Evaluation of HF ground-wave radar on the east coast of Canada

HF ground-wave radar runs of roughly ten days duration were carded out in two tidally dominated regions off the Canadian East Coast in conjunction with oceanographic experiments. The surface current deduced from the HF radar observations are here compared with Eulerian velocities from various moored current meters and Lagrangian velocities derived from surface drifters. The agreement with the current meters is generally better than 0.05 m/s. Real current shear in the top 15 m of the water column of up to 0.1 m/s, lasting for up to 12 h, was observed on several occasions, coincident with wind reversals. The agreement between moored instruments and shallow-draft rectangular drifters was good, and with deeper draft cylindrical drifters it was excellent.     

舟山海域高频地波雷达表层流探测试验

2015年4月7-30日,在浙江省舟山近海海域开展了“嵊山-朱家尖”小型阵列变频高频地波雷达系统的海上比测试验,通过雷达观测数据与定点ADCP海流资料的比对检验了地波雷达表层流探测性能。径向流比对结果显示,测点与雷达法向夹角越小,距离雷达距离越近,径向流比测结果越好,雷达探测的结果越可靠。嵊山站径向流与ADCP观测结果的各站总体平均误差为7.98 cm/s,平均均方根误差为15.34 cm/s,平均相关系数为0.89,朱家尖站径向流与ADCP观测结果的各站总体平均误差为6.24 cm/s,平均均方根误差为12.36 cm/s,平均相关系数为0.81。根据矢量流比对结果显示,矢量流速与ADCP观测结果的各站总体平均误差为4.82 cm/s,平均均方根误差为15.03 cm/s,平均相关系数为0.44。设置在嵊山、朱家尖两个雷达站双站探测的核心区域（两个雷达站连线的中垂线上,并且与两个雷达站构成一个近似直角三角形）的站点比测结果更加理想,当流速大于0.25 m/s时,对于核心区域平均后的流向均方根误差为24.9°。     

On the application of HF ocean radar to the observation of temporal and spatial changes in wind direction

The application of a 30-MHz narrow-beam ground-wave ocean radar to the observation of wind directions is described. It is found that thecos^{s} (theta/2)model for wind-wave directions does not apply in a specific case of shallow water where swell waves are behaving nonlinearly. To experimentally extract unambiguous wind directions from this model requires sampling three different beam angles simultaneously. In practice some time and space stationarity is assumed. Detailed analysis in time and space reveals structure in the transition of the cold front from sea to land which, although unexpected, agrees with coastline observations where they are available. The nature of the structure is only briefly discussed. The response of thelambda = 5-m wind waves to the frontal change was two orders of magnitude faster than time constants for similar events previously modeled using pitch-and-roll buoy data. This discrepancy needs to be reconciled before lower frequency radars can be used without ground truth for wind-direction changes.     

Measurement of oceanic wind speed from HF sea scatter by skywave radar

Remote measurements of the spatial mean ocean wind speeds were obtained using Doppler spectra resolved to 0.08 Hz from high-resolution HF skywave-radar backscatter measurements of the ocean surface. A standard deviation of 2.4 m/s resulted from the correlation of observed winds over the ocean and the broadening of the Doppler spectra in the vicinity of the higher first-order Bragg line. This broadening, for Doppler spectra unperturbed by the ionospheric propagation, is proportional to the increase in power caused by higher order hydrodynamic and electromagnetic effects in the vicinity of the Bragg line and inversely proportional to the square root of the radio frequency. A lower bound on the measure of wind speed was established at 5 m/s by the low resolution spectral processing and low second-order power. An upper limit is suggested by the steep slope in the region of the sea backscatter spectrum outside the square root of two times the first-order Bragg line Doppler.     

