降水对陇西黄土滑坡的诱发作用及时空影响分析

以现场调查、试验测试数据为依据,从降水（主要指大暴雨或连阴雨）改变地形地貌促使滑坡形成、改变滑坡土的成分构成、改变滑坡的土体结构及稳定性、改变滑坡土的力学强度4个方面阐述了对黄土滑坡的诱发作用。选择典型城市的系列降水资料及发生滑坡数量,从多年降水、年内降水过程及降水的空间变化3个方面阐述了对黄土滑坡的时空影响。年际上,同一区域滑坡发生的频次与多年降水过程呈现良好的相关性,存在丰水年发生滑坡次数多、规模大而枯水年发生滑坡次数少、规模小的规律,丰水年发生滑坡数量一般是枯水年的3~5倍、平水年的1~2倍;年内滑坡集中出现于6-9月份和2-3月份,占全年滑坡数量的80%以上;不同区域,年降水量及降水强度越大,黄土滑坡发生频率越高,规模也越大;自东南向西北,随着降水量及降水强度的递减,依次划分为黄土滑坡强发育区、较强发育区和一般发育区。     

西北地区近50年降水周期的稳定性分析

用小波分析和奇异谱分析两种方法相结合对西北地区26个站1951—1999共49年的降水周期随时间的变化进行了分析。结果表明： 西北地区降水周期随时间变化具有较强的区域性;宁夏陕北地区和河西走廊地区近50年的降水变化趋势呈反位相关系;根据近30年西北地区降水变化形式,西北地区大致可分为3种类型的降水变化：①不稳定变化型（新疆地区）;②过渡型（河西走廊地区）;③稳定型（宁夏陕北地区）。近50年西北地区降水普遍存在的准3年左右的周期在20世纪70~80年代显著性下降,5～7年左右的周期和9～14年左右的长周期也随时间有着不同的变化;即各地区所有周期成分的稳定性都显著性地随时间发生变化,各地降水普遍存在一个相对比较稳定的但不太显著的10年左右的平衡态。表明西北地区的降水随时间变化具有多平衡态和非周期性振荡的特点。但西北大部分地区都存在某一特定的周期成分,在该固定周期成分出现前后,其振幅变化与该地区降水趋势变化之间存在着密切关系。     

1961-2007年四川夏季降水的时空变化特征

基于1961-2007年四川地区119测站逐日降水资料, 利用EOF、REOF分析、趋势分析、M-K突变检验以及Morlet小波分析等方法, 研究了四川地区夏季降水的变化趋势、空间分布特征以及时间变化规律. 结果表明: 近47 a来四川夏季降水呈减少趋势, 在1962、1982年和21世纪初发生突变, 存在22 a和6~8 a的周期.四川夏季降水可分为4个区域: 一区(盆地东部)和四区(川西高原)夏季降水量长期变化呈增多趋势, 二区(盆地中西部)长期变化呈减少趋势, 三区(川西南山)变化趋势较为稳定, 呈小幅度增多趋势. 4个区域的夏季降水周期各有特点, 最长存在的周期为23 a左右, 其次还有16 a、14 a、12 a、8 a、6 a的周期变化.     

新疆伊犁皮里青河黄土滑坡类型及其发育特征

皮里青河流域地处新疆西北部黄土覆盖区,属于大陆性半干旱气候,春季降水与融冻作用引发大量黄土滑坡灾害,造成人员伤亡和财产损失。本文通过对该流域内黄土滑坡现场开展调查,在查明皮里青河基本环境地质条件的基础上,采用统计分析法和定性分析方法对滑坡进行分类和时空分区,将其滑坡分为黄土泥流、黄土层内滑坡、黄土基岩滑坡3类;分析滑坡分布与河流和地层的位置关系;分析滑坡发生时间规律。对滑坡的基本特征数据进行统计分析,得出区域滑坡形态、体积、主滑方向和滑坡坡度基本特征呈现出的规律。文章定性分析了滑坡的诱发因素,主要为降水作用、河流侵蚀和冻融作用。     

