大西洋中脊玄武岩岩浆源区性质、潜在温度及其指示意义

洋中脊玄武岩（MORB）的微量元素成分和同位素比值具有变化范围大的特点,这些变化很难简单地用地幔部分熔融和结晶分异等岩浆演化过程来解释。传统观点认为洋中脊玄武岩的地球化学成分的多样性是由其下部地幔成分的大尺度不均一性决定的。这种地幔不均一性则是外来物质的加入造成的,如再循环的地壳物质、下大陆岩石圈、交代的岩石圈和外地核等成分加入到上地幔中。在本研究中,我们对大西洋洋中脊的玄武岩展开研究工作,评估了玄武岩源区的温压条件并综合对比了微量元素和同位素比值。靠近地幔柱的洋中脊玄武岩的地球化学和同位素成分具有较大的变化。地幔柱对洋中脊地区的影响范围可以达到1400公里,但并不是每个地幔柱都能够影响其周围1400km范围内的所有洋中脊脊段。未受地幔柱影响的洋中脊玄武岩成分和地幔潜在温度均没有异常表现。我们认为上述现象是由于地幔柱柱头形状不同造成的。地幔柱的流动形状可以分为管状和饼状两种,饼状地幔柱影响其周围的地幔是没有方向性的,而管状地幔柱对其周围地幔的影响在方向上具有选择性。沿着大西洋中脊的玄武岩的元素和同位素比值变化较大,暗示其源区具有较高的不均一性。我们认为该地区地幔不均一性主要是由于上地幔中加入了俯冲板片和拆沉下地壳造成的。另外,地幔柱的活动也不容忽视,它们影响了其周围部分洋脊段的成分变化。     

印度洋Carlsberg洋脊玄武岩岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

本文对采自印度洋Carlsberg脊14个站位的新鲜玄武岩样品进行了常量和微量元素组成分析,旨在研究岩浆源区地幔的性质以及岩浆作用过程。研究结果表明:该区玄武岩为典型的源于亏损型地幔的大洋中脊玄武岩,不同样品经历了不同程度的结晶分异作用,演化过程主要受控于橄榄石的结晶分异作用,部分样品中有单斜辉石结晶分异作用的影响,斜长石的结晶分异作用不显著;玄武岩岩浆来源于亏损型尖晶石二辉橄榄岩地幔的熔融,主微量元素组成中尚未见到富集型组分混入的证据;源区地幔不同比例的熔融作用及其后岩浆演化过程的差异是造成不同样品间地球化学性质差异的主要原因,彼此独立的局部岩浆作用过程是岩浆作用差异的主控制因素。Carlsberg脊玄武岩整体与全球标准大洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)平均组分相近,不同脊段间岩浆源区地幔的组成、熔融程度(比例)和熔融深度等无明显差异,这种特征向南直到CIR的北段。     

西南印度洋中脊玄武岩地球化学特征及其对岩浆过程的指示意义

对采自西南印度洋中脊（SWIR）50°E附近5个站位的玄武岩样品进行了岩石学和元素地球化学研究。样品主量元素、TAS分类图解和AFM图解显示,SWIR研究区样品类型主要为低钾拉斑玄武岩。相对原始地幔SWIR区玄武岩具有Ba、Nb、Sr负异常,K表现为正异常。稀土元素分配模式均为左倾型,具有轻微的Eu、Ce正异常;SWIR区玄武岩都起源于上地幔,SWIR玄武岩则明显向EMⅡ端元偏移。SWIR玄武岩地幔源区相对最为富集,可能为DM和EMⅡ的混合源区,存在少量的陆壳成分。研究区玄武质岩浆起源深度为尖晶石橄榄岩区域处于中度还原环境下,经历了明显的橄榄石+单斜辉石+斜长石的分离结晶。     

