Boundary conditions of the dynamic numerical model for the Chinese mainland lithosphere

The numerical dynamic model of Chinese mainland lithosphere's stress and strain field was constructed with elasto-viscous creep constitutive relation. The most recent data of the stress field of Chinese mainland and the horizontal movement velocity of the crust blocks were used as constraint conditions. The values of the boundary force were computed by trial-and-error method. The effect of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau's excess potential energy to the movement of Chinese mainland was studied also in this model. The results of the numerical computing show that, recent rapid raising of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the generation of normal faults in the southern part of the plateau resulted from the convergence of Indian Plate to the Eurasian Plate, and also from the rapid convective thinning of the lower lithosphere. Horizontal extension of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is the main dynamic factor to form the present tectonic framework of the Chinese mainland. The compressive loads on the eastern boundary of the model were mainly applied by the subduction of the Pacific Plate. The compression from the Philippine Plate maybe slight.     

Finite element modelling for formation of major regions of great earthquakes in the Chinese mainland and its vicinity

IntroductionInrecent2oyears,throughstudiesofthegreatearthquakesoftheChinesemainlandanditSvicinitysincel9OO,itiswidelyrecognizedthattheseeventSoccurredinsomeregionsinarelativelyconcentratingmannerfordifferentperiods(Ma,Zhang,l986;Zhang,etal,l994,Hong,l994;Hong,elal,l997;Huang,Dong,l997).Inthispapef,wecallthemmajorregionsofgreatearthquakesincertaintime,ormajorregionsinshort.Themajorregionsofdifferentperiodscanmigratethroughlongdistanceinspace.Thegeneralpatternofthegreatearthquakedistributio…     

中国大陆基于BPT模型的时间相依地震危险性分析

概率地震危险性分析是地震区划图编制、重大工程场地地震安全性评估以及地震风险管理等领域的重要依据,地震时间活动性模型则是概率地震危险性分析的主要理论基础.本研究中基于布朗过程时间（Brownian passage time（BPT））模型,计算了不同情况下中国大陆特征地震震源区时间相依的地震发生率,采用概率地震危险性计算方法,选择合适的地震动模型,评估了中国大陆地区时间相依的地震危险性,并与基于泊松模型的地震危险性做了比较.结果表明,时间相依的地震活动特征对概率地震危险性具有显著影响,在那些地震离逝时间相对较长,离逝率较大（大于1）的震源区,时间相依的地震危险性结果相较于基于泊松模型的地震危险性结果显著增大,增大幅度最大可达50%以上.相反,在那些刚发生地震不久,地震离逝时间较短的震源区,时间相依的地震危险性结果相较于泊松模型显著减小,减小幅度最大可达50%左右.地震复发间隔的变异系数对地震危险性结果也有显著影响,选择合适的变异系数对时间相依地震危险性分析十分重要,后续应该加强对地震复发间隔不确定性的研究.研究结果还表明,时间相依的地震活动特征对不同超越概率下的地震危险性结果的影响是一致的,不随超越概率水平的变化而变化.本文研究结果对地震风险管理、地震保险以及相关防震减灾政策的制定等方面具有重要的应用价值.

     

Numerical calculations of tectonic stress field of Chinese mainland and its neighboring regions and their applications to explanation of seismic activity

IntroductionChinesemainlandliesinthesoutheastofEurasianPlateandisclampedbyindian,PacificandPhilippineSeaPlates.Besides,itislocatedatbetweenthetwobigseismicactivebeltsintheworldatthesametime.Differingfromtheshowoftwobigseismicbeltswhichhaveseismiczonaldistributionalongplateboundary,Chinesemainlandanditsperipheralareahaveapeculiarcharacter,expressingseismicallylargestrength,highfrequency,widedistribution,shallowfocus,seriousdamage,multiplestyles,extremelynonuniformspace-timedistributionandsoo…     

数值模拟方法在应力场演化及地震科学中的研究进展

本文对数值模拟方法(主要针对有限单元法)在应力场演化及地震科学中的应用和发展做了回顾与总结,主要包括构造应力场模拟、地震活动性模拟、地震危险性模拟等部分,并对数值模拟方法的发展趋势、方法的优势及其所存在的主要问题做了探讨.     

地震活动性参数全时空扫描动态寻优预报模型

选取10种物理意义清楚、独立性较好的地震活动性参数,以最大限度地提高预报效能为目标,采用全时空扫描方法建立动态寻优预报模型。研究表明,地震活动性参数动态寻优预报模型,在空间上,客观地反映了区域构造活动的差异性;在时间上,完整地反映了区域地震活动的涨落;可以有效地剔除背景干扰,提高地震异常识别率,避免预报的随机性和盲目性。     

油浸式高压变压器地震易损性分析

油浸式变压器是由多种材料组成的复杂结构。本文对油浸式高压变压器建立了较为精确的有限元模型，考虑了各组件之间相互作用的影响。对该设备进行了动力性能和地震响应分析以及易损性分析。分析结果表明，大型高压变压器在地震中的首要破坏模式为瓷套破坏，其地震响应的离散度较高。易损性分析得到设备的地震易损性曲线，可直接应用于电力系统的抗震分析。     

