牙鲆网箱养殖试验

牙鲆的养殖在日本已有成功的经验。１９７８～１９８０年，日本曾大力发展海上牙鲆网箱养殖。虽然后来因夏季高温以及擦伤造成死亡较多，发展受到一些限制。但因它仍有有利的方面，在条件适宜的海域仍是值得使用的一种养殖方式。牙鲆是适合于我国北方海域养殖的种类，为弄清楚山东省沿海地区发展牙鲆网箱养殖的可行性和经济效益，我们在荣成市寻山艾伦湾进行了网箱养殖试验。由于国内市场没有牙鲆鱼种供应，在自然海域也捕不到足够数量鱼种供养成使用，我们的养殖试验从育苗开始，２ａ内完成一个养殖周期，实际养殖时间为１７个月。早期育苗…     

影响牙鲆幼鱼摄食的环境因素实验研究

在不同环境条件下，观察体长３￣６ｃｍ，体重０．２３￣２．７５ｇ牙鲆幼鱼的摄食情况，摄食率最高时环境条件为最适。     

牙鲆染色体组型的研究

牙鲆Ｐａｒａｌｉｃｈｔｈｙｓｏｌｉｖａｃｅｕｓ（ＴｅｍｍｉｎｃｋｅｔＳｃｈｌｅｇｅｌ）属蝶形目（Ｐｌｅｕｒｏｎｅｃｔｉｆｏｒｍｅｓ）、牙鲆科（Ｐａｒａｌｉｃｈｔｈｙｉｄａｅ）。牙鲆为近海温水性底层鱼类，在我国沿海分布很广，具有很高的经济价值。有关牙鲆的核型研究在国内尚未见报道。弄清这种鱼类的核型，对于了解其细胞遗传学特征、研究其种群遗传学以及牙鲆在分类和系统演化中的地位有着重要意义。１材料与方法实验材料采用青岛近海垂钓获得的活鱼７尾（雌３尾、雄４尾）。染色体制备采用ＰＨＡ体内注射法［１］。于活鱼…     

青蛤(Cylina Sinensis(Gmelin))生长的初步研究

为了发展青蛤增养殖业，作者曾于１９８８年在启东盐场取得了土池育苗实验成功，现在已初步形成了育苗、放养养殖的生产模式，同时又在青蛤生长方面进行了下列研究。１青蛤的生长１．１壳长和壳高的关系据作者实验，青蛤从稚贝期到壳长为３ｃｍ左右的成贝期，生长比较快。不到４ｃｍ成贝的壳长一般略大于或者等于壳高，当壳长超过４ｃｍ时，壳高一般略大于壳长。１．２壳长与体重的关系青蛤壳长与体重关系见图１，从图可以看出，青蛤壳长与体重的回归曲线为幂函数类型，符合指数增长形式，通式可用Ｗ＝ａＬｎ来表示。图１为壳长０．０４～６…     

中国对虾生物能量学研究 Ⅱ.温度和体重对能量收支的影响

于１９９６年５月～９月,以日本刺沙蚕（Ｎｅａｎｔｈｅｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）为饵料,测定３种规格（０．２７１±０．０４１ｇ;３．５０９±０．３０１ｇ;１１．０６２±１．０２７ｇ）池塘养殖中国对虾在２０℃、２５℃和３０℃水温下的能量收支。实验结果表明,温度和体重对摄食能有显著影响,不同规格中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）对摄食能的分配比例无显著差异,温度是影响能量分配的主要因素。在３个温度下生长能、排粪能、排泄能、蜕壳能和呼吸耗能的平均能量分配比例分别为：２９．０１％,４．５１％,４．１７％,８．０５％,５５．１６％,２５．３２％,２．７２％,８．７２％,３．５０％,５９．８５％和１５．５２％,２．３１％,９．５２％,２．９６％,６８．７１％。随温度升高呼吸耗能比例增大,生长能的比例减小源于呼吸能的增加。     

牙鲆升温育苗及其苦干问题初探

牙鲆（Ｐａｒａｌｉｃｈｔｈｙｓ　ｏｌｉｖａｃｅｕｓ）的常温育苗已有过一些报道［１～３］。为了提高牙鲆苗种规格，增强苗种度夏能力，缩短养殖周期，１９９５年我们在荣成市马山渔业公司育苗场进行了牙鲆升温育苗生产。截至７月６日巳育出全长５～１０ｃｍ大规格牙鲆亩种３０００００尾，至自然水温达到最高值的８月下旬，部分鱼种全长已达１５ｃｍ以上，大大增强了苗种度更能力，提高了苗种度夏成活率。１亲鱼培育及产卵１．１亲鱼培育１９９６年第５期于１９９４年１１月份购入海上捕捞的牙鲆亲鱼３３尾，全长范围４０～７５ｃｍ，体…     