三峡库区湖北段降水时空分布与滑坡灾害的关系

在分析三峡库区湖北段滑坡灾害发育规律的基础上,结合三峡库区湖北段1980-2010年不同时间尺度降水的时间和空间分布特征,得出持续性降雨与暴雨是影响三峡库区湖北段滑坡地质灾害发育的敏感因子。结果发现:三峡库区湖北段滑坡发生区域性强,且库区湖北段降水量的分布与滑坡地质灾害发生的年内变化相一致;库区内多雨中心位于库区鹤峰附近;根据三峡库区降水量分布图,结合库区地质环境,建议将库区强降雨地区作为地质灾害重点防护区和监测区,尽可能以最小代价确保库区稳定性;此外,通过对滑坡灾害与不同时段不同降水类型的相关系数分析,进一步验证前期降水量的累积和强降雨是三峡库区湖北段发生滑坡地质灾害的重要诱因。     

甘肃省东乡县特大滑坡地质灾害形成机制与治理方法

以野外实际调查资料为依据,总结分析甘肃陇西黄土高原滑坡类型及特征的基础上,从降水(主要指强降雨)改变地形地貌、改变滑坡土的成分构成、改变滑坡的土体结构、改变滑坡的力学强度4个方面阐述了大气降水对黄土滑坡形成的机理。大气降水对黄土滑坡的时空分布存在着较大影响和控制,年际上,同一区域滑坡发生的频次与多年降水的强弱过程呈现良好的相关性,存在丰水年滑坡次数多、规模大而枯水年滑坡次数少、规模小的规律;年内滑坡集中出现于3月份和6～9月份,前者是季节性冻结—融化作用所致,后者是降水在时间上的集中决定了滑坡发生时间的集中性;不同区域,在地形地貌、地层岩性基本相同和植被覆盖率相差不大的条件下,降水量越大,滑坡发生频率越高,反之,亦然。     

滑坡预警中的降水时空变异性——以云南头寨沟为例

目前已有大量不同尺度的临界降水标准对区域性滑坡进行预警,但仍存在预警空间外延性差、时间精度低、临界降水阈值不科学等问题。针对当前构建的临界降水阈值实现滑坡预警模型,以云南昭通盘河流域头寨沟为例,在研究区两个不同海拔高度位置分别布设气象站,进行了为期一年的降水观测,并比较了研究区两个不同位置的降水特征。结果表明:研究区降水梯度高达190 mm/hm,两个不同海拔位置降水变异性显著;降水持时是造成山上(2#站)与山下(1#站)次降水量差异的主要影响因素;发生小雨时2#站与1#站的降水差异性很小,但1#站发生中雨及以上的降水事件时,2#站的降水等级比1#站高1~2个等级,且有59.26%的概率会发生大雨或者暴雨;1#站为暴雨时,2#站100.00%概率为暴雨甚至大暴雨;2#站与1#站夜间降水均大于白昼,且强降水事件多发生于夜间。     

诱发池州滑坡的降水特征分析

滑坡是池州最严重的地质灾害.滑坡的形成除与地质条件有关外,降水和人类工程活动是很重要的诱发因素.通过分析大量的滑坡资料和气象(雨量)数据,研究和探讨了滑坡的发生与降水特征之间的关系,发现滑坡的发生与近3天内的降水强度、过程降水总雨量、降水的持续时间等关系十分密切.结合国内邻近省区的分析结论,建立了一个用日综合雨量预测滑坡的数学统计模型,并对池州1995、1998、1999年3次滑坡等重大突发性地质灾害过程进行了检验,效果良好.     

潮汐应力对滑坡的触发机理研究

已有的滑坡统计数据和研究成果显示,滑坡发生的时间具有明显的周期分布规律特征,除了与降雨季节相关的因素外,受日月引力潮的影响也较明显.本文对一定数量的滑坡发生的历史数据进行统计分析,得到滑坡的发生时间在1d内呈明显的分布特征.然后从固体潮理论出发,推导简化弹性地球模型地表的潮汐应力表达式,阐述了固体潮汐作为滑坡日周期因子...     

