国际珊瑚礁领域研究现状及知识图谱分析

采用文献计量和科学知识图谱的方法,对1902—2017年期间国际珊瑚礁研究领域的科技论文进行了分析。结果表明,与西方海洋研究领域先进国家相比,我国在珊瑚礁研究领域起步较晚,但近5年发展迅速,并在论文影响力、国际合作和研究技术发展方面有待加强。针对研究结果提出了我国珊瑚礁研究的发展建议,本研究将为了解当前国际珊瑚礁领域的研究现状和发展态势以及我国今后珊瑚礁保护方面的政策制定、项目规划和科学研究提供情报参考。     

基于CiteSpace的海洋空间规划研究进展分析

文章基于CiteSpace对2000-2020年海洋空间规划研究进行了知识图谱和可视化分析,分析发文量、作者、机构、期刊影响力和合作网络变化,揭示研究热点的变化趋势。研究表明:欧美等经济发达国家和澳大利亚具有较高影响力,国家与机构间合作密切。海洋空间规划研究始终以生态系统和环境保护为中心,研究内容以政策研究和生态环境研究为主,研究热点由关注生态功能转变为以人类活动为主的整体功能规划研究,蓝色经济、蓝色发展是近些年的主要关键词。在海洋开发强度、范围不断增大,全球气候环境频繁变化的背景下,加强海洋观测和数据收集,探索海洋生态系统对环境影响和人类活动响应机制,加强生态模型在海洋应用,细化海洋空间规划管理措施,因海制宜地调整规划方案,实现生态保护和经济发展的齐头并进,是我国海洋空间规划研究的未来方向。     

国际海洋药物研究动态与发展趋势

文章用文献计量与科学知识图谱方法呈现海洋药物研究态势与热点,旨在为海洋药物研究提供参考。本文以SCIE(Science Citation Index Expanded)为数据源,以1980～2017年海洋药物领域论文为研究对象,采用文献计量与知识图谱可视化分析方法,结合Excel、VOSviewer软件,对论文年代分布、研究机构、期刊、作者、高被引论文及研究热点进行分析。结果表明,海洋药物研究的热点方向为海洋天然产物、抗菌活性、细胞毒性、海绵等,应重点关注海洋天然产物及其抗菌药理作用的研究。世界范围内关于海洋药物研究的论文数量呈逐年上升趋势,美国在该领域研究占据绝对优势,其发文量、总被引和H指数均占绝对地位。该领域主要发文期刊为《Marine Drugs》、《Journalof Natural Products》。发文机构中中国科学院位列世界第一,但整体论文质量欠佳,中国在该领域研究水平有待加强,论文影响力仍需提高。     

Lessons from stakeholder dialogues on marine aquaculture in offshore wind farms: Perceived potentials,constraints and research gaps

Drawing on a case study in Germany, this contribution explores the practical application of offshore aquaculture within offshore wind farms in view of the different stakeholders involved. Using a transdisciplinary research approach, an understanding of the rationalities and interests among the different involved stakeholder groups was explored. Offshore wind energy is high on the political agenda in Germany. The vast spatial requirements however inherit potential user conflicts with competing, and under current legislation excluded users such as fishermen. Solutions for combining sustainable uses of the same ocean space have thus seen increasing interest within the research community in Germany and in Europe over the past years. This paper was inspired by and presents the outcomes of a stakeholder analysis and in particular a stakeholder workshop. Central focus was placed on academics and private as well as public stakeholders engaged in current research efforts of combining offshore wind farms and aquaculture in the German North Sea. The paper identifies the overall acceptance of such a multi-use scenario in society, opportunities and constraints as perceived by the stakeholders, and key research gaps. The results confirm the assumption that there is a clear need, and also willingness on behalf of the policy makers and the research community, to find sustainable, resource- and space-efficient solutions for combined ocean use.     

Conflict of interest in research on anthropogenic noise and marine mammals: Does funding bias conclusions?

The U.S. Navy, whose sonars kill marine mammals, provides approximately 50% of the funds for marine mammal research worldwide. We examined six reviews of research on the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals, as well as the primary papers cited in the reviews. These reviews cite references showing noise has no effect on marine mammals at an increasing frequency as their funding moves from a conservation organization to independent to partial U.S. military sources. Primary papers are 2.3 times more likely to be cited in the reviews as concluding no effect of noise if the research was militarily-funded than if not. Thus, conflict of interest may have led to a misrepresentation of the effects of noise on marine mammals in both the primary and secondary literature, and thus misinform public policy decisions.     

