基于可靠性理论抗滑桩设计体系的研究

抗滑桩设计的常规方法是建立在定值基础上的,未能考虑计算参数的随机性与变异性,故在抗滑桩设计中存在局限性：一是不能给出抗滑桩设计的边坡安全度;二是设计中过分保守,造成浪费。可靠性分析法考虑了计算参数的随机性,用严格的概率来度量边坡的安全度,弥补了上述传统抗滑桩设计中存在的不足。基于可靠性分析法,以传统边坡稳定性计算公式为基础,建立了抗滑桩设计的边坡稳定性评价模型,并且运用蒙特卡罗法,采用单参数敏感性分析方法,分析抗滑桩设计各参数对边坡安全系数及可靠性指标的影响。结果表明,岩土体抗剪强度参数、岩土体重度、抗滑桩直径等因素对可靠性指标影响较明显,边坡安全系数对岩土体重度、抗滑桩有效长度、抗滑桩直径等随机变量较敏感。     

Kinematic analysis of pile behavior for improvement of slope stability in fractured and saturated Hoek–Brown rock masses

Because of a multitude of steep slopes being constructed adjacent to roadways, there is greater concern of landslide occurrence, particularly in instances where poor geomaterials are present. Installation of piles along the slope is one commonly adopted method. This paper presents the assessment of the stability of a rock slope with stabilizing piles based on kinematic analysis. The pile effect is introduced with a resultant lateral force and a moment. Upper bound solutions of the pile's lateral force are derived with a log‐spiral rotational failure mechanism. The slope performance based on the bearing capacity of surcharge loading is also discussed with consideration of pore water pressure. In order to substantiate the derived theoretical solutions, numerical analysis with optimization technique is carried out. Results demonstrate that rock materials with high quality are conducive to ensure slope stability. Reduced lateral force on the pile is produced with lower rock weight, slope height, and surcharge loading. Finally, the safety factor and stability coefficient are discussed to complete the evaluation of the slope stability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于M-P法的抗滑桩支护边坡稳定性分析

为评价采用抗滑桩支护后的边坡稳定性,从设计和验算两个角度着手,基于Morgenstern-Price（M-P）法建立了抗滑桩支护边坡的分析模型,进而得到了抗滑桩下滑力和边坡安全系数的表达式;通过引入自适应遗传优化算法,建立边坡稳定性分析优化模型,搜索采用抗滑桩支护边坡的非圆弧最危险滑动面;从确定安全系数求抗滑桩所受下滑力和确定抗滑桩抗力求边坡最小安全系数两种情况出发,探讨了抗滑桩位置对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明：该方法可搜索出更加符合实际情况的边坡非圆弧最危险滑动面,并且能够得到抗滑桩的下滑力或边坡的最小安全系数,相同条件下抗滑桩应设置在边坡中部较为适合,才能最大发挥抗滑桩的加固作用。     

The Diavik Waste Rock Project: Design,construction, and instrumentation of field-scale experimental waste-rock piles

The physicochemical processes that affect acid mine drainage (AMD) in unsaturated waste rock piles and the capabilities of small-scale laboratory experiments to predict AMD from waste rock are not well understood. An integrated laboratory and field study to measure and compare low sulfide waste rock and drainage characteristics at various scales has been initiated. This paper describes the design, construction and instrumentation of three field-scale experimental waste rock piles (test piles), and six active zone lysimeters at the Diavik diamond mine in the Northwest Territories, Canada. The test piles are comprised of granitic and sulfide-bearing metasedimentary waste rock excavated during open pit mining operations. One test pile contains waste rock with a target S content of <0.04 wt.% S; the second test pile contains waste rock with a target S content of >0.08 wt.% S; and the third test pile contains the higher sulfide waste rock (>0.08 wt.% S) and was re-sloped and capped with a low permeability till layer and a low sulfide waste rock cover. The first two test piles are approximately 15 m high with bases of 50 m by 60 m, and the re-sloped test pile has a larger base of 80 m by 125 m. Instrumentation was selected to measure matrix flow, geochemistry of pore water and drainage, gas-phase O₂ concentration, temperature evolution, microbiological populations, waste rock permeability to air, and thermal conductivity, as well as to resolve mass and flow balances. Instrument locations were selected to characterize coupled physicochemical processes at multiple scales and the evolution of those processes over time. Instruments were installed at a density such that the number of instruments that survived construction (40% to >80% by instrument type) was sufficient to allow adequate characterization of the physicochemical processes occurring at various scales in the test piles.     

