水饱和孔隙介质中平面震电波电磁特性的定量模拟

震电效应在地球物理测井和勘探领域拥有十分广阔的前景.为了研究孔隙介质中的震电效应,本文基于毛管模型中渗流场和电流场耦合理论,利用Pride震电理论对震电耦合波传播特性进行了定量模拟;对震电横波、震电快纵波、震电慢纵波的传播速度、衰减常数、电场强度、电流密度以及电荷密度进行了比较,定量分析了其随孔隙度、离子浓度、阳离子交换量的变化规律.分析结果表明:随着频率增大,三种震电耦合波波速、衰减常数以及电流密度与固相速度比值的模值增大,震电横波电场强度与固相速度比值的模值减小,震电快纵波、慢纵波电场模值增大.当频率相同时,震电快纵波波速最大、衰减常数最小,震电慢纵波波速最慢、衰减常数最大,震电横波的波速和衰减常数大小居于快、慢纵波之间;频率不变时,震电慢纵波电场强度与固相速度比值的模值最大,快纵波次之,横波最小;中低频时,震电横波电流密度与固相速度比值的模值略大于慢纵波;高频时,震电慢纵波略大于横波,快纵波一直最小.溶液浓度和阳离子交换量对三种震电波的波速和衰减常数影响很小;溶液浓度越大或阳离子交换量越小,三种震电波电场强度、电流密度与固相速度比值的模值越小,震电快纵波和慢纵波电荷密度与固相速度比值的模值也越小,但是相位几乎都不变.     

双相各向异性介质中弹性波传播特征研究

随着地震工程和能源地震勘探的深入发展,人们所遇到的地下介质愈来愈复杂．常规的各向异性介质理论或双相各向同性介质理论难以精确描述含流体的各向异性介质,如裂缝性气藏、含水页岩等．本文以Biot双相各向异性介质理论为基础,利用弹性平面波方程,推导出了任意双相各向异性介质中弹性波的Christoffel方程．根据Christoffel方程,计算并分析了频率对双相横向各向同性介质中弹性波的相速度、衰减、双相振幅比和偏振特征的影响．结果表明,在4类波(快纵波、慢纵波、快横波和慢横波)中,频率对慢纵波影响最大;当耗散很大时,快纵波、快横波和慢横波的流固相振幅比值近似为1．对偏振特征分析的结果表明,在双相各向异性介质中,弹性波的固相位移偏振方向与流相位移偏振方向将不再保持同向或反向,而是呈不同大小的夹角．      

含黏滞流体各向异性孔隙介质中弹性波的频散和衰减

基于Biot理论,考虑液相的黏弹性变形和固液相接触面上的相对扭转,提出了含黏滞流体VTI孔隙介质模型.从理论上推导出,在该模型中除存在快P波、慢P波、SV波、SH波以外,还将存在两种新横波－慢SV波和慢SH波.数值模拟分析了6种弹性波的相速度、衰减、液固相振幅比随孔隙度、频率的变化规律以及快P波、快SV波的衰减随流体性质、渗透率、入射角的变化规律.结果表明慢SV波和慢SH波主要在液相中传播,高频高孔隙度时,速度较高;大角度入射时,快P波衰减表现出明显的各向异性,而快SV波的衰减则基本不变;储层纵向和横向渗透率存在差异时,快SV波衰减大的方向渗透率高.     

Acoustic wave dispersion and attenuation in marine sediment based on partially gas-saturated Biot-Stoil model

利用含气非饱和Biot-Stoll模型研究了声波在海底表层沉积物介质中的传播,讨论了骨架耗散、含气饱和度对快纵波、慢纵波和横波速度和衰减的影响,并与Biot模型的结果进行了对比.研究结果表明:孔隙流体黏滞耗散与骨架耗散共同影响声波传播速度和衰减,低频情况下骨架耗散引起的衰减占主要地位,高频情况下骨架耗散引起的衰减较小;少量气体(＜1％)的引入显著改变了快纵波速度,气体含量的变化对快纵波衰减影响很大,低频情况下气体对慢纵波速度的影响不大,而对横波速度的影响较大,气体含量的变化对慢纵波和横波衰减影响较小.利用超声波测量系统测量了一例杭州湾海底沉积物样品的纵波速度和衰减,当含气量趋近0％时,Biot-Stoll模型预测的纵波速度和实验测量结果较为一致.     