Overview and status of estuarine microphytobenthos ecological research in South Africa

This article presents a historical overview of estuarine microphytobenthos (MPB) research in South Africa published over the period 1950 to the present, highlighting major milestones, challenges and estuarine management problems, as well as future research needs within the South African context. The studies that were covered comprise peer-reviewed books and journal articles on relevant research conducted in any estuarine environment during the period reviewed. There was a general increase in MPB research outputs over the decades, from only two publications in the 1950s, to over 20 outputs between 2010 and the present. Whereas the MPB studies in South Africa cover a broad spectrum of themes, the research priorities in these works have changed from taxonomically biased studies to those of ecologically based research. Research in the 1950s and 1960s was exclusively taxonomic in nature, with the first ecological investigation incorporating MPB being produced in the 1970s. By the 1980s, ecological studies dominated the research outputs and this trend has persisted to the present. The 1990s and 2000s saw the rise of research into the role of fresh water as a driver of MPB dynamics, whereas the period 2010 to the present saw an increase in more diverse ecological themes, ranging from an autecological investigation to food-web studies and the assessment of multiple drivers of MPB dynamics. However, the majority of studies have focused on either diatoms or estimates of overall MPB biomass. Moreover, there is a regional underrepresentation that runs broadly along biogeographic lines, with the bulk of the work having been conducted in the warm-temperate and subtropical zones of South Africa. Challenges and future research needs for the region are outlined, as is the need to expand MPB research to include other aspects of the biology and ecology of this flora.     

海藻研究开发的发展概述

综述了海藻的资源、组成、性质和研究开发的进展概况，阐述了海藻今后的发展趋势。     

海山生物多样性研究近10年国际发展态势与热点

海山是全球深海生物多样性的汇聚区, 且以其高富钴结壳资源和高渔业资源成为深海探测研究热点。海山生态系统易受到人为活动的影响, 海山及其冷水珊瑚被认为是脆弱海洋生态系统的重要构成部分。对海山生物多样性的破坏以及过度开发可能对海洋健康造成不可逆的严重影响, 法律和地缘政治等因素的影响也使得保护海山生物多样性面临很多挑战。本研究对海山生物多样性近10年(2001—2020年)的国际研究计划以及论文发表情况进行了综合分析, 探讨了海山生物多样性研究的国际发展态势和研究热点, 为海山生物多样性研究、保护与管理及相关国际合作的开展提供参考。     

世界大海洋生态系研究及其国际计划

本文讨论了大海洋生态系概念和内涵的变化,介绍了全球主要大海洋生态系的分布,展示目前正在开展的大海洋生态系研究计划,重点介绍了黄海大海洋生态系的特征及其研究计划的最新动态。     

基于海洋渔业发展的海洋科考船建造和应用

为提高我国海洋科考船的建造和应用水平,促进远洋和极地渔业发展,文章根据国内外海洋科考船的发展历史和现状,分析我国海洋科考船在海洋渔业发展中存在的问题以及海洋科考船的发展趋势,并提出相关建议。研究结果表明:国际海洋科考船发展早、数量多且装备先进;我国海洋科考船发展较快,但仍需提升数量和技术,在建和研发船舶具有世界领先水平;在促进海洋渔业发展方面,我国海洋科考船存在远洋和极地调查能力以及集成功能较弱的问题;基于海洋科考船在提高极地作业能力等方面的发展趋势以及海洋渔业发展需求,我国海洋科考船的建造和应用应加强顶层设计、技术应用和数据共享。     

鱼类血栓细胞免疫功能的研究现状

血细胞研究是鱼类基础研究的重中之重。鱼类血细胞的前期研究主要聚焦于淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和嗜中性粒细胞等细胞的功能特性,而忽略了血栓细胞。血栓细胞是低等脊椎动物具有的类似于哺乳动物血小板的一类细胞,该细胞的经典功能是参与凝血和血栓形成。近年来的研究表明,血栓细胞是一类特殊的免疫细胞,在鱼体免疫应答中发挥重要作用。作者将对鱼类血栓细胞免疫功能相关的形态学、免疫学功能和研究前景等内容进行综述,为鱼类血栓细胞功能的多样性提供基础资料。     

基于ScienceDirect数据库的国外北极问题研究综述（2007—2021年）

随着北极海冰融化的加剧,北极问题研究的重要性逐渐凸显。文章以ScienceDirect数据库为主要搜索范围,系统梳理了2007—2021年国外北极问题研究文献,从北极航线、北极经济、北极政治和北极环境4个方面对国外北极问题研究现状进行了分析。认为未来的国外北极问题研究中,北极航线相关问题研究将聚焦于北极航线运营模式的研究;北极经济问题研究将注重区域经济和北极产业发展;北极政治研究依然会着力探讨如何在北极治理中的合作问题,虽然目前的北极政治研究中定性分析和描述性分析较多,但未来将增加定量分析和理论创新的研究;北极环境问题研究将注重北极经济开发和环境保护的平衡,进一步关注北极的可持续发展问题。     

现代测序技术及其在海洋生物研究中的应用

总结了目前常用的几种DNA测序技术原理、特点及其在海洋生物中的应用.展望了新技术的发展方向,以及对海洋生物研究的影响.DNA测序技术的快速发展,必将对海洋生物基础研究产生重要推动作用,为分子育种技术的发展提供基础支持,加快重要海水经济物种的新品种培育进程.     