潮汐应力对滑坡的触发机制及与时间相关性探讨

已有的滑坡统计数据和研究成果显示,滑坡发生的时间具有明显的周期分布规律特征,除了与降雨季节相关的因素外,受日月引力潮的影响也较明显。从固体潮理论出发,推导简化弹性地球模型地表的潮汐应力表达式,阐述固体潮汐作为滑坡日周期因子对滑坡的影响。在安全系数表达式中考虑潮汐应力的作用,并从表达式中阐述潮汐应力触滑的机制,剖析潮汐应力触发滑坡机制。以1985年的湖北省秭归县新滩特大型滑坡作为算例,采用折线滑动为破坏模式,论述潮汐应力与时间的相关性,以及边坡稳定性安全系数与时间的相关关系。计算结果表明,潮汐应力与边坡安全系数随时间均呈明显日周期及半日周期变动,该边坡稳定性系数的极差与不考虑潮汐应力下的稳定性系数的比值达到3.4%;滑坡发生的时间与潮汐应力处于峰值的时间较为吻合,说明潮汐应力很可能是除降雨等主因之外的触发临界状态滑坡发生的另一因素。     

Analysis of the relationship of landslide occurrence with rainfall: a case study of Wudu County,China

Landslides are a significant hazard in many parts of the world and represent an important geohazard in China. Rainfall is the primary triggering agent for landslides and often used for prediction slope failures. However, the relationship between rainfall and landslide occurrences is very complex. Great efforts have been made on the study of regional rainfall-induced landslide forecasting models in recent years; still, there is no commonly accepted method for rainfall-induced landslide prediction. In this paper, the quantitative antecedent soil water status (ASWS) model is applied to investigate the influence of daily and antecedent rainfall on the triggering of landslides and debris flows. The study area is Wudu County in Gansu Province, an area which exhibits frequent landslide occurrences. The results demonstrate a significant influence of high intensity rainfall events on landslide triggering. Still, antecedent rainfall conditions are very important and once a threshold of approximately 20 mm is exceeded, landslides and debris flows can occur even without additional rainfall. The study presented could also facilitate the implementation of a regional forecasting scheme once additional validation has been carried out.     

汶川地震强震区地震诱发滑坡与后期降雨诱发滑坡控制因子耦合分析

本文以汶川地震强震区北川县典型研究区为例,利用高分辨率航片、SPOT5卫星图像对北川县典型研究区进行了512地震之后和924降雨之后诱发的滑坡解译,解译结果显示:512地震诱发滑坡1999个,924强降雨诱发滑坡828个,924强降雨导致原有地震滑坡面积扩大的滑坡150个。研究表明:地震和强降雨都是诱发滑坡的动力成因,924强降雨诱发的滑坡面积是512地震诱发滑坡面积的1/4倍,强降雨诱发滑坡的数量增加了41.4%; 强降雨不仅诱发新的滑坡,而且促使原来地震滑坡复活,并扩大其面积,强降雨导致地震诱发的滑坡面积扩大了原面积的68.7%。同时,在遥感解译数据基础之上,开展地震诱发滑坡与降雨诱发滑坡规模对比和控制因子耦合分析及地震与降雨耦合灾害链模式研究,为进一步分析研究地震灾区滑坡的产生、发展趋势、危险性和风险评价等预测预报提供科学依据,也为汶川震区恢复重建中的减灾防灾提供决策参考。     

Dynamic features and effects of rainfall on landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, China: using the Xintan landslide and the large Huangya landslide as the examples

The study area is located in Three Gorges Reservoir region, China. Over 200 landslides have been monitored over a number of years with their behavior being compared to the effective rainfall database for the study area. Analysis of the available data indicates that the occurrences of landslides in this region are controlled by rainfall, whose intensity and rainfall processes are the most important dynamic factors in determining the stability of slopes. Therefore, the relationship between rainfall and the movement of typical landslides has been specifically analyzed for the Xintan landslides and the large Huangya landslide by using the loading/unloading response ratio parameter of rainfall. The result of this study indicates that the mutation of the loading/unloading response ratio of rainfall of the Xintan landslide and the large Huangya landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, China occurred just before their destabilization, which shows that the loading/unloading response ratio of rainfall and its changing feature can be taken as a precursor for the landslides induced by rainfall.     