日本盘鲍(Haliotis discus)已在福建落户其产品正陆续出口

福建省自然海区仅有杂色鲍分布，以东山县略多，其北至连江县海区少见。福州市水产科研所科技人员，先后于１９８６年１２月从日本长崎引进盘鲍（日俗称黑鲍）；１９９０年５月从大连引进皱纹盘鲍；１９９１年１１月从台湾引进九孔鲍；再以本地的杂色鲍，在福州海区同时进行了４种鲍的生长、养殖与人工育苗试验。结果表明：（１）当地的杂色鲍生长极为缓慢，经３ａ喂养平均体长仅为３．１ｃｍ，体重才２．９ｇ。因而不宜作为养殖对象。（２）台湾的九孔鲍在福州市夏季生长很快，其他季节很少生长或完全停止，需２ａ才达到５ｃｍ以上的商品鲍…     

牙鲆鱼耗氧率、氮排泄率与体重及温度的关系

对个体重２．５～３４．５ｇ的牙鲆幼鱼在不同水温（１２、１７、２２、２７℃）下的耗氧率和氮排泄率进行了测试和分析。结果表明，牙鲆幼鱼的耗氧率和氮排泄率均随体重的增加而增加，其差异均达到极显著水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）；牙鲆幼鱼的耗氧率随水温上升而增加，但仅２７℃组与其他３个温度梯度组分别比较，出现差异极其显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），后３个温度梯度组之间的差异则不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）；牙鲆幼鱼的氮排泄率也随温度的提高而增加，其差异亦达到极显著水平（Ｐ＜０．０１）。作者认为，在牙鲆养殖生产过程中，养殖水体溶解氧应维持在３ｍｇ／Ｌ以上，养殖水温以不超过２７℃为宜。     

海水盐度对牙鲆仔稚鱼的生长、存活率及白化率的影响

１９９３年１１月２０日自鹿儿岛养殖业购得自然产卵获得的牙鲆受精卵，经空运、陆驼至福冈的九州大学附属水产试验所，仔鱼翌日孵出，３ｄ后开口。以此材料观察研究试验室条件下不同海水盐度对牙鲆仔稚鱼的生长，存活率及白化率的影响。试验分４组，盐度分别为：１组（自然海水对照组），３０．５－３１．８；２组，２６．０：３组，２１．０；４组，１６．０。每组设２个重复，使用１００１透明玻璃钢水槽，每槽放２０００尾刚开口     

福建沿海牙鲆池塘养殖试验

牙鲆 (ＰａｒａｌｉｃｈｔｈｙｓｏｌｉｖａｃｅｕｓＴ．&Ｓ．)属鲽形目 ,鲆科 ,牙鲆属。南方俗称左口鱼、皇帝鱼、比目鱼 ,其肉质鲜美 ,营养丰富 ,为大型名贵海产鱼类 ,经济价值很高 ,是我国主要养殖品种之一。近几年牙鲆养殖在福建方兴未艾 ,但还存在许多问题 ,如夏季水温过高难以度夏 ,而利用地下水进行工厂化养殖投资大、成本高 ,经济效益不理想。因此 ,作者于１９９８年利用深水沙质底池塘进行牙鲆养殖试验 ,成功解决度夏问题 ,取得了满意结果。１材料与方法１．１池塘条件选择福建省莆田县南日岛垦区内池塘一个 ,面积６．７ｈａ ,南北…     

雌核发育银鲫两个不同品系线粒体DNA比较

于１９９６年４月在中国科学院水生生物研究所关桥实验场取得银鲫Ｅ系（８♀,２♂）和Ｄ系（９♀,１♂）的卵巢（♀）或肝脏（♂）组织,分离纯化其线粒体ＤＮＡ,以此为材料,用２５种限制性内切酶分析了银鲫这两个雌核发育系的线粒体ＤＮＡ,构建了两系鱼ｍｔＤＮＡ的１９种酶个位点的酶切图谱。统计比较酶切片段的大小,发现５种内切酶（ＡｖａＩＩ,ＢａｍＨＩ,ＢｇｌＩ,ＳｐｈＩ,ＸｂａＩ）酶切位点在两个雌核发育系间存在     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

On the Influence of Sea Surface Height Variability on Satellite Altimeter Derived Gravity

