Numerical modeling of rainstorm-induced shallow landslides in saturated and unsaturated soils

For the assessment of shallow landslides triggered by rainfall, the physically based model coupling the infinite slope stability analysis with the hydrological modeling in nearly saturated soil has commonly been used due to its simplicity. However, in that model the rainfall infiltration in unsaturated soil could not be reliably simulated because a linear diffusion-type Richards’ equation rather than the complete Richards’ equation was used. In addition, the effect of matric suction on the shear strength of soil was not actually considered. Therefore, except the shallow landslide in saturated soil due to groundwater table rise, the shallow landslide induced by the loss in unsaturated shear strength due to the dissipation of matric suction could not be reliably assessed. In this study, a physically based model capable of assessing shallow landslides in variably saturated soils is developed by adopting the complete Richards’ equation with the effect of slope angle in the rainfall infiltration modeling and using the extended Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion to describe the unsaturated shear strength in the soil failure modeling. The influence of rainfall intensity and duration on shallow landslide is investigated using the developed model. The result shows that the rainfall intensity and duration seem to have similar influence on shallow landslides respectively triggered by the increase of positive pore water pressure in saturated soil and induced by the dissipation of matric suction in unsaturated soil. The rainfall duration threshold decreases with the increase in rainfall intensity, but remains constant for large rainfall intensity.     

吸力强度修正对数模型在地基承载力中的应用

为准确反映非饱和土体中吸力对抗剪强度的影响规律,提出了吸力强度修正对数模型。与国内外试验结果相此,发现该模型在低吸力范围内与以往的模型有很好的同一性,而在高吸力范围内有着更大的优越性。该模型中各参数物理意义更为明确,与土-水特征曲线的特征值的关系更为紧密,通过引入参数b能更好地模拟具有不同特征残余值的土体。把该修正对数模型引入到地基承载力的分析中,发现饱和度对地基承载力的影响显著,吸力的存在能大大地提高承载力,并且饱和度越低,递增的速率也越大。     

基质吸力对非饱和重塑黄土抗剪强度的贡献

非饱和土抗剪强度随饱和度降低、基质吸力增大而提高.然而,不同类型非饱和土中,基质吸力对抗剪强度的贡献却显著不同.本文通过室内试验,探讨了基质吸力对非饱和重塑黄土抗剪强度贡献的基本特征.研究结果表明,非饱和重塑黄土抗剪强度随着基质吸力的增大,表现为非线性的和明显的4个阶段性增、降和逐渐稳定特征,且分段特征值与土-水特征曲...     

寒区高吸力非饱和土的破坏准则研究

针对北方寒旱区路基边坡时常因拉剪强度不足而发生浅层滑坡的现象,通过常规三轴试验探究了冻融和高吸力对非饱和土的强度特性影响。结果表明：随着冻融次数的增加,非饱和土的土-水特征曲线逐渐下移,抗拉强度与抗剪强度逐渐减小;随着基质吸力的增加,抗剪强度逐渐增大,抗拉强度逐渐降低。鉴于传统的抗拉抗剪联合公式不能很好地反映经冻融作用之后高吸力非饱和土抗拉区破坏包线的实际情况,通过引入“界值”概念,提出一种新的抗拉区绘制破坏包线的方法对传统公式进行修正,修正后的公式具有很好的适用性,可以为寒旱区非饱和土边坡稳定性计算提供可靠的理论依据。     

非饱和黄土强度参数的试验研究

非饱和土强度理论的研究是非饱和土力学的核心问题。目前公认的非饱和土强度理论是Bishop的单变量理论和Fredlund的双变量理论,二者都引入了基质吸力这一应力参数,只是前者将其归到有效应力中,后者作为独立变量。要得到这两个公式中相关参数需利用控制基质吸力的非饱和土三轴仪或直剪仪测定,控制基质吸力是通过同步增加气压和孔隙水压力保持吸力不变实现的,即所谓的轴平移技术,该项技术一直面临测试周期长的困难和合理性的质疑。鉴于此,本文采用不同含水率的常规三轴CU试验,测定了有效稳态强度参数,得出了吸应力和体积含水率的关系曲线,非饱和强度直接用吸应力函数表达,该强度公式回避了测定基质吸力的问题,便于在工程实际中推广。为了进一步和Bishop及Fredlund的强度公式进行对比,又用张力计测定了同一试样的水土特征曲线,获得了其强度参数。理论上,这3种强度理论对机理的解释不同,但在数学上可以互相转化。从工程应用的角度,基于吸应力的抗剪强度更便于工程应用。     