抗滑桩处理路堤滑坡的数值模拟

采用数值模拟技术分析了抗滑桩处理路堤滑坡的作用机理。分析方法采用强度折减法,桩土相互作用采用0厚度的弹塑性接触面单元模拟。给出了桩间距、桩的位置对抗滑桩处理效果的影响以及各种情况下桩的性状,结果表明：最大安全系数时的桩的布置位置与滑动形式有关,对于路堤滑坡而言,布置于坡脚处可以满足安全要求;适当减小桩间距可以提高路堤的稳定性,有利于土拱效应的发挥。     

大前石岭隧道进口岩堆体的稳定性分析评价

大前石岭隧道进口岩堆发育,覆盖层较厚,岩堆边坡表观上处于稳定状态,但在施工作业等人为作用以及外界环境扰动（如降雨、爆破等）作用下岩堆极易失稳。基于现状岩堆发育特征,分析隧道进口岩堆体失稳机理,从定性和定量的角度,给出现状和施工2种工况下隧道进口岩堆的稳定性评价,同时分析对路基、隧道等工程造成的危害,并给出处理措施建议,以保证隧道施工、线路运营的安全性,为工程建设中岩堆体诱发地质灾害的防治提供参考与借鉴。     

考虑桩间土体抗滑作用的单排抗滑桩受力计算方法

为了充分考虑桩间距范围内滑体对抗滑桩受力的影响,从单排抗滑桩加固边坡的整体稳定角度出发,在采用传递系数法分析指定设计安全系数情况下抗滑桩的内力时,提出对一个桩间距范围内的加固坡体进行整体分析,将抗滑桩所在部位单独划分条块,该条块包括桩体受荷段及其两侧桩间距范围内的滑体。推导了与此分析模型相应的桩体受荷段底端内力计算公式,并给出了在滑坡推力线性分布条件下作用于受荷段的净滑坡推力计算表达式。分析结果显示,在不考虑与完全考虑受荷段两侧桩间距范围内滑体抗力作用时,得到是桩体内力及位移的上、下边界值。实例分析进一步表明,理论分析与数值模拟结果具有良好的一致性。所提出的方法比传统方法更有利于抗滑桩设计的经济性。     

基于复合抗滑桩模型加固边坡稳定性分析

数值分析方法能够同时考虑抗滑桩的受力行为及加固边坡稳定性,是研究抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性的重要手段。但在数值模拟计算中,尚未形成一种建模易、精度高和计算快的抗滑桩数值模拟模型。因此,提出一种复合单元抗滑桩模型,基于该模型系统研究抗滑桩顶部自由和固定约束条件下,不同桩位、间距等设计参数对抗滑桩加固边坡效果的影响以及抗滑桩潜在失效模式,研究结果表明,复合单元抗滑桩模型可以真实地模拟桩的力学性能,计算精度高且计算结果不受单元网格疏密的影响。抗滑桩布置在边坡中部时,加固边坡安全系数最大,越靠近边坡两端,加固边坡安全系数越小。当桩间距S≤3D时,边坡潜在滑面被分为两个独立部分,桩间土形成明显应力拱,当桩间距S≥4D时,桩间中心土体塑性剪切带完全贯通,桩间土体形成反向应力拱。桩顶自由和固定约束时,抗滑桩分别布置在边坡中部(Lx/L=0.5)和边坡中下部(Lx/L=0.3)时,抗滑桩易发生弯曲破坏。研究结果对抗滑桩加固边坡工程设计具有指导意义。     