西南印度洋脊49.6°E热液区热液产物和玄武岩地球化学特征

利用X射线荧光法和ICP-MS等方法对取自超慢速扩张的西南印度洋脊(SWIR) 49.6°E热液区的热液产物和玄武岩样品进行元素地球化学特征分析研究,结果表明:(1)与亏损型洋中脊玄武岩(N-MORB)相比,研究区玄武岩样品的主量元素组成显示其偏碱性,而微量元素对比表明该区玄武岩明显富集Pb元素;(2)对热液产物的综合分析表明这些样品多为Fe-Si-Mn氧羟化物且都为热液来源;(3)热液产物的∑REE含量介于玄武岩和海水之间,经球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素(REE)分布模式均表现出Eu正异常和轻稀土(LREE)富集的特征。另外,本研究还表明,利用玄武岩和热液产物地球化学指标不仅能够模拟出以热液喷口为中心的元素地球化学晕,而且能反映出热液活动的影响范围。     

印度洋亚丁-欧文-卡尔斯伯格脊三联点邻近洋脊的玄武岩地球化学特征及其地幔源区性质

本文研究了亚丁-欧文-卡尔斯伯格脊(AOC)三联点邻近洋脊的玄武岩样品在主量、微量元素和Pb-Sr-Nd同位素特征上的差异和联系并分析其原因。结果表明,AOC附近卡尔斯伯格脊和希巴洋脊的玄武岩均为正常型洋脊玄武岩(N-MORB),起源自亏损地幔,其中卡尔斯伯格脊的样品较希巴洋脊样品更亏损;欧文洋脊玄武岩样品为洋岛玄武岩(OIB)特征,其地幔源区可能有残余陆块物质的混染;亚丁洋脊玄武岩样品类型包括N-MORB、E-MORB和可能的大陆玄武岩,与洋壳形成过程中大陆岩石圈物质的贡献程度有关。除了卡尔斯伯格脊外,阿法热点对各洋脊的岩浆均有一定程度的影响。     

西南印度洋中脊海底热液活动

在超慢速扩张的西南印度洋中脊(SWIR)发现现代海底热液活动改变了人们的传统观点,有助于进一步深化时全球热液活动系统的认识.对西南印度洋中脊地质构造背景、玄武岩和超镁铁质岩的地球化学特征,以及热液活动的特点进行较为系统地分析.指出:独特的地质构造环境使西南印度洋中脊成为研究现代海底热液活动、地球圈层问相互作用所导致的物...     

西南印度洋中脊超慢速扩张的构造和岩浆活动特征

西南印度洋中脊是当前研究超慢速扩张中脊岩石圈增生模式和热液硫化物矿产资源的热点区域.本研究从西南印度洋中脊的扩张速率变化与全球地质历史事件的关系、岩浆活动强度及其不同尺度上的运移规律、热点-中脊交互作用的地质现象和地球物理特征等方面,系统总结了有关西南印度洋中脊的最新认识.针对以上内容,提出了进一步工作建议,如调查航次的区域与方法、岩浆-构造活动与岩石圈状态的相互关系以及热点-中脊交互作用的动力学机制.     

西南印度洋中脊岩石地球化学特征及其岩浆作用研究

作为超慢速扩张脊的代表,西南印度洋中脊(SWIR)因其独一无二的地形地貌特征、洋壳结构、洋壳增生机制、岩浆和热液活动以及深部动力学过程,近30年来成为国内外研究的热点区域。基于近年来对SWIR玄武岩、辉长岩及橄榄岩的岩石学和地球化学研究成果总结,重点探讨了沿SWIR轴向（大尺度）以及单个洋脊分段（小尺度）的岩石地球化学变化特征及其影响因素,阐述了SWIR的岩浆供应及洋壳增生模式。其中,在9°～16°E斜向扩张脊,以构造作用为主的洋脊扩张模式导致了更宽的洋壳增生带和显著的地球化学异常;而在50°～51°E脊段,发育了强烈的火山活动,其成因机制包括克洛泽热点与洋中脊相互作用、微热点、古老熔融事件的残留地幔再熔融等几种观点。此外,西南印度洋中脊龙旂热液区（～49.7°E）的最新研究表明,其热液循环路径与拆离断层的发育密不可分,热液流体循环最深可达莫霍面以下6 km。因此,在今后的一段时间,应进一步加强SWIR不同空间尺度地幔源区性质、洋中脊构造与岩浆作用过程、热点-洋中脊相互作用和岩浆-热液活动与成矿等主要科学问题的研究。     

Segmentation of the Central Indian Ridge between 12°12′ S and the Indian Ocean Triple Junction