非饱和抗剪强度指标c、φ值与含水率w的关系

非饱和土力学已经确认了基质吸力与非饱和土的强度指标有关,而基质吸力与含水率有着密切的关系。通过理论和三轴剪切试验分析,探讨了非饱和残积土抗剪强度指标c、φ与含水率ω变化的一般规律;同时结合已经推出的土水特征曲线关系,探讨抗剪强度指标c、φ与基质吸力μ的变化的一般规律。结果表明:随着非饱和土含水率ω增加、基质吸力μ的减小,黏聚力c有减少的趋势,内摩擦角φ变化不大。通过线性回归分析,黏聚力与含水率成半对数线性关系,黏聚力与基质吸力成线性关系。现有的非饱和土实用公式精确性较差,非饱和土抗剪强度指标有待进一步的研究与完善。     

非饱和红土基质吸力与含水率及密度关系试验研究

非饱和土中存在的基质吸力对其性质有着十分重要的影响,而基质吸力又与土的含水率之间存在着密切的关系。为了探讨基质吸力与非饱和红土含水率和密度之间的关系,采用滤纸法在试验室进行了基质吸力的量测,得到了不同干密度下非饱和红土的土-水特征曲线,拟合出了该类非饱和红土土-水特征曲线公式。试验结果分析表明：在相同的干密度下,随着含水率的增加,基质吸力呈现出急剧减小的趋势。当含水率 <24 %时,这一变化规律特别明显。对参数 分析发现,在非饱和状态下基质吸力对红土强度的提高是有限的。通过分析不同干密度对基质吸力的影响规律得出,基质吸力在含水率较高时对密度状态的变化不敏感,而在含水率较低时对密度状态的变化比较敏感。     

黄土坡滑坡滑带土非饱和力学特性试验研究

以三峡库区黄土坡滑坡临江I号崩滑体的滑带土为研究对象,研究基质吸力对非饱和滑带土的强度与变形等力学性质的影响。利用GDS非饱和反压直剪仪对滑带土进行了不同净法向应力和基质吸力组合下的直剪试验。试验结果表明:相同的基质吸力作用下,滑带土抗剪强度随着净法向应力的增大而增大。当滑带土试样中基质吸力较小时(50kPa),试样剪切过程中的应力-应变曲线,随着净法向应力的增大表现为应变硬化型。之后随着基质吸力的增加,当吸力大于净法向应力时,剪切应力-应变曲线表现为较明显的达到峰值后软化。反之,应力-应变曲线表现为应变硬化型。相同净法向应力下,抗剪强度随着吸力的增大而增大,剪切应力-应变曲线由低法向应力下的达到峰值后软化向高法向应力下的应变硬化转变。剪切过程的轴向位移表现为:当吸力大于净法向应力时,表现为剪胀; 反之,表现为剪缩。滑带土固结排水剪切条件下得到的黏聚力随着基质吸力呈线性增长关系。得到了滑带土的吸力摩擦角b为13.7,有效内摩擦角有较小增长,平均有效内摩擦角15.9。     

考虑基质吸力作用的土坡稳定性分析

非饱和土基质吸力的有效应力作用,使得土体的抗剪强度得以提高。基于Fredlund的非饱和土抗剪强度理论,在土坡极限平衡分析方法中,同时考虑分条的土条底面与条间的基质吸力分布对土体抗剪强度的贡献,进而构筑考虑基质吸力作用的土坡极限平衡分析方法。构筑基于极限平衡分析方法的目标函数,应用SLP优化方法寻求最危险滑动面。用具体计算实例说明这种分析思路可以评价土坡的稳定性评价的影响。     

Calculation of seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip foundations using the cell-based smoothed finite element method

