, i.e., in the case of fatty acids and soaps. Quick clay contains homologuous series of normal saturated fatty acids and for this reason soaps seem to be components which contribute to the quick-clay formation.     

黎平至落乡高速公路黎平隧道工程地质及施工技术

为了了解隧道工程地质概况,采用高密度电阻率法及浅层折射法,进行了标准贯入、动力触探试验、声波测试、工程地质钻探、室内试验和工程测量等手段。根据隧道工程地质特征,采取相应的施工方法,圆满完成施工任务。     

Error in depth determination from resistivity soundings due to non-identification of suppressed layers

The magnitude of errors in the determination of depth to bedrock from Wenner and Schlumberger resistivity sounding curves, caused by the non-identification of a suppressed layer, has been investigated. The principal objective is to evaluate how the layer thicknesses and resistivities affect the accuracy of depth estimates. In the computations, the intermediate layer in a 3-layer model, in which the resistivity increases with depth, is removed and the 2-layer sounding curve that is electrically equivalent to the 3-layer curve is generated. The results indicate that there is a possibility for large depth underestimations when the resistivity contrast between layers 1 and 2 is very large. This is manifested in a steeply rising terminal branch on the sounding curve. There is a slight decrease in the depth underestimation as the resistivity contrast between layers 2 and 3 increases. Conversely, if the intermediate layer is fairly thick and the resistivity contrasts are not too large, the best-fit 2-layer curve shows large deviations from the 3-layer curve. In such cases, the intermediate layer can be identified, resulting in reliable depth estimates. A field example from Nigeria is presented in which the sounding data has been interpreted so as to account for a prebasement layer of intermediate resistivity, indicative of a fractured granite.     

Towards a general model of quick clay development

Torrance (1983) has recently reviewed factors producing high sensitivity in clayey sediments and proposed a general model for quick clay development. He suggested that the mineralogical requirement for quick clay behaviour to develop is that low activity minerals must predominate in the sediment. This is also the essential mineralogical requirement of the inactive-particle, short-range-bond hypothesis of high sensitivity (Smalley, 1971, 1972a, 1976; Cabrera & Smalley 1973; Smalley, Ross & Whitton, 1980). The predominance of low activity minerals causes most of the interparticle bonds to be of the short-range variety which allow/promote the'quick' behaviour—the transition from solid to liquid. In Canadian or Scandinavian quick clays the short-range bond requirement is largely met by the abundance of finegrained primary mineral particles. The very sensitive clays involved in the Tauranga landslide in New Zealand (Smalley et al ., 1980) owed their sensitivities to their content of inactive spheroidal halloysite particles. By many definitions the Tauranga material is a quick clay and its existence provides us with another window through which to view the quick clay problem. Torrance observed that for a quick clay to develop the sediment must have an open structure with a high void ratio. In a classic Canadian quick clay this structure is obtained by the slow sedimentation of fine particles in the salty Champlain Sea; in the Tauranga soil an open structure is obtained by air-fall sedimentation of the initial volcanic particles.     

关于频率电磁测深几个问题的探讨(三)——频率电磁测深相位问题分析

频率电磁测深复电阻率含有振幅视电阻率和相位,相位既可由复电阻率的虚部和实部表示,也可通过振幅视电阻率转换得出。阐述了振幅视电阻率转换为相位的原理和计算公式。根据典型地电模型计算的振幅视电阻率曲线和相位曲线,分析了相位曲线与振幅视电阻率曲线的关系及特点。分析结果表明,相位曲线变化幅度更大,相应频率更高,可提高对地层的分辨率,加大探测地层深度。将振幅视电阻率和相位资料结合解释,可提高解释的地质效果。      

长春地区老黏土地基承载力确定方法的探讨

老黏性土工程实践经验较多,根据其他省市地区的成熟经验,用数理统计法确定老黏性土地基承载力可根据土的室内土工试验物理力学性质指标孔隙比、液性指数查表求得,还可根据原位测试静力触探指标和标准贯入试验指标确定.本次试验利用这些成熟经验,通过分析土工试验、原位测试指标与静载试验测得的地基承载力的对应关系,总结出用土工试验物理力学性质指标、原位测试静探指标计算老黏性土地基承载力的经验公式和经验表.     