气枪激发信号传播的谱元法数值模拟研究

为了研究气枪激发信号的波场,本文利用谱元法对双相介质中波的传播做了数值模拟,分析了波的传播特征.本文主要做了以下工作:(1)研究了使用谱元法(SEM)模拟孔隙弹性介质中波的传播,模拟结果表明,采用谱元法能有效解决双相介质的波场传播模拟问题.(2)验证了Biot理论中慢纵波的存在.双相介质中存在明显的慢纵波,流相波场的慢纵波比固相波场的明显,慢纵波具有很强的散射性质.(3)研究了地震波在孔隙度变化的沉积层中传播规律,验证了孔隙度对于相速度的影响.(4)针对有限的水库底部情况,研究了起伏界面对波传播的影响.     

基于非饱和Biot-Stoll模型的海底沉积物介质声频散特性研究

利用含气非饱和Biot-Stoll模型研究了声波在海底表层沉积物介质中的传播,讨论了骨架耗散、含气饱和度对快纵波、慢纵波和横波速度和衰减的影响,并与Biot模型的结果进行了对比.研究结果表明:孔隙流体黏滞耗散与骨架耗散共同影响声波传播速度和衰减,低频情况下骨架耗散引起的衰减占主要地位,高频情况下骨架耗散引起的衰减较小;少量气体(<1%)的引入显著改变了快纵波速度,气体含量的变化对快纵波衰减影响很大,低频情况下气体对慢纵波速度的影响不大,而对横波速度的影响较大,气体含量的变化对慢纵波和横波衰减影响较小.利用超声波测量系统测量了一例杭州湾海底沉积物样品的纵波速度和衰减,当含气量趋近0%时,Biot-Stoll模型预测的纵波速度和实验测量结果较为一致.     

油水两相饱和储层中平面震电波场响应特性

现有的孔隙介质震电理论缺乏针对含油储层震电耦合的数学模型及定量模拟,制约了该方法在含油储层中的推广应用.本文将非饱和孔隙介质中弹性波动理论与含油储层中动电耦合理论及麦克斯韦电磁理论相结合,建立了描述油水两相饱和储层中震电耦合波的数学方法,定量模拟了含油储层中平面震电波场响应特性,并探讨了储层参数对震电波场响应的影响.研究结果表明:油水两相饱和储层中震电耦合产生四种震电耦合波,震电横波、震电纵波P1、P2和P3波;震电波场响应具有频散特性,频率增大,震电纵波P2和P3波传播速度显著增大,震电波衰减常数均增大;相同频率下,震电纵波P2波电场强度及电流密度与固相速度比值的模值相比其它三种震电波的均较大,说明其激发电场和电流能力较强;震电波场响应受到宏观储渗参数的影响,储层孔隙度增大,震电波的传播速度均减小,三种震电纵波的衰减常数均增大,且震电横波和震电纵波P1波的电场强度与固相速度比值的模值均增大,震电纵波P2和P3波的均减小;储层渗透率增大,震电波的传播速度均增大,震电横波的衰减常数、电场强度与固相速度比值的模值亦增大,而三种震电纵波的则相反;含水饱和度增大,震电横波、震电纵波P1(低频时)和P2波的传播速度均减小,衰减常数、电场强度及电流密度与固相速度比值的模值均增大,震电纵波P3波的则相反;震电波响应电场强度及电流密度与固相速度比值的相位在高频时出现频散现象,同样受到储层参数的影响.     