The effect of sea surface height (SSH) variability is one of the primary factors that limit the accuracy and resolution of altimeter-derived gravity values. We propose a method to estimate the influence of variation of the sea surface height on the accuracy of satellite-derived gravity by simulation technique, with a case study around Indonesian waters. Wederived an Indonesian marine gravity map using the Geosat-geodetic mission (GM). Since most of the area studied is located around coastal and shallow areas, the measurement of SSH of this area is less accurate. To obtain a distribution of SSH variability over the study area, Topex/Poseidon (T/P) data were first processed and assessed. Processing 52 cycles of the Topex/Poseidon data, the root mean square (RMS) of SSH variability for each cycle was found to vary from 1 to 179 cm. Further, for the purpose of estimating the accuracy of altimeter-derived gravity, we derived several levels of Gaussian noise, computed simulation data by adding the Gaussian noise to Geosat data, and determined simulated gravity maps. Based on the distribution of RMS values from T/P data and standard deviation (STD) differences between the simulated and the original gravity maps, we estimated the accuracy of the gravity map. Around Indonesian waters, the accuracy of the gravity map influenced by SSH variation was estimated to be within the range 0.8~93 mgal.     

中国热带6种海参骨片的种类和形态研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对我国6种热带海参(蛇目白尼参、玉足海参、花刺参、梅花参、子安辐肛参和巨梅花参)背脊部骨片的组成和结构进行了观察。结果表明,蛇目白尼参骨片有3种类型的花纹样体和1种杆状体;玉足海参骨片有2种类型的桌形体和1种扣形体;花刺参骨片有2种类型的桌形体、1种C形体和1种花纹样体;梅花参骨片有4种类型的杆状体;子安辐肛参骨片有1种花纹样体;巨梅花参骨片有1种杆状体、1种拟桌形体和1种颗粒体。结果显示,与之前学者光镜下观察的结果存在差异,玉足海参桌形体底盘中央是单孔而非4孔;花刺参桌形体立柱之间没有横梁连接。并发现了新的骨片类型:蛇目白尼参Ⅲ型花纹样体和杆状体;玉足海参顶部周缘小孔桌形体;花刺参顶部5簇小齿桌形体;梅花参Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型杆状体。     

The role of syntectonic sedimentation in the evolution of doubly vergent thrust wedges and foreland folds

This paper shows the evolution of time-constrained two-dimensional scaled analogue models of doubly vergent thrust systems in the presence of syntectonic sedimentation. Two sets of experiments were considered: (1) the addition of a syntectonic layer composed of a polymer and overlying sand in the prowedge; and (2) the addition to the previous condition of a progradational sedimentary load. Results from the first set of experiments indicate that the foreland fold-and-thrust belt has a strong relationship with the competence of the syntectonic layers. When the competence is low, the deformation produces tight asymmetric detachment-folds. As the competence increases, the fold-and-thrust belt shows break-trough folds with longer and better defined foreland-vergence. Results from the second set of experiments indicate that structural vergence is determined by the sense of progradation of the syntectonic layers, and in the case of strong aggradation at the prowedge, extension and reactive diapirism form contemporaneously with the contraction. Three end-members are proposed for mountain front thrust systems formed in the presence of syntectonic polymer and sand sedimentation: (1) outcropping fold-and-thrust belt sequence, in the case of no syntectonic sedimentation; (2) long displacement blind-thrust sheets, in the case of under-filled basins and (3) short displacement blind-thrust sheets, in the case of over-filled basins. All results indicate that ductile units at the base of syntectonic layers increase the displacement of the underlying frontal thrusts at the prowedge, and reduce the critical taper. Results also indicate that at very high sedimentary rates and hyper-critical taper conditions the prowedge collapses. Conclusions drawn from this research may be applied as an analogue to foreland evolution and to evaluate hydrocarbon generation, migration, and entrapment in thrust belts in areas where seismic imaging is generally poor.     

Numerical Simulation of Extreme Sea Levels Using Location Specific High Resolution Model for Gujarat Coast of India

Although the frequency of tropical cyclones is less in the Arabian sea compared to that of the Bay of Bengal, there are several severe tropical cyclones which caused extensive damage along the Gujarat coast. In view of the high tidal range in the funnel-shaped gulfs of the Khambhat and the Kachch, it is very useful to study the surge response in these regions. There is always a possibility of abnormal rise of sea level when the occurrence of surge coincides with high tide, which may eventually cause inundation of vast stretches of shallow coastal areas. In view of this, a location specific fine resolution model is developed for the Gujarat coast. The east-west and north-south grid distances for the model are 5.1 km and 5.2 km, respectively. Several numerical experiments are carried out to compute the extreme sea levels using the wind stress forcings representative of 1982, 1996, and 1998 cyclones, which crossed this region. The model-computed extreme sea levels are in good agreement with the available observations.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.