从一个布井失败案例探讨多种地球物理方法综合研究

为探讨多种地球物理方法结合的重要性,以一个应用地球物理方法布井失败案例为研究对象,通过比较高密度电阻率法、磁共振探测以及两种方法结合的探测结果与实际钻探资料的差异,分析了每种方法的优缺点,并借助经济成本计算,讨论了多种方法结合的可行性。结果表明:高密度电阻率法与磁共振探测各有优缺点。高密度电阻率法可很好地判断地层结构的整体变化,但对岩性的推断具有较强的不确定性。磁共振探测推断的地层岩性与钻孔资料基本吻合,但无法判断是否有断层或裂隙带存在。高密度电阻率法与磁共振探测结合推断的剖面尺度上地层岩性和厚度变化与钻孔资料基本一致,是揭示地层岩性及含水层位置的有效方法,说明应重视多种方法结合的研究及应用。相比不采用任何地球物理方法或单一方法,两种方法结合的费用更低,在实际应用中具有可行性。     

Geoelectric stratigraphy and subsurface evaluation of quaternary stream sediments at the Cooper Basin,NE Texas

An electrical resistivity survey of a portion of the Cooper Reservoir Basin in northeast Texas has been used to delineate the major lithostratigraphic units of Quaternary flood plain deposits and subsurface paleogeomorphic features of interest to geoarchaeologists. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the fluviatile deposits along the South Sulphur River which flows through Cooper Basin, to identify the basin morphology, and to detect buried geomorphic features. Buried stream channels were considered to be important targets since buried prehistoric site locations are thought to be related to patterns of fluvial facies. Two general techniques were used in the survey. First, soundings were conducted over borehole locations to correlate lithologies with resistivity variations. Second, multiple resistivity profiles were established along traverses across the flood plain. By repeating each traverse but with increased probe separations, a composite of profiles was developed yielding electrical cross-sections of the subsurface. These cross-sections were then interpreted in terms of the lithologic stratigraphy in the basin. Sounding data were evaluated using empirical methods, and profile data were evaluated qualitatively. the sounding data defined the major resistivity horizons which correlate to the primary sedimentary units in the Cooper Basin. Profile data, used to construct resistivity cross-sections, revealed a series of buried erosional features interpreted as channel segments and allowed for the estimation of relative time boundaries within sediments buried under the flood plain as the basin evolved.     

Coastal-zone shallow-aquifer characterization study using geoelectrical and geochemical methods in Zirconium Complex,Atomic Energy,Pazhayakayal, Thoothukudi,India

Groundwater is a very important component of water resources in coastal aquifers in Thoothukudi. It has been established that the groundwaters in the coastal zone of the Zirconium Complex, Pazhayakayal, Thoothukudi district, Tamilnadu, India, are subjected to wave and tidal impact. The groundwater quality was studied by hydrogeological methods, 2D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) techniques (six profiles), 11 Wenner vertical electrical sounding (VES), and well log analysis. Also, nine geochemical water samples were taken from the study area. The 2D ERI and VES surveys were carried out using WGMD-4 Ltd., Chennai, resistivity meter, multicore cable, and multielectrodes with Wenner array. The collected resistivity data were interpreted using the Res2DINV software. The research shows that the groundwaters are the result of the paleoriver flow along the Tamirabarani Channel in the western area and of the seawater intrusion in the eastern area. The fresh water is characterized by resistivity of about 10–100 Ohm?m in the study area. The resistivity of 10–50 Ohm?m indicates that the subsurface section is made up of sand, clay, and caliche. Resistivity values of more than 200 Ohm?m are specific to sand dunes. The very low resistivity (<5 Ohm?m) layer might be due to the seawater intrusion in the study area. Six water samples from the well drilled in the coastal area were analyzed, which made it possible to determine the concentrations of major and trace elements in the groundwaters. These data were used to establish the seawater intrusion and coastal environment characteristics in the study area.     

高频垂直磁偶极子电磁场勘探深度的研究

研究了均匀半空间电阻率和介电常数对高频电磁法（100kHz-50MHz)的勘探深度的影响。通过对高频垂直磁偶极子在两层地电模型与均匀半空间模型产生的磁场的计算比较，得出结论：均匀半空间的电阻率越大，勘探深度也越大，同亲，介电常数越大，勘探深度也越大。这对仪器设计和正确分析对象深度有重要意义。