裂隙张开度对地震波特性影响的模型研究

基于Hudson裂隙理论中等效裂隙模型假设,在均匀介质中嵌入定向排列的薄圆片充填物可构成裂隙介质模型.通过改变充填物薄片的厚度,模拟裂隙的张开度,观测其对纵横波传播的影响.在实验室内用环氧树脂作裂隙模型的基质材料,含硅橡胶的混合低速材料做裂隙充填物.当每个模型中裂隙的直径和个数相等时,仅改变裂隙的厚度,形成了一组相同裂隙密度的裂隙模型.采用超声波脉冲透射法获得了平行和垂直裂隙方向纵横波传播的时间和波形记录.实验表明,在相同裂隙密度条件下,裂隙张开度的变化对纵横波的速度和振幅都有影响,其中纵波振幅的变化比速度变化大得多.横波速度的变化主要反映在慢横波上,振幅的变化快横波比慢横波大.这些特征对地震资料的处理和解释有一定的指导意义.     

热弹性介质中波传播特征

深层-超深层油气地震勘探涉及高温介质地震波传播问题,热弹介质参数对地震波传播有重要影响.含弛豫时间修正项的Lord-Shulman双曲型耦合热弹波动方程从理论上预测了热弹性介质中存在快纵波、慢纵波(一种准静态慢纵波,简称热波)和横波的传播,两个纵波为热耗散衰减波而横波不受介质热特性的影响.本文结合平面波频散分析和格林函...     

双相各向异性介质中弹性波传播伪谱法数值模拟研究

当地下介质存在各向异性时,在观测坐标系下的弹性参数与自然坐标系下的弹性参数不一定相同．首先,根据势能密度和耗散能密度与坐标轴无关的原理,推导出了双相各向异性介质中观测坐标系下弹性参数与自然坐标系下弹性参数之间的关系;然后,从任意双相各向异性中弹性波波动方程出发,得出了该方程的伪谱法数值解法;最后,通过数值模拟,观测到了存在于双相各向异性介质中的４类波,即快纵波、慢纵波、快横波和慢横波．在双相各向异性介质中,ＳＶ波传播的波前面上仍然存在波面尖角,这些尖角在界面上要发生反射和透射．另外,数值模拟结果中可见转换慢纵波和慢纵波的转换波．      

Elastic reverse-time migration based on amplitude-preserving P- and S-wave separation

Imaging the PP- and PS-wave for the elastic vector wave reverse-time migration requires separating the P- and S-waves during the wave field extrapolation. The amplitude and phase of the P- and S-waves are distorted when divergence and curl operators are used to separate the P- and S-waves. We present a P- and S-wave amplitude-preserving separation algorithm for the elastic wavefield extrapolation. First, we add the P-wave pressure and P-wave vibration velocity equation to the conventional elastic wave equation to decompose the P- and S-wave vectors. Then, we synthesize the scalar P- and S-wave from the vector Pand S-wave to obtain the scalar P- and S-wave. The amplitude-preserved separated P- and S-waves are imaged based on the vector wave reverse-time migration (RTM). This method ensures that the amplitude and phase of the separated P- and S-wave remain unchanged compared with the divergence and curl operators. In addition, after decomposition, the P-wave pressure and vibration velocity can be used to suppress the interlayer reflection noise and to correct the S-wave polarity. This improves the image quality of P- and S-wave in multicomponent seismic data and the true-amplitude elastic reverse time migration used in prestack inversion.     

区域地震信号自动识别方法及应用(英文)

地震信号的实时、自动、准确识别对于地震自动速报和地震预警十分重要。仿真信号试验分析表明,观测数据的四阶统计量函数(BKCF)对信号与噪声在能量和(或)频率方面的微弱差异变化具有较高的分辨能力。以此为基础,本文提出了一种新的自动探测区域地震事件的方法和测定直达波震相到时的BKCF-AIC方法。为了进一步提高波震相到时测定的精度,本文首先对指定时段的P-波记录进行偏振特性分析,其次对含有P波的S波记录进行偏振滤波处理,再次应用上述方法测定震相到时。与传统算法相比,基于山东测震台网记录的区域地震震例分析结果表明,使用本文提出的方法能够大幅度降低地震事件误检、漏检率,进一步提高了震相识别精度。     

土坝体隐患弹性波探测中的横波优势

用于土坝体隐患探测中的弹性波波媒主要包括纵波、横波、表面波等等,由于组成土坝体不同介质结构特有的弹性波波速特性,选择横波作为弹性波勘探的波媒具有比纵波优越的地球物理前提条件,而且通常具有能量强、分辨率高、波成分相对简单、易于对比分辨(极性特征)等特点;当然,横波具有主频频率低、激发效率低等不利特征.但综合来看,在土坝体隐患探测中,选择弹性波勘探方法,还是以横波作为波媒具有明显优势.     