Trends of sea surface wind energy over the South China Sea

Studies on climate change typically consider temperature and precipitation over extended periods but less so the wind. We used the Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) 24-year wind fi eld data set to investigate the trends of wind energy over the South China Sea during 1988-2011. The results reveal a clear trend of increase in wind power density for each of three base statistics (i.e., mean, 90 th percentile and 99 th percentile) in all seasons and for annual means. The trends of wind power density showed obvious temporal and spatial variations. The magnitude of the trends was greatest in winter, intermediate in spring, and smallest in summer and autumn. A greater trend of increase was found in the northern areas of the South China Sea than in southern parts. The magnitude of the annual and seasonal trends over the South China Sea was larger in extreme high events (i.e., 90 th and 99 th percentiles) compared to the mean conditions. Sea surface temperature showed a negative correlation with the variability of wind power density over the majority of the South China Sea in all seasons and annual means, except for winter (41.7%).     

基于QuikSCAT/NCEP风场的1999-2009年中国海表风场研究

利用1999年8月-2009年7月具有高精度的QuikSCAT/NCEP混合风场,对中国海海表风场的风速风向、极值风速、大风频率等特征进行分析,研究发现:MAM和SON的风速大值中心位于台湾海峡,JJA位于南海西南部海域,DJF大值区主要位于琉球群岛-台湾海峡-东沙群岛-平顺海岛一带,风向也具有明显的季节特征;极值风速...     

ASCAT洋面风资料在中国北方海域的真实性检验

采用北方海域6个海洋观测站风资料对2009年3月—2013年6月ASCAT卫星反演洋面风(10 m)资料进行了检验。ASCAT反演洋面风与测站风向、风速偏差均较小,二者风速平均偏差为0.99 m/s,ASCAT风速略高于测站风速,二者风向平均偏差为-12.97°,表明ASCAT洋面风资料在北方海域具有可信性;分风级统计表明,在北方海域,风力为0—7级(0—17.1 m/s)时,利用ASCAT风速代表洋面风速是可行的(其中风力为4—5级时,ASCAT与测站风速误差最小,为0.10 m/s),当风力达到8级以上时ASCAT的可信度较低。     

南海东部海域表层沉积物类型的研究

南海东部海域表层沉积物可被分为11种类型:含岩块砾石黏土质粉砂、贝壳珊瑚砂、黏土质粉砂、钙质黏土、钙质软泥、有孔虫砂、深海黏土、含铁锰微粒粉砂质黏土、硅质黏土、含火山灰硅质黏土、含火山灰粉砂质黏土.这些类型按物源和成因可被分为陆源碎屑、钙质碎屑和硅质碎屑、火山碎屑3大类型,其中陆源碎屑分布面积约占50%,钙质碎屑占20%,硅质碎屑和火山碎屑各占15%.在物质来源、海底地形、火山作用、生物作用、水动力条件等因素影响和控制下,由于沉积环境的差异,故区内褐色类沉积物最多(60.68%),灰色类沉积物次之(38.20%),黄色类沉积物最少(1.12%).台湾省以南到17°N以北海区沉积物以陆源沉积物分布为主;巴士海峡以西海区沉积物较粗,常含砂岩块和砾石;东沙群岛以东海区钙质生物碎屑沉积丰富;中、西部海区以含铁锰微粒沉积物为主;中、南部海区水深大,主要分布硅质沉积物;南部海区、礼乐滩北缘沉积物受礼乐滩珊瑚碎屑影响大,沉积物类型为钙质软泥.     