Optimal location of piles in slope stabilization by limit analysis

Many studies have been conducted to establish the optimal location of a row of piles to reinforce and stabilize slopes. However, the results obtained are very different, and in some cases even inconsistent and contradictory. The factor of safety of piled slopes is determined by the magnitude of resistive forces exerted by the piles on the slope. At the same time, the maximum retaining forces provided by the piles are also affected by the pile position. In this paper, the problem of the optimal location of piles used to stabilize slopes is analyzed using a combination of limit slope stability analysis and the theory of Ito and Matsui (Soils Found 15:43?C59, 8) to calculate limit lateral loads on piles. Using an illustrative example slope, some of the issues including the most effective position, the most suitable position, and the position with the largest safety factor are discussed. The results show that the most effective pile position, the most suitable pile position, and pile position where the factor of safety can take maximum value are different from each other for a given slope.     

考虑水力作用的顺层岩质边坡稳定性图解分析

通过分析顺层岩质边坡中的水力作用,建立了出流缝未被堵塞和出流缝被堵塞两种情况下顺层岩质边坡的水力学模型;推导出了用无量纲参数（Q、P、S）形式表达的边坡稳定性安全系数Fs的表达式;绘制了边坡后缘张裂隙充满水后几何要素岩层倾角?、张裂缝高度Z/边坡高度H与无量纲参数（Q、P、S）的关系曲线,能为分析不同的边坡几何要素、水深、不同抗剪强度对边坡稳定性的影响提供方便。选取宜巴高速公路典型顺层岩质边坡进行研究,结果表明：对于出流缝未被堵塞的情况,水力作用使边坡稳定性安全系数降低程度为33.33%,是触发顺层岩质边坡滑移破坏的主要因素;出流缝被堵塞情况下边坡稳定性安全系数要比出流缝未被堵塞情况下约降低0.458。其研究成果对顺层岩质边坡工程设计和施工优化具有重要指导意义。     

天然状态与饱和状态下的不稳定斜坡危险性对比分析

本文依据北京市房山区史家营乡大村涧村的调查成果,借助于有限元分析软件,建立居住区附近影响范围内的边坡三维工程地质力学模型和弹塑性模型,利用有限差分法分析,对单一矸石堆边坡和矸石-岩土混合型边坡,进行计算分析,对比分析了这两种边坡在天然状态下与饱和状态下的安全系数,最终进行了边坡危险性评价。     

强度折减动力分析法在滑坡抗滑桩抗震设计中的应用研究

利用动力有限差分软件FLAC,结合强度折减动力分析法,提出抗滑桩抗震设计新方法,将滑坡安全稳定系数作为岩土体参数折减系数对岩土体参数进行折减,采用FLAC动力分析,考虑了桩与岩土体地震荷载下动力相互作用,将地震作用过程中桩内力峰值除以混凝土强度增大系数与地震作用完毕之后桩的内力值进行比较,二者中大值作为桩的抗震设计内力值,同时还要求桩顶边坡动力安全系数大于设计容许值,确保滑坡不会发生越顶破坏。通过一个滑坡算例,对抗滑桩支护抗震设计进行分析,结果表明：动力强度折减分析法进行抗滑桩抗震设计,能考虑桩土动力相互作用,并得到实际桩前推力分布形式,为抗滑桩支护边坡的抗震设计提供了一个新的思路。     

滑坡治理中抗滑桩桩位分析

采用有限元强度折减法对单排桩、桩间距为4 m的抗滑桩在不同设桩位置加固滑坡进行数值模拟,研究发现不同的桩位影响滑坡的稳定安全系数、滑动面的位置和形状。桩位不同决定了是桩后土体还是桩前土体滑落。桩位选择的一个重要原则是加固后滑坡体的稳定安全系数必须大于设计要求的安全系数,否则就会出现桩端越顶破坏或桩前土体滑落。斜坡在同一稳定安全系数下,桩位不同时抗滑桩所受的滑坡推力、桩的内力（剪力、弯矩）和桩的挠度不同。抗滑桩位于斜坡中部时,桩身长度较长,推力和内力大,是不合理的桩位;但桩身挠度大,提供的桩前抗力也大。按常规方法与按有限元法计算桩前无土体的悬臂桩桩上推力是相近的。把桩视作埋入滑坡体中的梁单元,按有限元法算出的推力比较小,因为它已经充分考虑了桩前土体的抗力。     

