Site-Specific Modeling of SH and P-SV Waves for Microzonation Study of Kolkata Metropolitan City, India

Kolkata, one of the oldest cities of India, is situated over the thick alluvium of the Bengal Basin, where it lies at the boundary of the zone III and zone IV of the seismic zonation map of India. An example of the study of site effects of the metropolitan Kolkata is presented based on theoretical modeling. Full synthetic strong motion waveforms have been computed using a hybrid method that combines the modal summation and finite difference techniques. The 1964 Calcutta earthquake, which was located at the southern part of Kolkata, is taken as the source region, with the focal mechanism parameters of dip?=?32°, strike?=?232° and rake?=?56°. Four profiles are considered for the computation of the synthetic seismograms from which the maximum ground acceleration (A _MAX) is obtained. Response spectra ratios (RSR) are then computed using a bedrock reference model to estimate local amplifications effects. The A _MAX varies from 0.05 to 0.17?g and the comparison of the A _MAX with the different intensity scales (MM, MSK, RF and MCS) shows that the expected intensity is in the range from VII to X (MCS) for an earthquake of magnitude 6.5 at an epicentral distance of about 100?km. This theoretical result matches with the empirical (historical and recent) intensity observations in Kolkata. The RSR, as a function of frequency, reaches the largest values (largest amplification) in the frequency range from 1.0 to 2.0?Hz. The largest site amplification is observed at the top of loose soil.     

Ground Motion Zoning of Santiago de Cuba: An Approach by SH Waves Modelling

— The expected ground motion in Santiago de Cuba basin from earthquakes which occurred in the Oriente fault zone is studied. Synthetic SH-waves seismograms have been calculated along four profiles in the basin by the hybrid approach (modal summation for the path source-profile and finite differences for the profile) for a maximum frequency of 1 Hz. The response spectra ratio (RSR) has been determined in 49 sites, distributed along all considered profiles with a spacing of 900 m. The corresponding RSR versus frequency curves have been classified using a logical-combinatorial algorithm. The results of the classification, in combination with the uppermost geological setting (geotechnical information and geological geometry of the subsoil) are used for the seismic zoning of the city. Three different main zones are identified, and a small sector characterized by major resonance effects, due to the particular structural conditions. Each zone is characterized in terms of its expected ground motion parameters for the most probable strong earthquake (M_S=7), and for the maximum possible (M_S=8).     

运用谱比法计算福建地区观测台网台站响应

场地动力特性对地震造成的破坏有着重要的影响。因此对场地进行动力特性分析,对于地震的监测预报、地震预警、工程抗震设防、地震勘探等具有十分重要的意义。本文主要结合福建地区现有地震观测台网,利用地脉动记录,采用较为简便的谱比方法（Nakamura方法）对福建地区观测台网中台站响应情况进行计算和分析。     

Complex Site Effects in Thessaloniki (Greece): II. 2D SH Modelling and Engineering Insights

This paper presents results of numerical modelling of site response for Thessaloniki, obtained with two different 2D methods; a finite difference and a finite element method. Ground motion across a 2D model of the subsoil of the city has been simulated for vertically incident SH waves. The predominance of locally generated surface waves is very clear in the synthetic seismograms of a weak event and of stronger ones. These results are then compared with the observations in time domain and frequency domain. The role of the soil formations with high attenuation in the lateral propagation and the effect of the differential motion close to the lateral variations are also pinpointed. The stronger events were finally used to compute strong ground motion in order to reveal and to discuss practical engineering aspects such as peak ground acceleration value, the most familiar indicator in seismic norms, the soil to rock spectral coefficients for the period bandwidth of interest, and the aggravation factor in terms of 2D to 1D response spectra as a useful ruler to account for complex site effects.     

A study of crust and upper mantle structure in Northeastern region of China by means of synthetic seismograms

In this paper, structure models of the crust and upper mantle beneath each station have been obtained by way of fitting synthetic seismograms with P waveforms of deep focus teleseismic records from the 11 stations in the Northeastern Region of China. We have studied the structure in the region based on those models. Our results show that the medium of the crust and upper mantle is a layered structure with alternate high and low velocity layers within about 100 km under the region. The crustal thickness is about 31.8–35.8 km. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 471–479, 1991. This work is one part of the project funded by the State Seismological Bureau of China.     