Surface current response to wind and plumes in a bay-shape estuary of the eastern Yellow Sea: Ocean radar observation

Response of surface subtidal current to wind and outflow plume in the bay-shape estuary, which had been artificially made by the Samangeum reclamation dike with two sluices in the west coast of Korea, was examined using the ocean radar-derived current data obtained in the summer 2010. The southerly wind was dominant due to Asian summer monsoon and the outflow plume water was discharged by the gate operation of the Shinsi and Garyeok sluices separated by 11 km into the study area that are opened in a southwestward direction. The monthly-mean flow pattern consisted of the westward outflow currents around the two sluices, the along-dike currents between the two sluices and the northward currents in the outer bay. Based upon the complex correlations of subtidal current to wind and outflow jets we explained that the northward mean current in the outer bay be formed by both the southerly wind-driven current and the geostrophic current by mean pressure setup due to the Ekman transport and plume water accumulation in the inner bay, and the along-dike mean current may be induced by the southerly wind that generates on-dike currents in the central region of study area and leads to pressure setup toward the dike between the two sluices. Combination of outflow jets, wind and coastline configuration affects variations of subtidal surface current in the inner bay. Variability of subtidal current in the outer bay is dominated by wind variation. The southerly wind produced the northward current in the outer bay though the outflow plumes from the two sluices turned clockwise from the inner to the outer bay due to the geostrophic balance when the wind was calm. The wind factor was from 2% to 7% depending on the amount of freshwater outflow and wind speed. Occasionally, when plume water discharges were large and the southerly wind was stronger than 5 m/s, a large eddy with a closed loop current was produced off the Shinsi sluice.     

The dependence of precipitation on wind direction over the Kuroshio front in the winter East China Sea

This study investigates atmospheric responses to the directions of surface wind over the Kuroshio front in the East China Sea, using wintertime satellite-derived data sets. Composite maps of sea surface temperature, wind speed, precipitation, turbulent heat flux, surface wind divergence, and the curl of wind vectors above the atmospheric boundary layer are depicted based on the classification of intense northeasterly (along the front) and northwesterly (across the front) winds over the East China Sea. When northeasterly winds prevail, considerable precipitation occurs on the offshore side of the Kuroshio front, in contrast to periods when northwesterly winds prevail. First, the northeasterly winds strengthen above the front because of the downward transfer of momentum from the fast-moving air at higher levels and/or an adjustment of sea level pressure over the oceanic front, although the process by which the influence of the Kuroshio penetrates beyond the marine atmospheric boundary layer remains unclear. Second, a cyclonic vortex forms above the marine atmospheric boundary layer (at 850-hPa height) on the offshore side of the front, and thereafter, surface wind convergence via Ekman suction (hence, enhanced precipitation) occurs over the East China Sea shelf breaks. The northeasterly winds blow over the East China Sea when the Aleutian Low retreats to the east and when high sea level pressure covers the northern Sea of Japan.     

基于BP神经网络的高频地波雷达海流空间插值

高频地波雷达是海洋环境监测的重要手段,当前已经实现对海流的业务化观测,但是外部因素常引起海流空间探测的不连续性。为解决此问题,尽量保障区域数据的完整性和准确性,本文将BP神经网络技术与空间插值相结合,建立了海流的BP神经网络插值模型,并进行了针对实测数据的缺失插值仿真,通过与反距离权重法和线性插值法插值结果的对比,分析该模型在区域海流大面积缺失、流速整体较大和流速整体较小3个方面的性能。结果表明,BP神经网络插值模型的海流预测效果明显优于其他两种方法,且在流场数据大范围缺失下也取得了良好的效果。     

高频地波雷达观测的苏北辐射沙洲南部海域夏季表层海流特征

本文利用高频地波雷达获得的江苏如东海域大范围长期海流观测资料对苏北辐射沙洲南部烂沙洋海域夏季表层海流特征进行了分析。分析结果表明:研究海域表层海流靠近近岸一侧为往复流,流向总体上呈西北-东南向,靠近外海一侧为旋转流;海域潮流动力较为强劲,夏季表层海流实测最大流速达1.47 m/s,涨潮平均流速介于0.44~0.55 m/s,落潮平均流速介于0.38~0.52 m/s,海域西北部区域涨落潮平均流速明显大于其他区域;表层潮流为正规半日潮流,M₂分潮为最主要分潮,其潮流椭圆长轴范围为0.57~0.71 m/s,远大于其他分潮,其次为S₂分潮;该海域夏季表层余流呈现近岸大离岸小的分布趋势,余流流向基本指向近岸方向,从离岸到近岸余流流向呈现逆时针偏转。     