藻类分子生物技术两年评─—与藻类活性物质研究有关的生物技术

根据１９９２年６月－１９９４年６月国内外发表资料，评述海洋藻类活性物质研究的生物技术及最新成果。认为，海洋生物活性物质研究的重心正转向与海洋生物技术有关的研究。运用生物技术筛选、提取并生产藻类活性物质已经成为这一领域的主流。综合文献表明，藻类活性物质的生物技术正走向成熟，大量的活性物质被发现，光生物反应器将成为主要的下游生产技术，通过藻类基因工程生产药物已初现端倪。     

从以色列微藻生物技术论中国微藻产业的发展

于１９９４年１２月１５日－１９９４年１２月３０日随中国考察团赴以色列访问考察。考察表明，以色列十分重视微藻生物技术尤其是有关藻类光合作用机理和新藻种的开发等方面的基础研究，同时对高有效成份含量微藻生产工艺等应用性研究方面也很重视，实现了螺旋藻生产的计算机控制。我国应该加强同以色列在高效微藻生物技术领域的合作，增加科技投入，加强有关优良藻种选育和藻类生物反应器等方面的研究工作，以便加速我国微藻产业的     

Shifting baselines in scientific publications: A case study using cetacean research

The marine sciences have undergone a sequence of historical changes related to new methodologies, approaches and challenges. Most recently, deteriorating natural ecosystems and threatened component species have prompted a renewed change in the focus of scientific research on the marine environment. This study analyzes the scientific literature on cetaceans during the period 2005–2008 to demonstrate that a key focus of modern research is on conservation-related topics, and then compares it to the period 1970–1973 to demonstrate that this new focus represents a shift from basic biological and ecological issues. On average, approximately 46% of papers published on whales, dolphins and porpoises in 2005–2008 were categorized as conservation oriented versus focused on biology or ecology. This contrasts to approximately 10% in 1970–1973. This shift parallels other marine research subjects, such as benthic communities, coral reefs and sea turtles and reflects a general paradigm shift in marine research towards anthropogenic impacts. This is important guidance for institutions and organizations that wish to base their agendas and decisions on state-of-the-art scientific priorities.     

自主式水下机械手系统研究

本文从水下机械手的总体设计，关节直流电机的驱动和调速，手臂上声纳的水下搜索与跟踪，机械手系统的智能控制和电源等几个方面，介绍了有关自主式水下机械手系统的研究，可为研制自主式水下作业系统提供参考     

蛋白质组学的研究概况及其在海洋生物学中的应用

随着DNA序列测定技术的飞速发展，人们可以在很短的时间内获得某种生物基因组的全序列。生物体的生命活动主要依赖于基因组的产物——蛋白质组，但是蛋白质组的研究相对于基因组来说却要复杂得多。蛋白质组技术是在细胞内整体蛋白质水平上进行研究，从蛋白质整体活动的角度来研究生命活动的规律。综述了蛋白质组和蛋白质组学出现的背景、起源、概念、研究技术、研究内容、面对的挑战、开展该项研究的意义、陆生动植物和微生物蛋白质组学的研究进展及海洋生物蛋白质组学的研究概况。目前，普通生物方面的蛋白质组工作开展得较多，海洋生物方面却相对滞后。种种迹象表明，开展海洋生物蛋白质组学研究，对揭示生命的奥秘、促进海洋资源的开发都有重大的推动作用。     

Capacity building to achieve sustainable fisheries management in Mexico

Achieving sustainable fisheries management is an enormous challenge and involves the enhancement of scientific and technological management capacities worldwide. The improvement of this capacity building (CB) is particularly crucial to developing countries with massive fisheries such as Mexico. To understand the current status of CB in Mexico, the contemporary development of its academic research system was examined by undertaking a bibliographic review of specialized literature, including research institutions and postgraduate programs. The resulting information was considered as Mexican CB indicators and its theoretical and spatio-temporal analysis revealed capabilities are increasingly supporting research topics related to advancing sustainable fisheries development. However, because the recent and tumultuous development of the Mexican academic research system, much of the knowledge accumulated centers on commercial resources, and the renovation of the system itself is geographically inconsistent. In this paper, some key insights on how to improve Mexican CB process are highlighted.     

国内北极问题研究的理论和方法综述

为对北极地区进行更深入和更细致的探索,助力我国参与北极事务和开发利用北极资源,越来越多的国内学者对北极问题展开研究。文章梳理国内北极问题研究的理论和方法,并分别从来源、应用和展望等方面对现有理论和方法进行分析和总结。研究结果表明:国内北极问题研究的理论主要包括渐进决策理论、地缘政治理论和地缘势理论、通权论和“通实力”理论、国际公共品理论和公共价值管理理论以及多层治理理论和协同治理理论,方法主要包括定性分析方法、定量分析方法、定性与定量相结合的分析方法以及多学科交融的新型方法;基于相关理论和方法尚缺乏纵向支撑、系统体系和量化分析的现状,未来北极问题研究的发展趋势为研究体系增强系统性、学科交融、研究理论富于实用性以及研究方法融入更多量化分析。