The present morphology and tectonic evolution of more than 1500 kilometres of the Central Indian Ridge are described and discussed following the integration of GLORIA side-scan sonographs with conventional geophysical datasets. Segmentation of the ridge occurs by a series of ridge axis discontinuities ranging in periodicity along strike from 275 km to less than 30 km. These segment boundaries we have classified into two types: first order fracture zones of offsets greater than 50 km which bound five major (mega-) segments, and smaller scale structures of a variety of offset styles and amplitudes which cut four of these segments. We refer to these as ridge-axis discontinuities. The frequent opposite sense of offset identified between the first order structures and the subordinate discontinuities between these major structures is interpreted as resulting from the adjustment to new kinematic parameters after magnetic anomaly 20. As far as our data allows us to determine, the central major segment is not subdivided by minor ridge axis discontinuities, which we suggest is a result of its proximity to the Rodriguez hotspot.     

Propagation of the Southwest Indian Ridge at the Rodrigues Triple Junction

The analysis of multibeam bathymetric data of the Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR) domain between the triple junction traces from 68° E to theRodrigues Triple Junction (RTJ; 70° E) reveals the evolution of thisridge since magnetic anomaly 4 (8 Ma). Image processing has been used toshow that the horizontal component of strain due to a network of normal stepfaults increases dramatically between 69°30 E and the RTJ. Thisarea close to the RTJ is characterized by a deep graben at the foot of thetriple junction trace on the African plate and by a narrow fault-boundedridge that joins an offset of the trace on the Antarctic plate. In thatarea, spreading is primarily amagmatic and dominated by tectonic extensionprocesses. To the west of 69°30 E, some lobate bathymetricfeatures atop of a large topographic high suggest volcanic constructions.Between 68°10 E and 69°25 E the southern flank of theSWIR domain is wider than the northern one and is characterized by a series of 7 en echelon bathymetric highs similar in size,shape and orientation to the one centred at 69°30E near the present-day triple junction. Their en echelon organization along the triple junction trace on the Antarctic plate and the typical lack of conjugated parts on the northern flank show that these bathymetric highs have been shifted to the south by successive northward relocalisations of the SWIR rifting zone. This evolution results in the asymmetric spreading of the SWIR in the survey area. The off-axis bathymetric highs connect to the offsets of the triple junction trace on the Antarctic plate when the Southeast Indian Ridges lightly lengthenstoward the northwest and the triple junction is relocated to the north. We propose that the SWIR lengthens toward the northeast with two propagation modes: 1) a continuous and progressive propagation with distributed deformation in preexisting crust of the Central Indian Ridge, 2) a discontinuous propagation with focusing of the deformation in a rift zone when the triple junction migrates rapidly to the north. The modes of propagation of the SWIR are related to different localisation and distribution of strain which are in turn controlled by changes of the triple junction configurations due to propagation, recession or a symmetric spreading on the Central and Southeast Indian Ridges.     

西南印度洋中脊热液产物稀土元素组成变化及其来源

对西南印度洋中脊热液区不同热液产物稀土元素(REE)进行了分析,探讨了热液产物形成过程中稀土元素组成变化及其来源。研究结果表明:不同热液产物稀土元素总量变化范围从3.47×10-7到4.80×10-5,轻重稀土比值(LREE/HREE)从2.06到6.16,表明轻重稀土有较大程度分异,δEu异常(δEu=0.86~3.88)和δCe异常(δCe=0.40~0.86)显示热液产物中REE呈Eu富集和Ce亏损特征。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式呈现两种类型:(1)呈轻微富集LREE的平坦模式,REE大于2×10-5;(2)呈显著富集LREE和正Eu异常模式,REE小于5×10-7。模式1类似于洋壳火山岩REE配分模式,而模式2与西南印度洋中脊黑烟囱REE模式相似,也与典型洋中脊热液喷口流体和硫化物LREE富集和正Eu异常模式类似。热液产物中稀土元素含量变化和模式特征以及Mg与LREE极强正相关关系可能反映了西南印度洋中脊硫化物形成在热液流体与海水混合沉淀的初始阶段,后期经历了广泛的热液流体再循环和海水蚀变过程。     

Rare earth element geochemistry of hydrothermal deposits from Southwest Indian Ridge

