昆仑山口西8.1级地震前青海省形变及地温前兆特征分析

通过对青海省地倾斜、地应力、深井地温3种前兆手段在昆仑山口西8．1级地震前异常的分析与研究，得出了强地震远场前兆的一些初步特征，并与近场前兆异常特征做了比较，这对该省今后强震短期预报将是有益的。     

张江台地表与深井地震观测对比分析

张江深井综合地震观测站是上海市规则建设的深井地震综合观测系统中首先建成并投入运行的站点,深井中安装了地磁仪、应变仪、倾斜仪、测震仪、孔隙压仪、地温仪、水温仪和水位仪,地表还安装了强震仪和GPS,总计十种测项,同时地表还配备气压计和气温计等辅助观测手段.张江台在2006年就建立了地表台,本文将地表台和新建的深井台数据进行了分析对比,从而得出土层背景噪声的干扰情况;同时参照上海台网其他深井的资料分析综合深井系统对测震单分项系统是否有干扰.结果显示,深井台的背景噪声RMS数值比地表台小个数量级,可以更精确的记录到地脉动数据;深井台的有效动态范围比地表台超出30％;深井台不仅在低频,在高频段25 Hz附近也有噪声影响;深井台比地表台受环境噪声影响要小很多,特别是在低频段优势更明显.同时,对比张江综合深井台的地噪声、动态范围和上海台网其他深井台资料,认为综合深井测震分项数据未受到整体综合系统的噪音影响.     

青藏高原北部浅层地温异常特征及中短期地震预测

利用浅层地温时空演化特征与中强地震活动的关系，研究了青藏高原北部地区1980年以来发生的几次中强地震前浅层地温异常特征。结果表明：分布在不同地质构造单元的地温测站在地震前有不同的表现形式，中强地震发生的中短期异常指标在空间上表现为地热涡的出现、活动和迁移，在时间上多数地震以高值异常为主，持续时间随震级大小而变化，中强地震一般持续1-6个月，强震持续时间可达1-2年。     

浅层地温强震前的异常变化

浅层地温指地表至地下３．２ｍ深处的地温。通过数十年浅层地温变化与强地震活动关系的研究，指出了强地震发生前一段时间０．８ｍ地温与地表温度的相关系数为历年同期最低值；０．８ｍ、１．６ｍ和３．２ｍ地温连续６个月以上为正距平，且平均距平值分别大于０．８、０．７和０．５即认为地温有升温异常；在此时段内地温有历年同期最大值或次大值；做半年尺度或以月为简单的０．８ｍ地温、地表温度平均距平等值线图，等值线的分布圈     

地震前地温突升现象研究

地温观测,特别是80 cm以下浅层和深井地温观测已基本上摆脱了外界等自然因素的干扰,是获取地热信息的一种比较直观、简便的度量.临震前出现的地温突升现象被认为是探测地震活动的有效手段,已越来越引起人们的普遍关注.文中对地震前浅层地温突升变化特征、浅层地温突升一些观测事实研究、深井地温突升的一些观测事实的研究以及地温突升现象的成因,分别进行了阐述.     

白家疃地温异常变化与地震的对应关系

根据１９８５年９月─１９９２年１２月白家疃地温微变化的测量数据，用幅差法对地温的日均值变化进行了地温异常变化的判别，并与在此期间发生在首都圈（３８°３０＇─４１°Ｎ，１１３°─１２０°Ｅ）内的、Ｍ＿Ｌ在３．５以上的地震进行了对应关系统计分析。结果表明，有５７％的判别出的地温异常变化与４６％的选出地震有对应关系。随着震级的提高，有更高比例的地震和地温异常变化有对应关系。当震中距在１００─２５０ｋｍ范围内，有大致不变比例的地震与地温异常变化有对应关系。     

门源、共和地震前甘青交界地区浅层地温异常时空分布特征

本文研究了１９８６年门源６．４级地震和１９９０年共和７．０级地震地，１９８０－１９９０年青海省东北部甘青交界地区浅层地温场的时空分布特征。主要结论如下：门源地震前，１９８９年出现以青海湖为中心的浅层地温增温区，其中从湟源－门源－带形成椭圆形地温高值区，１９８６年访温区地温下降；共和地震和前从１９８７年出现大面积、长时间浅层地温增高区。增温幅度较大的地区集中在青海省湟源－共和－兴海－线。距震中区较远     