A comparative study of the design spectra defined by Eurocode 8, UBC, IBC and Turkish Earthquake Code on R/C sample buildings

Earthquake codes have been revised and updated depending on the improvements in the representation of ground motions, soils and structures. These revisions have been more frequently seen in recent years. One of the key changes in earthquake codes has been performed on the design spectra. In this paper, the design spectra recommended by Turkish Earthquake Code and three other well known codes (Uniform Building Code, Eurocode 8, and International Building Code) are considered for comparison. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the differences caused by the use of different codes in the dynamic analysis and seismic verification of given types of buildings located at code defined different sites. The differences in expressions and some important points for elastic and inelastic spectra defined by the codes are briefly illustrated in tables and figures. Periods, base shears, lateral displacements and interstory drifts for the analyzed buildings located at code defined ground type are comparatively presented.     

震源机制和场地条件对近场强震地面运动特性的影响

将欧洲数百条地震动记录按震级、震中距、场地类别及震源机制等条件分类,通过对地震动记录加速度峰值比、加速度峰值衰减规律及反应谱比等内容的统计分析,研究了震源机制、场地类别等因素对竖向地震动的影响。结果表明,震源机制和场地类别这两种因素在近场区对竖向地震动特性有显著的影响。     

利用数字化地震波形资料研究山西中南部地区的非弹性衰减系数、震源参数和场地响应

利用遗传算法反演山西中南部地区14个地震震源谱的低频水平、拐角频率和7个台站的场地响应。结果表明,Q(f)与频率的关系是:Q(f)=299.4f0.563;7个基岩台中岢岚、东山、阳城台在3 Hz~6 Hz附近有6~8倍的放大、离石台在2 Hz~10 Hz有2~3倍的放大。标量地震矩M。与ML震级线性相关较好,震源半径在230 m~508 m之间;拐角频率和地震矩之间的关系表现为拐角频率随地震矩的减小而增大;应力降和地震矩之间存在着应力降随地震矩的增大而增大的关系。     

Evidence of significant forward rupture directivity aggravated by soil response in an Mw6 earthquake and the effects on monuments

While strong directivity effects have been mostly recognized in M_w > 6.5 earthquakes, the paper investigates the case of a strong such effect in a relatively small‐magnitude event on 3 February 2014 in the island of Cephalonia, Greece. The second of two events (both of M_w ≈ 6) produced a pernicious accelerogram in the region's main town, Lixouri. The paper provides evidence from geology, interferometry, and seismology to convince that the motion was the result of constructive interference in front of the direction of rupture of the obliquely‐strike‐slip fault. The nature of the record is explored to demonstrate that its frequency content, its high velocity pulse, and its strong fault‐normal (FN) favorable polarity are associated with directivity. Moreover, the broad spectral acceleration peak (of 1.7 g) of the FN motion, centered at a period (T ≈ 1.4 s) which almost coincides with the period of the velocity pulse, is shown to have also been affected by soil amplification, in quantitative agreement with Bray et al. (2009). Such a directivity‐and‐soil‐affected motion explains much of the profound damage to monuments, slopes, and harbor quaywalls. In particular, toppling (as well as excessive rotation and sliding) of nearly‐all the tombstones in Lixouri cemetery are shown to correlate well with characteristics of the FN component of motion. By contrast, the excellent performance of the building stock — despite the destructive shaking that prevailed — is persuasively attributed to conservatively‐robust construction practices of the past and the high base shear coefficient of the strict latest (2000) seismic code. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用响应比波速比监测预测瀑布沟水库诱发地震

介绍对瀑布沟水库用加卸载响应比和波速比监测预测水库诱发地震的实践过程,通过课题以往的预测和对应其后期实际发生的地震来分析,结果显示:地震频度库水加卸载响应比Yn和Cr值、库水下方地震波速比这两种方法都可以作为监测预测水库诱发地震的新方法。     

Site Response from Ambient Vibrations in the Towns of Lod and Ramle (Israel) and Earthquake Hazard Assessment