Analytical study of the reflection and transmission coefficient of the submarine interface

The analytical study of the reflection and transmission coefficient of the seafloor interface is essential for the characterization of the ocean bottom in marine seismic exploration. Based on the boundary conditions of the seafloor interface, the analytical expression of the reflection and transmission coefficient at the submarine interface is derived in this study by using the steady-state wave solution of the elastic wave in a homogeneous, isotropic medium. With this analytical expression, the characteristics of the reflection and transmission coefficient at the submarine interface are analysed and discussed using critical angles. The results show that the change in the reflection and transmission coefficient with the incidence angle presents a “segmented” characteristic, in which the critical angle is the dividing point. The amplitude value and phase angle of the coefficient at the submarine interface change dramatically at the critical angle, which is related to the P- and S-wave velocities in the seabed layer. Compared with the stiff seabed, the soft seabed has a larger P-wave critical angle and an absence of the converted S-wave critical angle, owing to the low P- and S-wave velocities in the solid seabed layer. By analysing and discussing the special changes that occur in the coefficient values at the critical angle, the reflection and transmission characteristics of the different incident angles are obtained. Synthetic models of both stiff and soft seafloors are provided in this study to verify the analytical results. Finally, we compared our synthetic results with real data from the Gulf of Mexico, which enabled the validation of our conclusions.     

基于气体包裹体模型的低孔低渗储层声波速度研究

随着石油勘探工业的持续发展和技术水平的日益提高,低孔低渗油气藏已成为我国油气勘探开发的重要领域之一,但是该类油气藏的储层岩石物理关系复杂,对其评价也相对较难。本文针对中深层气藏低孔低渗储层评价存在的困难,采用修正的White气体包裹体模型开展岩石物理研究。首先对气体包裹体模型进行分析,得到纵横波速度的计算公式,进而理论计算并分析纵横波速度与孔隙度、饱和度、压力及温度参数的变化关系,最后结合岩心实验对理论计算结果进行了验证。研究结果表明基于气体包裹体模型的理论计算结果与实测数据吻合较好,可以较好地为低孔低渗复杂储层声波速度测量及解释提供技术支持。     

A physical model for shear-wave velocity prediction1

The clay-sand mixture model of Xu and White is shown to simulate observed relationships between S-wave velocity (or transit time), porosity and clay content. In general, neither S-wave velocity nor S-wave transit time is a linear function of porosity and clay content. For practical purposes, clay content is approximated by shale volume in well-log applications. In principle, the model can predict S-wave velocity from lithology and any pair of P-wave velocity, porosity and shale volume. Although the predictions should be the same if all measurements are error free, comparison of predictions with laboratory and logging measurements show that predictions using P-wave velocity are the most reliable. The robust relationship between S- and P-wave velocities is due to the fact that both are similarly affected by porosity, clay content and lithology. Moreover, errors in the measured P-wave velocity are normally smaller than those in porosity and shale volume, both of which are subject to errors introduced by imperfect models and imperfect parameters when estimated from logs. Because the model evaluates the bulk and shear moduli of the dry rock frame by a combination of Kuster and Toksöz’ theory and differential effective medium theory, using pore aspect ratios to characterize the compliances of the sand and clay components, the relationship between P- and S-wave velocities is explicit and consistent. Consequently the model sidesteps problems and assumptions that arise from the lack of knowledge of these moduli when applying Gassmann's theory to this relationship, making it a very flexible tool for investigating how the v_P-v_s relationship is affected by lithology, porosity, clay content and water saturation. Numerical results from the model are confirmed by laboratory and logging data and demonstrate, for example, how the presence of gas has a more pronounced effect on P-wave velocity in shaly sands than in less compliant cleaner sandstones.     