This paper adopts an upper bound procedure using the cell-based smoothed finite element method (CS-FEM) to estimate the seismic bearing capacity of shallow strip footings, focussing on seismic soil-structure interactions. In simulations, soil behaviour is assumed as the Mohr–Coulomb material, and increment of plasticity deformation obeys the associated flow rule. The first step of the numerical procedure involves approximating the kinematically admissible displacement fields using the cell-based smoothed finite element method, while the second relates to the establishments of the optimization problem as the conic programming. The inclusion of seismic conditions in the simulations was made using the pseudo-static approach. Initially, three seismic bearing capacity factors were resolved for both smooth and rough foundations by including horizontal and vertical inertia forces caused by the soil weight, the superstructure and the surcharge in the analyses. All seismic bearing capacity components obtained are in excellent agreement with those obtained using the method of characteristics and other finite element analyses. Subsequently, the reduction coefficients that correlate static and seismic bearing capacity factors were computed to facilitate the seismic design of the foundation.

     

Influence of matric suction on shear strength behavior of a residual clayey soil

In this paper, the shear strength with respect to the matric suction of unsaturated soils was studied. For this purpose, unsaturated triaxial testing procedures were applied to the undisturbed residual soil specimens. An apparatus for performing triaxial tests was designed and constructed. In the tests, matric suction was controlled by using the axis translation technique, and pore water volume changes were measured by means of a volume change transducer with 10⁻⁸ m³ sensitivity. The test results indicated that the matric suction contributes to the shear strength of unsaturated soil specimens, and this contribution called suction strength varies non-linearly with respect to the matric suction. The logarithmic model needing to know the air-entry value and the internal friction angle of a soil specimen for prediction of the suction strength were presented and compared with the test results. It was found that suction strength values predicted from the proposed model were in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results.     

非饱和土边坡稳定分析方法探讨

在对非饱和土边坡进行稳定分析时,应该全面地考虑基质吸力对边坡稳定的贡献。首先,分别探讨了基于Fredlund非饱和土强度表达式和Bishop非饱和土有效应力强度公式将强度折减有限元法推广到非饱和土边坡稳定分析中的具体方法;然后,开发了可以考虑基质吸力两种处理方法的强度折减有限元计算程序;最后,给出了一个非饱和土边坡稳定分析的对比算例,说明了二者的不同特点。     

三峡库区黄土坡滑坡非饱和水力参数研究

非饱和水力参数在计算滑坡降雨入渗过程与稳定性时是至关重要的材料参数。在三峡库区黄土坡滑坡上进行双环渗透试验,获取黄土坡滑坡表土层的饱和渗透系数。对黄土坡滑坡表土层的含水率和基质吸力进行实时监测,采集了黄土坡滑坡表土层中含水率和基质吸力随时间的变化数据,采用van Genuchten土-水特征曲线模型拟合了4个实时监测剖面的土-水特征曲线及其拟合参数。将饱和渗透系数与土-水特征曲线拟合参数代入van Genuchten渗透系数函数模型,求出了黄土坡滑坡表土层在非饱和条件下的渗透系数函数,为黄土坡滑坡在降雨作用下的稳定性计算提供了可靠的水力参数     

挡墙加固非饱和土边坡整体稳定性分析

在对挡墙加固边坡进行设计和评价时应综合考虑基质吸力和挡墙对边坡整体稳定性的影响。应用可以考虑基质吸力的弹塑性强度折减有限元程序,分析了挡墙加固非饱和土边坡的整体稳定性,揭示了基质吸力对加固边坡整体稳定性的影响程度,同时亦分析了整体潜在滑动面位置的变化情况,并进行了关于吸力摩擦角的敏感性分析。     

杭州地铁储气砂土的抗剪强度特性试验研究与预测分析

从地质成因角度分析了杭州地铁原始储气砂层的饱和度和基质吸力的变化范围。利用GDS非饱和三轴试验系统对变化范围内的储气砂抗剪强度特性进行了测定,得到非饱和储气砂土的抗剪强度指标。试验结果表明, 砂土抗剪强度随吸力的增大而增加,当含水率大于残余含水率时,吸力对储气砂土的抗剪强度影响较为显著;小于残余含水率时,吸力对储气砂土的抗剪强度的贡献较小。将强度试验值与各抗剪强度预测公式的预测值进行了对比分析,认为公式 可合理地用于表述杭州地铁储气砂土的抗剪强度特性。     