吐鲁番地区地震活动与应力场特征分析

对吐鲁番地区 1 90 0年以来地震活动的时空分布图像以及收集到的部分震源机制资料和1 999年 1月 30日托克逊 5.6级地震进行了分析。结果表明 :该区地震活动存在较明显的平静与活跃交替活动现象 ,两个活跃时段内地震活动的空间图像具有集中分布特征。中强震震源机制主压应力方位显示出北东向分布 ,说明区内地震活动的空间分布图像与区域应力场的作用密切相关。     

Anisotropy of the upper mantle in Chinese mainland and its vicinity

IntroductionAnisotropy is a universal phenomenon in the upper mantle. The mechanisms, which cause elastic anisotropy of in-situ rocks, include lattice preferred orientation of the minerals composing the rocks and preferred orientation of magma chambers. Lattice preferred orientation (LPO) of olivine is widely believed to be the dominant cause of the upper mantle anisotropy. The observational results of the upper mantle anisotropy can be explained by tectonic process relating to plate motion.…     

砖墙体抗震承载力仿真分析与试验对比

为研究竖向压应力和高宽比对砖墙体抗震性能的影响,以砖墙体抗震承载力典型试验试件为基础,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立适当的空间模型。根据砖墙体的破坏模式和材料性能把墙体划分成块体单元、灰缝单元以及接触单元,为各部分材料选用不同的本构关系模型与破坏准则。并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比,验证文中模型的可适用性。选用经验证后的模型,变换竖向压应力和高宽比,得出相应的结论:墙体的开裂荷载和抗侧承载力随着高宽比的增大明显呈降低的趋势;不同高宽比的墙体,竖向压应力的影响规律不尽相同。     

竖向地震荷载下人字批顶结构石窟的稳定性分析

我国部分石窟的空间建造采用了人字批顶形式,体现了中国传统建筑形式与佛教石窟建造形式上的融合.选取莫高窟典型的人字批顶结构的254号石窟作为研究对象,建立了三维的石窟计算模型,考虑了竖向地震荷载作用,通过输入不同地震加速度时程,计算了4种模型情况下石窟岩体的拉应力分布情况.结果表明,石窟的人字批顶处易形成较大拉应力区,易遭受地震破坏;石窟中心塔柱可以有效地提高所在石窟岩体的抗震能力,但对下部窟体的上部岩体会产生应力集中,是窟体防护加固的重点部位.同时,对于洞窟密集而又分上下几层的石窟群,在抗震防护中应充分考虑竖向地震荷载的作用.     

河北平原地震带的现今活动性分析

根据近41年的现代地震资料,利用地震活动性参数组合、b值空间分布、断裂带分段,并结合历史强震构造背景的综合分析方法,分析河北平原地震带各分段现今地震活动习性和地震危险性.研究结果表明：河北平原地震带存在7个具有不同现今活动习性的分段,其中,唐山—迁安段和东明—阳谷段处于低b值、高应力状态,属于大震后晚期余震活跃或断层震后调整运动结果;昌平—宝坻、天津—肃宁段、新河段、邯郸—磁县及汤西段断层面现今活动习性均处于相对低应力下的频繁或稀疏小震滑动.因此,河北平原地震带未来短期内发生强震的可能性较小.     

A 3D finite element modeling on the relationship between crustal stress and earthquake activity in Liaoning and its vicinity

IntroductionTectonic earthquakes are the consequence of localized stress concentration. A basic way of learning the process of earthquake preparation and occurrence is to study the distribution and evolution of the tectonic stress.Since the 1980s a series of achievements in Earth stress research have been announced in the world (e.g., Zoback, 1992). In last two decades many researches on crustal tectonic stress have been carried on in China, including earthquake focal mechanism analyses, in-…     

A numerical model for the dynamic analysis of inclined pile groups

The paper presents a numerical model for the dynamic analysis of pile groups with inclined piles in horizontally layered soil deposits. Piles are modelled with Euler–Bernoulli beams, while the soil is supposed to be constituted by independent infinite viscoelastic horizontal layers. The pile–soil–pile interaction as well as the hysteretic and geometric damping is taken into account by means of two‐dimensional elastodynamic Green's functions. Piles cap is considered by introducing a rigid constraint; the condensation of the problem permits a consistent derivation of both the dynamic impedance matrix of the soil–foundation system and the foundation input motion. These quantities are those used to perform inertial soil–structure interaction analyses in the framework of the substructure approach. Furthermore, the model allows evaluating the kinematic stress resultants in piles resulting from waves propagating in the soil deposit, taking into account the pile–soil–pile interactions. The model validation is carried out by performing accuracy analyses and comparing results in terms of dynamic impedance functions, kinematic response parameters and pile stress resultants, with those furnished by 3D refined finite element models. To this purpose, classical elastodynamic solutions are adopted to define the soil–pile interaction problem. The model results in low computational demands without significant loss of precision, compared with more rigorous approaches or refined finite element models. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Group velocity distribution of Rayleigh waves and crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of the Chinese mainland and its vicinity