地震各向异性流体检测技术在胜利油田垦71井区的应用(英文)

根据Chapman理论模型,在各向异性介质(如HTI介质)中,当入射角在0-45。范围内,慢横波会发生较大的衰减和频散,且对流体粘度敏感,而P波和快横波则比较小。对于沿裂隙法向传播的慢横波,其振幅受流体影响很大。因此,在P波响应对流体不敏感的情况下,可利用慢横波来获得裂隙型油气藏的流体信息。本文分析了胜利油田垦71地区三维三分量地震数据,检测出的慢横波振幅和旅行时异常与该区的测井资料十分吻合。分析结果还发现,与含油区相比,含水区会产生更高的横波分裂。在含水区,慢横波振幅会产生明显变化,而在含油区则几乎没有变化。     

基于纵横波分离FCT弹性波正演频散压制

有限差分方法被广泛应用于地震波数值模拟和传播.传统有限差分法采用Taylor级数展开实现空间偏导数的差分, 但该方法会因为网格离散化而产生数值频散, 降低地震波模拟的精度.优化差分系数正演方法能在一定程度上压制部分频散, 然而纵、横波速度取值差异较大, 在弹性波有限差分正演模拟中, 在满足纵波最大速度确定的稳定性条件下, 浅层低速横波波场往往会产生明显的频散现象.为了削弱弹性波场正演数值频散, 提高数值模拟精度, 本文首先采用优化差分网格系数降低数值频散, 然后再采用通量校正传输(Flux-Correction Transport, FCT)法来进一步压制弹性波场有限差分数值频散.常规的FCT法是对弹性波场直接进行频散压制, 但由于弹性波场中纵、横波速度差异明显, 横波波场频散明显强于纵波, 为了压制横波波场的数值频散, 往往需要选取较大的频散压制参数, 但这会使频散较弱的纵波产生假象.因此本文提出基于纵横波分离FCT弹性波正演频散压制方法, 对分离之后的纵横波场分别选择合适的频散压制参数进行通量校正, 可以有效压制数值频散, 削弱纵波FCT产生的假象.通过理论分析和数值算例发现, 本文方法能有效削弱弹性波场有限差分数值频散, 相对于常规FCT方法没有假象产生.

     

基于“方程解耦”算法的各向异性介质纵横波分离方法

各向异性介质纵横波耦合的特性,使得纵波信息的获取对于各向异性非常规储层地震数据采集和处理具有重要意义.常规方法主要包括基于散度旋度场的Helmholtz分解和基于频散关系的声波近似等两大类,但这两类方法都改变了纵波波场的振幅和相位信息,并进一步影响正演数值模拟和纵波偏移成像的最终结果.本文基于方程解耦的思想,通过将弹性刚度系数分量中的纵横波耦合项近似为纵波模量和横波模量的线性函数,推导得到单独的纵波和横波方程,从而实现各向异性介质的纵横波波场分离.与常规方法相比,"方程解耦"方法得到的纵波波场的振幅和相位信息都更为准确,且波场信息也更为完整,能够为各向异性介质的纵波数据处理提供重要的保障.     

Relationship between P- and S-wave velocities and geological properties of near-surface sediments of the continental slope of the Barents Sea

Seismic velocities ( V _p and V _s) of compressional (P-) and shear (S-) waves are important parameters for the characterization of marine sediments with respect to their sedimentological and geotechnical properties. P- and S-wave velocity data of near-surface marine sediments (upper 9 m) of the continental slope of the Barents Sea are analysed and correlated to sedimentological and geotechnical properties. The results show that the S-wave velocity is much more sensitive to changes in lithology and mechanical properties than the P-wave velocity, which is characterized by a narrow range of values. The correlation coefficients between S-wave velocity and silt and clay content, wet bulk density, porosity, water content and shear strength are higher than 0.5 while the correlation coefficients of P-wave velocity and the same parameters are always lower than 0.4. Although the relationship between V _s and clay content has been widely described, the data show that V _s is better correlated with silt content than with clay content for the sediments of the area investigated. However, they show different trends. While V _s increases with increasing clay content, it decreases with increasing silt content.