Uncoupled analysis of stabilizing piles in weathered slopes

This paper describes a simplified numerical approach for analyzing the slope/pile system subjected to lateral soil movements. The lateral one-row pile response above and below the critical surface is computed by using load transfer approach. The response of groups was analyzed by developing interaction factors obtained from a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element study. An uncoupled analysis was performed for stabilizing piles in slope in which the pile response and slope stability are considered separately. The non-linear characteristics of the soil–pile interaction in the stabilizing piles are modeled by hyperbolic load transfer curves. The Bishop's simplified method of slope stability analysis is extended to incorporate the soil-pile interaction and evaluate the safety factor of the reinforced slope. Numerical study is performed to illustrate the major influencing parameters on the pile-slope stability problem. Through comparative studies, it has been found that the factor of safety in slope is much more conservative for an uncoupled analysis than for a coupled analysis based on three-dimensional finite element analysis.     

弃土堆填对斜坡输电塔桩基地震反应的影响

施工弃土堆填保坎对山区输电线路桩基地震反应会产生何种影响,目前尚不明确。采用FLAC3D数值分析软件建立西南山区典型输电线塔位数值模型,分析桩周有无弃土堆填保坎时桩基础地震动力响应的变化情况,开展定量分析,初步探讨弃土堆填保坎对山区输电线路桩基地震反应的影响。研究表明：桩周弃土堆填保坎后斜坡场地桩基桩身水平峰值加速度、桩身位移、桩身内力、桩周土体位移差的量值均较桩周无弃土堆填保坎时增大。陡坡坡度为35°时,弃土堆填保坎增大了桩基础地震响应,降低了其在陡坡上的抗震性能。     

基于地应力边界条件的复杂边坡抗滑桩支护设计研究

复杂边坡稳定性问题一直是岩土工程界重点研究的问题之一,提高复杂边坡安全系数的方法有很多,其中采用抗滑桩支护是常用手段之一。以安徽省某高速公路复杂边坡为研究对象,采用套孔应力解除法对该边坡岩土体进行了地应力测试,以测试结果作为有限元分析的边界条件,分别对该边坡加固前和采用抗滑桩加固后两种工况进行数值分析,得到有代表性的有限元分析结果;并对有限元的计算出位移结果和实测位移进行了对比。分析表明,未采用抗滑桩支护的边坡,会产生局部应力过分集中、整体变形和水平向位移较大、塑性区贯通等不利于边坡稳定的危险状况。采用了抗滑桩支护后,贯通的塑性区消失,边坡变形和位移减少,应力分布趋于均匀,安全系数大幅度提高。有限元计算出的位移结果和实测位移十分接近,匹合度较好,从而说明了有限元分析手段的可靠性。     

抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性影响因素的参数分析

抗滑桩加固是滑坡治理的常用方法。本文采用强度折减有限元法分析了影响抗滑桩加固边坡稳定性的若干因素,计算了边坡抗滑桩在坡顶分级堆载过程中的桩身弯矩、剪力、位移和边坡安全系数,揭示了桩位、桩长等因素对抗滑桩加固边坡稳定状态的影响规律,获得了最优桩位及临界桩长等抗滑桩优化设计要素,为排桩的优化设计提供参考依据。并对抗滑桩在坡顶分级堆载下的桩身受力、变形特性及规律进行了分析。发现桩头水平位移在坡顶分级堆载下以指数函数形式发展,并建立了变形预测数学模型,为桩身变形控制提供了参考依据。     