Introduction A lot of results have been achieved on the study of crust and upper mantle structure in Chinese mainland by the surface wave dispersion. The seismometer can be classified into three types based on the development from the analog to digital instrument. FENG, et al (1981) measured the dispersion curves of group and phase velocity along 28 paths, with 19 earthquakes recorded by 15 base analog seismic stations, subdivided the Chinese mainland into 5 blocks and obtained the average c…     

中国大陆6级以上强震前的地震应变场研究

以地震应变场作为地震活动的变量,通过自然正交函数展开方法,计算了中国大陆6级以上强震前的地震应变场,提取出震前时间因子的异常变化.计算结果分析发现大地震前时间因子在平稳背景上会出现突跳上升或突跳下降变化,且震前地震应变场前4个典型场中至少有3个典型场会出现异常变化,具有多分量显示异常的特点,而异常出现的最早时间大约在震前3年,并且一些地震前出现短临的时间因子异常变化特征.通过震例研究表明用地震应变场分析地震活动异常,提取的时间因子异常结果比应用地震能量场更具有独特的优越性,并讨论了应变场与能量场的差异.

     

On seismic strengthening area before strong and great shocks and its mechanism

IntroductionI.thasbeenpayingattentiontotheanomalousphenomenonbyseismologiststhattheearthquakeactivityoftenstrengthensinacertainspaceandduringacertaintimearoundthesourceareabeforeastrongearthquake.Mogi(1969)pointedoutthataringdistributiveareaofthestrengthenedearthquakeactivityoftenappearsaroundthesourcearea10to20yearsbeforegreatshock,whichcalledaringphenomenon(or"doughnut").Afterthat,otherscholarsreportedinsuccessionthatringdistributionofearthquakeactivityoccurredbeforeastrongertquakeorevenbefo…     

井地地震CT成像数值模拟研究与应用

由井地地震CT成像原理决定,其在提高生产效率、降低生产成本和扩大勘察范围上具有突出优势.本文针对井地观测系统,重点通过对ART和SIRT重建方法进行数值模拟对比研究,分析得出二者在井地地震CT应用中的优缺点及适用条件,提出了如何提高影响成像质量的射线分布密度、均匀性和正交性.最后选择收敛快速稳定的SIRT算法应用于实际,取得良好的生产效果,很好的验证了井地CT成像技术的正确性,可行性和实用性.     

中国大陆与各活动地块、南北地震带实测应力特征分析

本文以"中国大陆地壳应力环境基础数据库"为基础,补充了迄今为止查阅到的中国大陆水压致裂法与应力解除法的实测地应力数据,在1474个测点上得到3586条数据,研究区经度范围75°E－130°E,纬度范围18°N－47°N,深度范围0~4000 m,基本覆盖了中国大陆的各活动地块与南北地震带各段等研究区.本文采用等深度段分组归纳的方法解决了实测地应力数据样本数量沿深度分布的不均匀问题,给出了中国大陆与各研究区地壳浅层测量深度范围内应力量值、方位特征.结果显示:(1)中国大陆地壳浅层最大水平应力、最小水平应力、垂直应力随深度呈线性增加;(2)中国大陆地区侧压系数随深度的变化特征为:浅部离散,随着深度增加而集中,并趋向0.68,D=465 m是水平作用为主导向垂直作用为主导的转换深度,Kav=1;(3)中国大陆水平差应力在地表为3 MPa左右,随深度增加以5.8 MPa/km的梯度增大;(4)在测量深度范围内,中国大陆各研究区最大水平应力中间值(深度为2000 m时的统计回归值)从大到小的顺序是:青藏地块63.6 MPa、南北带北段57.3 MPa、华南地块51.4 MPa、华北地块50.5 MPa、南北带中段47.9 MPa、西域地块47.5 MPa、南北带南段45.4 MPa、东北地块44.8 MPa,总体表现为"西强东弱"的基本特征,反映了印度板块与欧亚板块的强烈碰撞是中国大陆构造应力场强度总体特征的主要来源;(5)与其他研究区相比较,青藏地块地壳在从南向北的挤压作用下呈现出明显的"浅弱深强"特点;(6)最大水平应力方向的总体特征,基本以青藏高原为中心,呈辐射状展布,由西向东,从近N-S方向逐步顺时针旋转至NNE-SSW、NE-SW、NEE-SWW、NW-SE方向,与深部的震源机制解研究结果有一致性.     

基于Levenberg-Marquardt法的中国大陆地区地震烈度分布快速评估的偏差特性分析

地震灾害发生后,可根据地震烈度衰减关系,利用地震灾害快速评估系统初步评估烈度分布范围.为评定烈度分布结果的偏差特性,利用中国西部地区488个震例和中国东部地区182个震例的等震线数据,使用Levenberg-Marquardt非线性迭代算法进行回归,计算我国大陆分区域烈度衰减关系,并对中国大陆1990—2007年23次...