Throughout their long history, the towns of Lod and Ramle have been severely affected by strong earthquakes. The last destructive earthquake occurred on July 11, 1927 and caused the destruction of large parts of these cities, reaching a seismic intensity of VIII–IX on the MSK scale. Such a high intensity from a relatively distant earthquake (about 70 km) of magnitude 6.2 is likely to be the result of local site effects of the sedimentary layers that may have significantly enhanced earthquake ground motions. This study is focused on estimating the seismic hazard to Lod and Ramle by implementing a three-step process (1) detailed mapping of the characteristics of the H/V spectral ratios from ambient noise, (2) incorporating geological information and well data to construct subsurface models for different sites within the investigated area and (3) estimating the seismic hazard in terms of uniform hazard site-specific accelerations. The horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios of ambient noise were used to approximate the fundamental resonance frequencies of the subsurface and their associated amplitudes. About 360 sites in Lod and Ramle were instrumented for varying periods. The soil sites exhibits H/V peak amplitudes ranging from 4 to 6 in the frequency range 0.5–2.5 Hz. These data were used to constrain 1-D subsurface models that were developed using geological data and borehole information. H/V spectral ratio observations were checked against theoretical subsurface transfer functions at locations where borehole information is available farther constraint the range of possible V_s velocities of the different layers and thus, by means of trial an error it was possible to conclude a systematic spatial distribution of the V_s velocity and thickness in the substrata that are also consistent with the spatial distribution of the fundamental resonance frequencies of the soft sediments obtained by means of the H/V spectral ratios, and other geological and geophysical information available at different locations in the study area. The evaluated subsurface models are introduced using the SEEH procedure of Shapira and van~Eck [(1993) Natural Hazards 8, 201–205] to assess Uniform Hazard Site-Specific Acceleration Spectra for different zones within the towns of Lod and Ramle. These evaluations are very important for realistic assessment of the vulnerabilities of all types of existing and newly designed structures and for urban and land use planning.     

青藏块体东北缘平均波速比的测定及研究

利用兰州数字地震遥测台网观测报告,采用和达法计算出2001年1月-2007年6月发生在青藏块体东北缘2 953次地震的波速比值.将青藏块体东北缘按1°×1°、0.2°×0.2°分成小区,求出每个小区域内的平均波速比值.分析得出如下结论:(1)青藏块体东北缘平均波速比值在空间分布上有一定差异,甘东南(N34°以南)波速比值最高,祁连山地震带和西秦岭北缘断裂附近次之,甘肃中部最低;(2)青藏块体东北缘矿震分布区域和1°×1°的低波速比值区域一致,地震波速比值是判定矿震的可能依据之一;(3)地震波速比值随震级的增大而增大.所得的平均波速比值为研究青藏块体东北缘波速比值随时间变化有一定参考价值.     

自相关法单频干扰识别与消除方法

常规单频干扰压制方法需要估算频率、振幅和相位,由于频率和相位与单频干扰呈非线性函数关系,因此任何参数估算方法都会非常费时,且计算效率低下. 本文提出的自相关法单频干扰识别与消除方法,利用地震数据自相关函数计算单频干扰自相关函数,采用余弦函数自适应减算法快速估算单频干扰. 本方法不需要估算单频干扰的频率、相位和振幅参数,因此可以高效快速地估算出单频干扰并予以消除. 本方法最突出优点是能够快速有效地消除单频干扰,且不伤害干扰附近的有效信号,提高了单频干扰频率分量附近数据的信噪比. 合成数据和实际数据试算结果表明该方法是有效和可行的.     

Site effects of the 2002 Molise earthquake, Italy: analysis of strong motion, ambient noise, and synthetic data from 2D modelling in San Giuliano di Puglia

On 31 October and 1 November 2002, the Basso Molise area (Southern Italy) was struck by two earthquakes of moderate magnitude (M _L = 5.4 and 5.3). The epicentral area showed a high level of damage, attributable both to the high vulnerability of existing buildings and to site effects caused by the geological and geomorphological settings. Specifically, the intensity inside the town of San Giuliano di Puglia was two degrees higher than in neighbouring towns. Also, within San Giuliano di Puglia, the damage varied notably. The site response in the city was initially evaluated from horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (HVSR) from a limited number of strong motion recordings of the most severe aftershocks. Several microtremor measurements were also available. Both data sets indicated the simultaneous presence of two amplification peaks: one around 6 Hz, attributed in previous studies to the strong, shallow impedance contrast among landfill/clay and calcarenites, and one at 2 Hz related to the first S-wave arrivals and predominantly seen only on one receiver component. Further studies performed on weak-motion recordings also showed strong amplification on the vertical receiver component, thus indicating an underestimation of the amplification by the HVSR technique. Additionally, a 2D-model of the geology of the sub-surface was developed, reproducing the flower-shaped structure generated during the late orogenic transpressive regime. The numerical (finite-difference hybrid) simulation reproduced the two peaks of the observed data at slightly higher frequencies. The model also confirmed that the borders of the flower structure define a boundary between amplification levels, with higher amplification inside.     