边坡抗滑桩加固的三维有限元计算

本文以王山村滑坡为研究对象,围绕其工程中静力抗滑稳定问题,通过室内试验对影响王山村滑坡稳定性的地质构造、场地工程条件等内在因素进行分析评价。在此基础上,利用大型商业软件ABAQUS对边坡抗滑桩加固模型进行有限元计算分析。通过对加固在边坡模型底部、中部及上部3个常见桩位稳定性系数的计算,得到了3个桩位的稳定性系数。计算结果表明：加固在模型中部桩位的安全系数最高,为1.58。为综合考虑静力作用下坡脚应力集中及动力作用下的坡顶加速度放大效应,设计了加固在边坡中点附近的上部桩位和下部桩位,并分别对其稳定性进行求解,计算结果显示两种桩位都具有较高的安全系数,分别为1.35和1.56。最后通过对模型坡面上5种桩位安全系数的对比,验证了上部桩及下部桩的可行性,可作为工程实践的参考方案。     

Selenium attenuation via reductive precipitation in unsaturated waste rock as a control on groundwater impacts in the Idaho phosphate patch

Phosphate mining in southeastern Idaho has historically resulted in the release of dissolved metals and inorganics to groundwater and surface water, primarily due to leachate from waste rock in backfilled pits and overburden storage piles. Selenium (Se) is of particular concern due to its high concentration in leachate and its limited attenuation downgradient of source zones under oxic conditions. Assessments of potential groundwater/surface water impacts from waste rock typically involve laboratory characterization using saturated and unsaturated flow columns packed with waste rock. In this study, we compare the results of saturated and unsaturated column tests with groundwater quality data from the Mountain Fuel, Champ, South and Central Rasmussen Ridge Area (SCRRA), Smoky Canyon, Ballard, Henry, and Enoch Valley Mines, to understand the release and attenuation of Se in different geochemical environments. Column studies and field results demonstrate that the ratio of aqueous Se to aqueous sulfate (Se:SO₄ ratio) is a useful metric for understanding Se release and attenuation, where the extent of sulfate reduction is much less than Se reduction. Comparison of dissolved Se and sulfate results suggests that the net leachability of Se from unsaturated waste rock is variable. Overall, Se concentrations in groundwater directly beneath waste rock dumps is not as high as would be predicted from unsaturated columns. Lower Se:SO₄ ratios are observed immediately beneath waste rock dumps and backfilled pits relative to areas receiving shallow waste rock runoff. It is hypothesized that Se released in the oxic upper portions of the waste rock is subsequently attenuated via reductive precipitation at depth in unsaturated, low-oxygen portions of the waste rock. This highlights an important mechanism by which Se may be naturally attenuated within waste rock piles prior to discharge to groundwater and surface water. These results have important implications for mining practices in the region. A better understanding of Se dynamics can help drive waste rock management during active mining and capping/water management options during post-mining reclamation.     

Effect of Surcharge on the Stability of Anchored Rock Slope with Water Filled Tension Crack under Seismic Loading Condition

In this paper, an analytical expression is derived for the factor of safety of the rock slope incorporating most of the practically occurring destabilizing forces as well as the external stabilizing force through an anchoring system. The slope stability is analyzed as a two-dimensional problem, considering a slice of unit thickness through the slope and assuming negligible resistance to sliding at the lateral boundaries of the sliding block. A detailed parametric study is presented to investigate the effect of surcharge on the stability of the rock slope for practical ranges of governing parameters such as inclination of the slope face, inclination of the failure plane, depth of tension crack, depth of water in tension crack, shear strength parameters of the material at the failure plane, unit weight of rock, stabilizing force and its inclination, and seismic load. For the range of parameters considered in the present study, it is found that the factor of safety of the rock slope decreases with increase in surcharge; the rate of decrease being relatively higher for lower values of surcharge. It is also observed that for a specific surcharge, the factor of safety depends significantly on all other parameters, except for unit weight of rock and higher values of inclination of stabilizing force to the normal at the failure plane. For any combination of these variables, the surcharge plays a vital role in the stability. A perfectly stable slope at relatively low surcharge can become unsafe with the increase in surcharge. The deterioration in the stability can be quite rapid, depending on the combination of the factors under consideration. The analysis and the general expression proposed herein can be used to carry out a quantitative assessment of the stability of the rock slopes.