南海北部湾东部海域表层沉积物地球化学特征

通过对南海北部湾东部海域61 个站位表层沉积物粒度和地球化学组成的相关分析和因子分析,探讨了其空间分布特征、元素相关性以及元素组合特征, 揭示了元素在区域上的分布规律和主控因素。结果表明: 绝大多数常微量元素具有相似的平面分布特征, 而MnO、Zr、CaO 和Sr 空间变异系数较大,在部分区域出现了异常高值, 表明其沉积环境受到正常陆源沉积以外其他因素的影响。元素和Al₂O₃的比值分布特征表明, 广西和海南岛近岸沉积物主要由陆源碎屑沉积组成, 在潮汐和近岸径流作用下,由近岸向远海输送; 而研究区西部海域沉积物主要为来自红河的物质。元素相关分析和因子分析结果表明, 研究区表层沉积物中绝大多数常微量元素主要受沉积物粒度的控制; CaO 和Sr 含量主要受生物活动活跃程度控制; Zr 含量分布主要受控于源区母岩矿物组成以及自源区的搬运距离; 而MnO 含量则受陆源、海底热液以及自生作用等多种来源共同影响。     

南海北部海面风速概率分布特征

利用南海北部的浮标、石油平台观测的海面风资料,分析了0~200 km范围内,不同离岸距离站点的风速的概率分布特征。观测结果指出,各站平均风速一般最大值出现在冬季,最小值出现在夏季,具有明显的季节变化特征,并且平均风速随着离岸距离的增大也逐渐增大。对于离岸距离较近的区域（100 km以内）,海面风基本符合双参数的Weibull分布,但对于100 km以外的海面风速概率分布与Weibull分布存在明显差异,随着离岸距离的增大,平均风速和风速标准偏差也相应增大。风速平均值与风速标准偏差的比值较小时,Weibull分布的偏斜度基本为正值,当比值较大时偏斜度转为负值。随着离岸距离的增大,出现与Weibull分布不一致的情况越来越多,且与对应的Weibull分布相比,其偏斜度越小,风速概率分布越不能用Weibull分布进行较好拟合。     

Evaluation of reanalysis surface wind products with quality-assured buoy wind measurements along the north coast of the South China Sea

Three archived reanalysis wind vectors at 10 m height in the wind speed range of 2–15 m/s, namely, the second version of the National Centres for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSv2), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting Interim Reanalysis(ERA-I) and NCEPDepartment of Energy(DOE) Reanalysis 2(NCEP-2) products, are evaluated by a comparison with the winds measured by moored buoys in coastal regions of the South China Sea(SCS). The buoy data are first quality controlled by extensive techniques that help eliminate degraded measurements. The evaluation results reveal that the CFSv2 wind vectors are most consistent with the buoy winds(with average biases of 0.01 m/s and 1.76°). The ERA-I winds significantly underestimate the buoy wind speed(with an average bias of –1.57 m/s), while the statistical errors in the NCEP-2 wind direction have the largest magnitude. The diagnosis of the reanalysis wind errors shows the residuals of all three reanalysis wind speeds(reanalysis-buoy) decrease with increasing buoy wind speed, suggesting a narrower wind speed range than that of the observations. Moreover, wind direction errors are examined to depend on the magnitude of the wind speed and the wind speed biases. In general, the evaluation of three reanalysis wind products demonstrates that CFSv2 wind vectors are the closest to the winds along the north coast of the SCS and are sufficiently accurate to be used in numerical models.     