Landslide-hazard mapping through multi-technique activity assessment: an example from the Betic Cordillera (southern Spain)

Landslide hazard in a region limited to data from a regional scale about triggering factors is assessed via cross tabulation between determining factors and landslides with recent activity. Firstly, landslide susceptibility was evaluated and validated through a bivariate statistical method between the previously identified stability conditioning factors and the mapped landslides. In this way, the most susceptible areas for assessing landslide hazards were selected. The main problem to solve in this type of research is the landslide activity. For this purpose, several techniques were applied: news reports, differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar, digital photogrammetry, light detection and ranging, photointerpretation, and dendrochronology. Both the strong and weak points of these techniques are also mentioned. The landslide return period was computed via the association between landslide activity and triggering factors, in this case annual rainfall. Finally, landslide hazard was mapped solely based on landslides with recent activity and their computed return period. The relationship between landslide occurrence and triggering factors shows that, according to both the considered assumptions and the observations made, deep-seated landslides are triggered or reactivated together with superficial landslides once every 18 years, while superficial landslides as flows or falls occur once every 5 years. The results show that there is generally a low landslide hazard in the study zone, especially when compared to landslide susceptibility. This means that landslides are mainly dormant from a natural evolution point of view, but could be reactivated as a result of geomorphological, climate, or human changes. In any case, the landslide hazard is successfully assessed, with a prediction of a 6% annual probability of a high hazard in 5% of the area, intersecting with the main infrastructures of the region; thus, control strategies are justified in order to avoid damage in extraordinary rainfall periods.     

Rainfall thresholds for prediction of shallow landslides around Chamoli-Joshimath region,Garhwal Himalayas,India

Majority of landslides in the Indian sub-continent are triggered by rainfall. Several attempts in the global scenario have been made to establish rainfall thresholds in terms of intensity-duration and antecedent rainfall models on global, regional and local scales for the occurrence of landslides. However, in the context of the Indian Himalayas, the rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrences are not yet understood fully. Neither on regional scale nor on local scale, establishing such rainfall thresholds for landslide occurrences in Indian Himalayas has yet been attempted. This paper presents an attempt towards deriving local rainfall thresholds for landslides based on daily rainfall data in and around Chamoli-Joshimath region of the Garhwal Himalayas, India. Around 128 landslides taken place in last 4 years from 2009 to 2012 have been studied to derive rainfall thresholds. Out of 128 landslides, however, rainfall events pertaining to 81 landslides were analysed to yield an empirical intensity–duration threshold for landslide occurrences. The rainfall threshold relationship fitted to the lower boundary of the landslide triggering rainfall events is I?=?1.82 D ^?0.23 (I?=?rainfall intensity in millimeters per hour and D?=?duration in hours). It is revealed that for rainfall events of shorter duration (≤24 h) with a rainfall intensity of 0.87 mm/h, the risk of landslide occurrence in this part of the terrain is expected to be high. Also, the role of antecedent rainfall in causing landslides was analysed by considering daily rainfall at failure and different period cumulative rainfall prior to failure considering all 128 landslides. It is observed that a minimum 10-day antecedent rainfall of 55 mm and a 20-day antecedent rainfall of 185 mm are required for the initiation of landslides in this area. These rainfall thresholds presented in this paper may be improved with the hourly rainfall data vis-à-vis landslide occurrences and also data of later years. However, these thresholds may be used in landslide warning systems for this particular region of the Garhwal Himalayas to guide the traffic and provide safety to the tourists travelling along this pilgrim route during monsoon seasons.     

基于TRIGRS模型的浅层滑坡稳定性分析

采用基于网格的瞬态降雨入渗(TRIGRS)模型,以滑坡灾害频发的陕南安康市东部巴山东段白河县为研究区,探讨模型适用性及不同降雨条件下边坡稳定性空间分布规律。根据中国土壤分布图并结合已有研究,选取模拟所需的水土力学参数。将模拟所得研究区稳定性分布图与实际滑坡目录对比分析进行TRIGRS模型精度评估,分别模拟连阴雨和短时间强降雨两种降雨情景,探讨研究区边坡稳定性空间分布规律,结果表明:1)TRIGRS模型在模拟预测降雨诱发型浅层滑坡时,结合受试者特征ROC曲线进行精度评估,曲线下面积为0.752,说明此模型在白河县进行滑坡模拟时具有一定的合理性与准确性,能反应该地区滑坡灾害的空间分布特征;2)连阴雨情景模拟下,极不稳定区域主要集中在北部低山地貌区,以冷水镇和麻虎镇为主,随降雨历时增加向东部和南部增多,西部仓上镇、西营镇和双丰镇的极不稳定区域面积较少,能承受长时间连续性降雨。短时间强降雨对边坡稳定性的影响更为直接,极不稳定区域随降雨强度增大而增加,以冷水镇和麻虎镇为主要防范区域。结合地形分析,极陡峭区域边坡稳定性最差,无法承受持续性降雨和高强度降雨,较陡峭区域更易受到降雨历时和降雨强度的影响,而平缓区域则能承受长时间及高强度的降雨;3)TRIGRS模型根据不同降雨条件预测易发生滑坡灾害的区域,为滑坡实时预报警系统提供了新的可能方法。     