The REE compositions of hydrothermal deposits and basalt samples from the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) were determined with ICP-MS.The results show that there are significant differences between different types of samples although all samples show relative LREE enrichment.The contents of REE in hydrothermal sulfides and alterated rocks samples are lower (from 7.036 × 10 6 to 23.660 × 10 6),while those in the white chimney deposits are relatively higher (ranging from 84.496 × 10 6 to 103.511 × 10 6).Both of them are lower than basalts.Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns show that sulfides and alterated rocks samples are characterized by significant positive Eu anomalies.On the contrary,white chimney deposits have obvious negative Eu anomalies,which may be caused by abundant calcite existing in the white chimney samples.Both the content and distribution pattern of REE in sulfides suggest that REE most possibly is originally derived from hydrothermal fluids,but influenced by the submarine reducing ore-forming environment,seawater convection,mineral compositions as well as the constraint of mineral crystallizations.     

赤道东经90°海岭活塞柱状心钙同位素曲线特征及其古环境意义

A δ~(44) Ca curve from shells of the planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides sacculifer in calcareous biogenic oozes has been extracted from the Nintyeast Ridge in the Indian Ocean since 300 ka. By combining terrigenous inputs(e.g., grain size, magnetic susceptibility, and turbidite frequency) with the oceanic productivity(e.g., biogenic content and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei content), it is found that the curve's variations are closely related to the historical evolution of the oceanic calcium cycle. The δ~(44)Ca value is in lower tendency and has small oscillation during Marine Isotope Stage(MIS) 6, when the supply of terrigenous detrital is highest. In contrast, during MIS 3,5 and 7, the δ~(44) Ca values are in higher tendency, and their fluctuations are consistent with the variations of the productivity proxies. These results suggest that the calcium isotopes are mainly influenced by the input of the Himalayan erosion products to the northern Indian Ocean. In addition, the developmental stages of calcareous planktons may have a secondary impact on the fluctuations of the calcium isotope ratio of sea water.     

Component characteristics of organic matter in hydrothermal barnacle shells from Southwest Indian Ridge

In 2008-2009, hydrothermal barnacle and sediment samples were collected from the Southwest Indian Ridge during a survey of the China Ocean Mineral Resources R＆D Association （COMRA）. Samples were ana- lyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer （GC-MS）, revealing the main organic constituents of hy- drothermal barnacle and sediment to be fatty acids and alkylbenzenes. N-alkanes which possessed obvious even carbon advantage were also detected in hydrothermal sediment. The high concentrations of aromatic compounds might be the result of macromolecular thermal alteration. Microorganism in the submarine hydrothermal ecosystem, especially those related to sulfur metabolism, might be the source of the high con- centrations of fatty acids detected in these samples. In high temperature and high pressure hydrothermal environments, n-alkanes which possessed obvious even carbon advantage might originate from thermal alteration of carboxylic acids and other lipid compounds.     

西南印度洋脊“断桥”热液区深部地质构造研究

Polymetalic sulfide is the main product of sea-floor hydrothermal venting, and has become an important sea-floor mineral resources for its rich in many kinds of precious metal elements. Since 2007, a number of investigations have been carried out by the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association(COMRA)cruises(CCCs) along the Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR). In 2011, the COMRA signed an exploration contract of sea-floor polymetallic sulfides of 10 000 km2 on the SWIR with the International Seabed Authority. Based on the multibeam data and shipborne gravity data obtained in 2010 by the R/V Dayang Yihao during the leg 6 of CCCs21, together with the global satellite surveys, the characteristics of gravity anomalies are analyzed in the Duanqiao hydrothermal field(37°39′S, 50°24′E). The "subarea calibration" terrain-correcting method is employed to calculate the Bouguer gravity anomaly, and the ocean bottom seismometer(OBS) profile is used to constrain the two-dimensional gravity anomaly simulation. The absent Moho in a previous seismic model is also calculated.The results show that the crustal thickness varies between 3 and 10 km along the profile, and the maximum crustal thickness reaches up to 10 km in the Duanqiao hydrothermal field with an average of 7.5 km. It is by far the most thicker crust discovered along the SWIR. The calculated crust thickness at the Longqi hydrothermal field is approximately 3 km, 1 km less than that indicated by seismic models, possibly due to the outcome of an oceanic core complex(OCC).