邢台唐山地震前震中附近的地温演变特点

本文就唐山、邢台２次大震前地温的异常进行了具体分析、论述，以探讨利用地温异常进行地震预报的可行性。     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前青海省形变、地热前兆特征研究

通过对青海省地倾斜、地应力、深井地温三种前兆观测资料的分析与研究,得到昆仑山口西8．1级地震前的强震远场前兆的一些特征,并与近场前兆异常特征进行了比较．结果对强震短期预报有意义。     

和平台深井地电阻率在中强地震前异常特征

介绍了和平台深井地电阻率观测概况和台站附近新丰江水库区的地震活动,分析了深井地电阻率数据变化,总结了在6次M 4.0级以上地震发生前深井地电阻率的异常特征。深井地电阻率在中强地震前存在加速上升或加速下降的变化,不同的异常形态可能和地震震源机制解有关。     

西安地裂缝带的基本特征与形成机制

用实地观察和测量资料描述了西安地裂缝带的基本特征，着重阐明了深井水位动态变化和地面不均匀沉降与地裂缝活动之间的时空关系。认为西安市区超采地下承压水导致地面大幅度下沉是西安地裂缝产生和发展的主要原因，而局部地质构造条件对地裂缝特征的形成有一定控制作用     

Environmental isotopes as indicators for ground water recharge to fractured granite

To assess the contribution of accumulated winter precipitation and glacial meltwater to the recharge of deep ground water flow systems in fracture crystalline rocks, measurements of environmental isotope ratios, hydrochemical composition, and in situ parameters of ground water were performed in a deep tunnel. The measurements demonstrate the significance of these ground water recharge components for deep ground water flow systems in fractured granites of a high alpine catchment in the Central Alps, Switzerland. Hydrochemical and in situ parameters, as well as delta(18)O in ground water samples collected in the tunnel, show only small temporal variations. The precipitation record of delta(18)O shows seasonal variations of approximately 14% and a decrease of 0.23% +/- 0.03% per 100 m elevation gain. delta(2)H and delta(18)O in precipitation are well correlated and plot close to the meteoric water line, as well as delta(2)H and delta(18)O in ground water samples, reflecting the meteoric origin of the latter. The depletion of 18O in ground water compared to 18O content in precipitation during the ground water recharge period indicates significant contributions from accumulated depleted winter precipitation to ground water recharge. The hydrochemical composition of the encountered ground water, Na-Ca-HCO3-SO4(-F), reflects an evolution of the ground water along the flowpath through the granite body. Observed tritium concentrations in ground water range from 2.6 to 16.6 TU, with the lowest values associated with a local negative temperature anomaly and anomalous depleted 18O in ground water. This demonstrates the effect of local ground water recharge from meltwater of submodern glacial ice. Such localized recharge from glaciated areas occurs along preferential flowpaths within the granite body that are mainly controlled by observed hydraulic active shear fractures and cataclastic faults.     

西安地裂缝近期活动与热水井水位关系研究

本文根据西安小寨地裂缝与西影井第三系深层热水水位的观测资料,分析了二者变化周期的准同步和相位的滞后性特征,并结合地面沉降速率和周围地震活动性,探讨了地裂缝与第三系深层承压水位之间存在内在联系的原因,以及抽水—地面沉降对地裂缝影响的构造动态调制作用.     

ANALYSIS OF AMPLIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND MOTIONS IN THE HEAVILY DAMAGED BELT ZONE DURING THE 1995 HYOGO-KEN NANBU EARTHQUAKE

To estimate the amplification characteristics of ground motions in the heavily damaged belt zone in Kobe City during the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake, 3D wave propagation analyses of a 2D deep irregular underground structure model with a vertical discontinuity were performed at an early stage as a preliminary and qualitative study. The hyperelement method was applied to the analyses for incident plane waves expected from the wavefields due to the source mechanism. The observation records at Kobe University of the rock site were used as control motions. The ground motions on the engineering bedrock (assumed to be on the free surface of the Osaka group layers having a shear velocity of 500 m/s) and at ground surface were calculated. The effects of the deep irregular underground structure and shallow surface layers on the ground motion amplification are discussed. Although there are qualifications due to the uncertain characteristics of the input rock motion and shear wave velocities of the underground structure, the analytical results show that the ground motion in the heavily damaged belt zone were amplified due to the focusing effect of the deep irregular underground structure as well as the shallow surface layers, and that the calculated peak ground acceleration (PGA) distribution coincided closely with the distributions of structural damage. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Geochemical tracers to evaluate hydrogeologic controls on river salinization