Observation of the Kyucho in the Bungo Channel by HF radar

Observations of sea surface currents by HF radar were carried out in the Bungo Channel in summer 1992. The current ellipses of M₂ constituent obtained by the observational results agree quite well with those obtained by the ADCP observations, showing that the accuracy of the HF radar measurements is of the same level as ADCP. The results revealed the current structures and their change with the Kyucho in detail. The Kyucho is influenced by the complicated coastal geometry and does not propagate straightly into the Bungo Channel. It propagates further inward after charging the coastal bays with warm water. The current directions change largely, since the currents turn around the stagnant region in the bay filled with the warm water. The northward intrusion begins to be weakened in the southern part of the channel, while it still persists in the northern part. The northward current speeds of the observed Kyucho are about 50 cm/s and sometimes attain 60 to 70 cm/s.     

The role of the gravity-wave dispersion relation in HF radar measurements of the sea surface

Recent experimental and theoretical findings raise interesting questions about the applicability of the normal gravity-wave dispersion relation at wave frequencies that exceed the spectral peak frequency. The use of the dispersion relation in analysis of HF radar Doppler sea echo is examined in this paper. Drawing on the results of perturbation theory for wave-wave nonlinear interactions, we show that this relation, so essential to echo interpretation in terms of current and wave information, can be employed with no degradation in accuracy for current measurement when the dominant wave frequency is considerably less (by as much as 10) than the radar Bragg resonance frequency. This finding is supported by comparisons of currents measured by HF radar with "surface truth;" the first-order echo must only be identifiable in order to be used accurately. Wave-height directional spectral information can be extracted from the second-order echo at a given radar frequency up to the point (in wave height) where the perturbation solution employed in the inversion process fails; then a lower radar frequency must be used. On the other hand, most conventional wave measuring instruments should not use the dispersion relation for interpretation of data well beyond the spectral peak, because they do not observe wave height as a function of both space and time independently, as does HF radar.     

南海东部中尺度涡生成机制

利用高度计海面高度异常数据和非线性1½层约化重力模式研究了南海东部中尺度涡的生成机制。模式结果表明,南海内区风场是南海东部中尺度涡生成的主要驱动力,且南海内区高频风场能解释约54%的南海东部中尺度涡。从西太平洋传来的信号同样有十分重要的作用,由西太区域高频风场大致能解释南海东部40%的中尺度涡。风驱动的赤道附近的海面异常信号能经过锡布图通道和民都洛海峡传播到吕宋岛西海岸,其中有部分能量会以罗斯贝波的形式往西传播。这种信号在西传的过程中会发生不稳定,可能形成孤立的涡旋。     

Comparison among four kinds of data of sea surface wind stress in the South China Sea

By using remote sensing (ERS) data, FSU data, COADS data and Hellerman & Rosen-stein objective analysis data to analyze the sea surface wind stress in the South China Sea, it is found that the remote sensing data have higher resolution and more reasonable values. Therefore we suggest that remote sensing data be chosen in the study of climatological features of sea surface wind stress and its seasonal variability in the South China Sea, especially in the study of small and middle scale eddies.     

On the accuracy of current measurements by means of HF radar

The accuracy of surface current velocities measured by high-frequency (HF) radar is investigated. Data from the two radar systems of the University of Hamburg, CODAR (Coastal Radar) and WERA (Wellen Radar), are compared with in situ data. In one experiment, CODAR and a near-surface current meter were operated simultaneously over a 19-day period. In addition, WERA was operated for 6 days during that period. In the other experiment, WERA and a bottom-mounted current meter were operated simultaneously over a 35-day period. Both radars use frequencies of about 30 MHz where backscattering is due to ocean waves of 5 m wavelength. The influence of the orbital motion of underlying longer waves on radial velocity errors is investigated. In accordance with theory, the measured standard deviations of HF-measured current velocities depend on the sea state. Depending on the sea state, estimated errors range from 3 to 10 cm·s^-1 and explain only part of the rms difference of 10-20 cm·s^-1 found between HF and in situ current measurements. The rest is assumed to be due the differences of the quantities measured, e.g., the spatial averaging