故宫雨花阁动力特性及地震响应分析

为研究古建筑木结构的动力特性以及抗震性能,获取建筑自身以及内部文物保护的参考依据,以故宫雨花阁为分析对象,进行环境微振动测试,并利用软件SAP2000建立结构有限元模型。经现场测试以及模态分析,得到了雨花阁的主要频率和振型;并通过输入不同地震波（加速度峰值0.4g）,获得了典型节点的地震响应曲线和各层动力放大系数。结果表明:雨花阁的一阶和二阶频率为1.34Hz和1.44Hz,振动形式为两个水平方向平动,与场地的卓越周期1.5Hz较为接近;在8度罕遇地震作用下,结构产生的地震响应较剧烈;顶层南北向的动力放大系数平均可达到2.7,因此内部文物须采取更高标准的加固措施。     

Comparing response of SDF systems to near‐fault and far‐fault earthquake motions in the context of spectral regions

In spite of important differences in structural response to near‐fault and far‐fault ground motions, this paper aims at extending well‐known concepts and results, based on elastic and inelastic response spectra for far‐fault motions, to near‐fault motions. Compared are certain aspects of the response of elastic and inelastic SDF systems to the two types of motions in the context of the acceleration‐, velocity‐, and displacement‐sensitive regions of the response spectrum, leading to the following conclusions. (1) The velocity‐sensitive region for near‐fault motions is much narrower, and the acceleration‐sensitive and displacement‐sensitive regions are much wider, compared to far‐fault motions; the narrower velocity‐sensitive region is shifted to longer periods. (2) Although, for the same ductility factor, near‐fault ground motions impose a larger strength demand than far‐fault motions—both demands expressed as a fraction of their respective elastic demands—the strength reduction factors R_y for the two types of motions are similar over corresponding spectral regions. (3) Similarly, the ratio u_m/u₀ of deformations of inelastic and elastic systems are similar for the two types of motions over corresponding spectral regions. (4) Design equations for R_y (and for u_m/u₀) should explicitly recognize spectral regions so that the same equations apply to various classes of ground motions as long as the appropriate values of T_a, T_b and T_c are used. (5) The Veletsos–Newmark design equations with T_a=0.04 s, T_b=0.35 s, and T_c=0.79 s are equally valid for the fault‐normal component of near‐fault ground motions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

藏东南及周边地区地震活动特征研究

藏东南及周边地区是印度板块与欧亚板块动力碰撞的影响区, 该区历史地震活动强烈, 曾发生过1950年墨脱—察隅8.6级和1951年当雄8.0级地震。 本文首先介绍藏东南及周边地区的地质构造背景, 其次通过考察该地区强震活动情况和活动地块边界带相关段落的加卸载响应比(LURR)时序特征, 分析了研究区的强震活动状态。 从历史地震活动看, 安达曼弧地区与喜马拉雅东构造结地区强震活动存在一定的动力关联, 当前研究区域的周边动力环境表现为安达曼弧地区地震活动强烈和东构造结地区的持续平静。 从地震活动图像看, 1980年以来6级以上地震在藏东南及周边地区已经形成空区, 表现类似于1950年墨脱—察隅地震前的空间分布特征。 从活动地块边界带相关段落LURR时序特征看, 喜马拉雅带东段现处于高应力状态, 其次为澜沧江带与三江带。     

Discussion of ‘Modelling viscous damping in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings for earthquake excitation’ by Anil K. Chopra and Frank McKenna

This discussion deals with recommendations in the paper on appropriate damping formulations for use in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings. Concern over potentially excessive damping forces and moments should extend beyond the damping moments produced by the stiffness proportional part of Rayleigh damping that corresponds to rotational springs used to explicitly model plastic hinges. The key to an appropriate damping formulation for nonlinear analysis is a realistic mechanism that allows all damping forces and moments to be meaningfully assessed. Then features can be added to keep these forces and moments within reasonable bounds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

甘肃及邻近地区中强地震前弱震空区的时空参数研究

用R-T图方法研究了甘肃及邻近地区发生的19次中强地震前震源及附近地区出现空区的现象以及空区的时空参数.结果表明其中16次震前都出现了明显的空区.根据空区时空参数拟合出了空区的最大空间尺度和持续时间与主震震级的关系,为研究"区域-时间-长度"算法(RTL算法)对甘肃及邻近地区中强地震前的地震活动异常特征(平静和活跃)提供了依据.