Rainfall-induced landslides by deficit field matric suction in unsaturated soil slopes

Landslides are mainly triggered by decrease in the matric suction with deepening the wetting band by rainfall infiltrations. This paper reports rainfall-induced landslides in partially saturated soil slopes through a field study. A comprehensive analysis on Umyeonsan (Mt.) landslides in 2011 was highlighted. The incident involves the collapse of unsaturated soil slopes under extreme-rainfall event. Fundamental studies on the mechanism and the cause of landslides were carried out. A number of technical findings are of interest, including the failure mechanism of a depth of soil and effect of groundwater flow, the downward movement of wetting band and the increase of groundwater level. Based on this, an integrated analysis methodology for a rainfall-induced landslide is proposed in this paper that incorporates the field matric suction for obtaining hydraulic parameters of unsaturated soil. The field matric suction is shown to govern the rate of change in the water infiltration for the landslide analysis with respect to an antecedent rainfall. Special attention was given to a one-dimensional infiltration model to determine the wetting band depth in the absence of the field matric suction. The results indicate that landslide activities were primarily dependent on rainfall infiltration, soil properties, slope geometries, vegetation, and groundwater table positions. The proposed methodology has clearly demonstrated both shallow and deep-seated landslides and shows good agreement with the results of landslide investigations.     

非饱和压实土率敏性及蠕变时效特征试验研究

为研究部分饱和状态下高填方回填土工后长期变形,对非饱和压实土在可控基质吸力下分别开展率敏性和蠕变试验,并分析两者间时效对应关系。率敏性试验采取不同加载速率的三轴剪切,分析基质吸力（0、100、200、300 kPa）、加载速率（0.40、0.02 mm/min）以及超固结比（1、4和8）对土体强度和变形特征的影响,并确定三轴剪切蠕变的三级加载应力水平为抗剪强度的0.45、0.65、0.85倍;在4种可控基质吸力（0、100、200、300 kPa）下参考陈氏加载法,按三应力水平分级加载开展非饱和压实土三轴剪切蠕变试验。试验结果表明：随着基质吸力的增加,其率敏性参数ρ 减小,其率敏性降低;随着基质吸力逐渐增大,其蠕变初始最大速率、稳定蠕变速率以及蠕变变形量均显著减小;蠕变试验确定的应变速率−应变关系线与率敏性试验获得的应变速率−应变数据点基本吻合,证明两者间存在一定时效对应关系,且随着基质吸力的增大,这种时效对应关系更显著。     

抗滑桩加固非饱和土边坡三维稳定性分析

讨论了抗滑桩加固边坡的稳定分析研究状况,在全面地考虑基质吸力和抗滑桩对边坡稳定性的贡献后,利用所发展的可考虑基质吸力的弹塑性强度折减有限元程序,探讨了抗滑桩加固前后的非饱和土边坡整体稳定性,并且与相应不考虑基质吸力条件下的边坡稳定性进行了对比分析。     

粉土基质吸力的新型量测装置与土-水特征研究

以非饱和土张力计原理为基础,制作了一种新型的基质吸力量测装置,并通过实测过程的不断总结与改进,得到了一种成本低廉、制作简单、操作便利、试验快速和结果可靠的非饱和土基质吸力量测装置,以此装置测定了不同体积含水率、不同压实度和干湿循环后粉土的基质吸力变化规律,得到了不同压实度粉土的土-水特征曲线,并通过Origin软件中的Boltzmann模型进行拟合对比分析,得到了与压实度相关的土-水特征曲线,比较了不同压实度粉土的含水率变化对基质吸力的不同影响特点。试验结果表明,干湿循环对粉土的基质吸力和强度有很大影响。     

隧道施工中环境土层工程性质研究

利用非饱和土的三轴仪 ,测定不同吸力状态下的土的强度特性 ,并确立了两者之间的定量关系 ,同时进行了含水量对非饱和土的强度影响试验 ,研究了北京地区的非饱和土的强度特性。试验结果表明 :不同的吸力状态下 ,土的强度明显提高 ;含水量的改变对内聚力有明显影响 ,而对内摩擦角无明显影响 ,并测定本土样对强度改变的含水量拐点值.