镇江地区降雨导致滑坡规律统计分析

江苏镇江地区地属丘陵地带,近年来由于气候变化,调查资料显示镇江地区短时强降雨或持续时间较长的降雨经常 诱发大量浅层滑坡,降雨是区内滑坡主要影响因素,造成了较大的经济损失。文章通过对镇江地区300多个山体边坡进行 详细现场环境地质调查,结合收集气象资料,对该地区的滑坡与降雨相关参数的关系进行统计分析,得到了降雨量与降雨 持续时间对滑坡数量的变化关系。确定了镇江地区降雨阈值I-D 曲线,并将分析结果与其他地区进行了对比分析,研究成 果可为镇江地区滑坡治理和预警预报提供依据。     

台风暴雨型滑坡降雨阈值曲线研究以福建地区为例

台风暴雨型滑坡具有群发性、规模小、爆发性强的特点,容易造成严重的人员伤亡和巨大的财产损失。本文应用极值理论分析,以极端降雨重现期的极大值作为标准并计算有效的降雨区间,通过统计分析,确定触发暴雨型滑坡的降雨阈值曲线。应用模型对福建地区台风暴雨型滑坡进行了分析,福建省3个灾害高发区为:南平三明地区、泉州地区和宁德地区。南平三明地区降雨阈值较高,但发生的滑坡数量较多,主要以3d的降雨为主;泉州地区小于3d的连续降雨和大于8d的连续降雨是触发该地滑坡的主要降雨区间;宁德地区对短期降雨较为敏感,滑坡主要由1d的降雨引起。比较分析研究表明,台风地区触发滑坡的降雨阈值要高于非台风地区。降雨型滑坡阈值主要受气候,地质和土壤厚度影响,气候因素为主控因素。     

镇江地区降雨导致滑坡规律统计分析

江苏镇江地区地属丘陵地带，近年来由于气候变化，调查资料显示镇江地区短时强降雨或持续时间较长的降雨经常 诱发大量浅层滑坡，降雨是区内滑坡主要影响因素，造成了较大的经济损失。文章通过对镇江地区300多个山体边坡进行 详细现场环境地质调查，结合收集气象资料，对该地区的滑坡与降雨相关参数的关系进行统计分析，得到了降雨量与降雨 持续时间对滑坡数量的变化关系。确定了镇江地区降雨阈值I-D 曲线，并将分析结果与其他地区进行了对比分析，研究成 果可为镇江地区滑坡治理和预警预报提供依据。     

秦巴山区滑坡发育规律研究

文章以南郑、城固两县为例，对秦岭、巴山东段米仓山地区的滑坡发育规律进行了调查研究，调查面积5092．5km2，发现各类地质灾害184处，其中滑坡164处，占总数的89．1％，受威胁人口6300人。研究认为秦巴山区是我国滑坡发育的重灾区，对人民的生命财产构成了巨大的威胁，滑坡类型以堆积层小型滑坡为主．其发育与地形地貌、降雨、地层构造和人类工程活动关系密切，多发生在低山丘陵区，多雨年份和每年7～9月的雨季是滑坡的多发季节，由于山区地少人多，耕地紧张，当地居民建房多开挖坡脚，从而引起山体失稳．形成滑坡，危及人民生命财产安全。鉴于该地区的滑坡多以小型滑坡为主，危及对象多为单家独户，滑坡治理工程费用高，因此防治方法应以“避让”为主。同时提高当地群众的地质灾害防范意识和科学知识，也是防治滑坡灾害的必要手段。