The salinization of rivers, as indicated by salinity increases in the downstream direction, is characteristic of arid and semiarid regions throughout the world. Historically, salinity increases have been attributed to various mechanisms, including (1) evaporation and concentration during reservoir storage, irrigation, and subsequent reuse; (2) displacement of shallow saline ground water during irrigation; (3) erosion and dissolution of natural deposits; and/or (4) inflow of deep saline and/or geothermal ground water (ground water with elevated water temperature). In this study, investigation of salinity issues focused on identification of relative salinity contributions from anthropogenic and natural sources in the Lower Rio Grande in the New Mexico-Texas border region. Based on the conceptual model of the system, the various sources of water and, therefore, salinity to the Lower Rio Grande were identified, and a sampling plan was designed to characterize these sources. Analysis results for boron (delta(11)B), sulfur (delta(34)S), oxygen (delta(18)O), hydrogen (delta(2)H), and strontium ((87)Sr/(86)Sr) isotopes, as well as basic chemical data, confirmed the hypothesis that the dominant salinity contributions are from deep ground water inflow to the Rio Grande. The stable isotopic ratios identified the deep ground water inflow as distinctive, with characteristic isotopic signatures. These analyses indicate that it is not possible to reproduce the observed salinization by evapotranspiration and agricultural processes alone. This investigation further confirms that proper application of multiple isotopic and geochemical tracers can be used to identify and constrain multiple sources of solutes in complex river systems.     

地壳应力观测与研究

概要介绍了全球地壳应力观测与研究的新进展,重点阐述了深部地应力测量研究的现状和测试方法以及用于地震观测和工程监测的地应力测量新技术,并分析了我国地应力测量及研究工作与国际上存在的差距,以期引起人们对这一问题的关注。     

Information characteristics of ground fluid precursors of strong continental earthquakes

IntroductionGroundfluid,includingwatef,gasandoilandsoforthexistsintheinterspaceinrock.Itisdirectlyrelatedtotheearthquakepreparationandoccurrenceprocessandgeologicallystructuralactivity.Thestudyinwhichtheanomalousvariationofgroundfluidistakenaseventpr...     

张北6.2级地震深浅构造研究进展

对张北6.2级地震深浅构造特征的调查,主要集中在地壳浅表层及深部地质构造调查两个方面,调查内容包括活动构造、地震烈度、地震地裂缝、震源机制解分析、小震精确定位和深部探测。在综合分析的基础上对张北6.2级地震的发震构造特征和地震构造特征进行了分析,目的是使我们对张北6.2级地震的深浅部构造特征有一个比较全面的了解。     

Lessons from the 2003 Tokachi-oki, Japan, earthquake for prediction of long-period strong ground motions and sloshing damage to oil storage tanks

The 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake (M _w 8.0) in northern Japan generated large-amplitude long-period (4–8 s) ground motions in the Yufutsu sedimentary basin, causing severe damage to seven large oil storage tanks with floating roof structures because of severe sloshing of oil. The 30,000–40,000-m³ tanks having suffered the severe damage such as fires and sinking of floating roofs experienced the sloshing with large amplitudes exceeding 3 m in which the fundamental mode was predominant. The second mode of sloshing was also excited in the 110,000-m³ tanks in which their floating roofs sank into oil, indicating that the higher modes of sloshing as well as the fundamental mode should be considered in damage prediction. The strong ground motion recordings demonstrated the earthquake dependency of predominant periods and the substantial spatial variation of the long-period shaking observed within the Yufutsu basin, meaning the necessity of source- and site-specific prediction of long-period strong ground motions. The two-dimensional numerical modeling suggested the importance of detailed structures of soft near-surface sediments as well as deep basin structure for accurate prediction of long-period strong ground motions in deep sedimentary basins.     

喀什基准台宽频带井下和地表地震计记录数据对比研究

对比分析喀什基准台麦盖提井下和相邻地表宽频带地震计记录的背景噪声、麦盖提ML3.1近震和棉兰老岛ML6.6远震波形记录以及功率谱,并进一步研究了相关的震级差和台站下方结构.研究结果表明,井下和地表地震计记录到的波形特征和功率谱既存在相似性,又具有差异性;井下地震计记录的近、远震波形更清晰、简洁,且功率谱也相对较低.麦盖...