强雹暴的雷达三体散射统计与个例分析

利用我国各地11次强对流事件中23个产生S波段雷达三体散射的雹暴的新一代天气雷达数据,总计499个三体散射样本资料,综合并详细地讨论了我国S波段多普勒天气雷达三体散射的统计特征,也讨论了将这一现象应用于强冰雹辅助预警的可能性。同时对目前国内S波段雷达所观测到的最典型的三体散射个例从"三体散射回波"出现到消失的全过程进行了仔细分析,结果表明:(1)在最小反射率因子显示阈值为-5 dBz的情况下,产生S波段雷达三体散射的最小反射率因子在60 dBz左右,86%的三体散射长钉(TBSS)出现在反射率因子强度≥63 dBz时;(2)TBSS长度与强反射率因子核心区面积大小及反射率因子核最大强度呈密切的正相关,也就是说,反射率因子核心强度越大,高反射率因子的区域越大,TBSS的长度就越长;(3)TBSS出现的最大高度为12.5 km,最低高度是1.1 km;61%的TBSS出现在3~6 km高度之间,TBSS在4~5 km高度出现次数最多,然后向上、向下减少;TBSS长度≥10 km的出现次数同样以4~5 km高度最多,然后向上、向下迅速减少;(4)TBSS主要在雹暴位于雷达的西半边时出现;(5)雹暴云在不同性质的下垫面上空均能产生雷达TBSS;(6)TBSS的持续时间几乎都超过30 min,其中持续时间在30~60 min的情况居多,还有部分TBSS持续时间超过90 min;(7)在出现TBSS时,几乎所有雹暴都降了2 cm以上的强冰雹,同时80%左右的产生2 cm以上直径冰雹的强雹暴都产生了三体散射,因此TBSS可以作为强冰雹的一辅助预警指标,以有效降低强冰雹预警的虚警率;(8)在产生三体散射的23个强雹暴中,有一半以上是超级单体和准超级单体风暴,超级单体雹暴中的中气旋有利于大冰雹的形成。     

V型缺口在C波段多普勒雷达中的应用研究

利用普洱CIND3830-CC天气雷达资料、地面观测资料进行统计分析,研究2004—2013年普洱C波段天气雷达中V型缺口的统计特征、V型缺口与地面降雹的对应关系,并对V型缺口在冰雹预警方面的应用及其对短时临近预报预警的影响进行探讨,结果表明:(1)V型缺口的最佳观测仰角为0.5°~2.4°,垂直高度上,V型缺口的高度出现在2.1~6.5 km。(2)将V型缺口分为2种类型,第一类为块状强回波单体径向后侧的V型缺口,第二类为片状或块状多单体回波径向后侧的V型缺口。(3)第一类V型缺口的组合反射率(CR)为50~66 dBz,普遍≥55 dBz,出现冰雹的几率为69%。(4)第二类V型缺口的CR为47~64 dBz,普遍为50~55 dBz,出现冰雹的几率为29%。(5)当出现V型缺口、H_(45 dBz)≥7.5 km、CR≥55 dBz时,可预报有冰雹出现,准确率达100%,V型缺口对冰雹预警的时间提前量为5~102 min。此外,得出了V型缺口内冰雹回波的识别方法。     

滇南冰雹的预报预警方法研究

利用普洱市探空资料、CIND3830-CC新一代天气雷达资料、地面观测资料,对2004—2011年滇南普洱、西双版纳冰雹天气过程进行统计分析,总结出冰雹4个预报指标:(1)当单体回波满足冰雹云的初始特征和发展阶段特征时,可预报未来出现冰雹的可能较大,预报提前60 min以内;(2)当回波的组合反射率≥55 dBz、宽度≥12.0 km、梯度≥15 dBz·km~(-1)、H_(45 dBz)≥7.5 km、2—5月H_(45 dBz)-H_0≥3.1 km且H_(45 dBz)-H_(-20)≥-0.5 km、6-8月H_(45 dBz)-H_0≥2.0 km且H_(45 dBz)-H_(-20)≥-1.2km、VIL≥30 kg·m~(-2)、D_(VIL)≥3.0 g·m~(-3)时,预报有冰雹发生,预报提前12~102 min;(3)当回波具有弱切变特征、45 dBz回波顶高≥7.5 km、2—5月H_(45 dBz)-H_0≥3.1 km且H_(45 dBz)-H_(-20)≥-0.5 km、6—8月H_(45 dBz)-H_0≥2.0 km且H_(45 dBz)-H_(-20)≥-1.2 km时,可预报有冰雹出现,预报提前18~54 min;(4)若除去飑线和下击暴流回波,当回波的VIL≥30 kg·m~(-2)、D_(VIL)≥3.0 g·m~(-3)时,可预报有冰雹出现,预报提前12~54 min。此外,还总结了冰雹云的生命期特征等,并利用2012年发生的冰雹天气过程检验了预报指标。     

一次局地性强冰雹天气的环境背景及雷达产品特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、多普勒雷达资料和FNL再分析资料等,对2020年4月17日发生在贵州省安顺市的一次局地性冰雹天气过程进行分析。结果表明:高原短波槽、中低层切变线、低空急流和地面辐合线是导致此次局地性强冰雹天气的主要影响系统,冰雹出现在850 hPa湿舌的顶端和地面高温中心附近;C波段雷达的反射率因子图上TBSS和前侧入流缺口共同出现,表征了大冰雹的产生,风暴单体具有明显的强回波悬垂和低层弱回波区,且大于50 dBz的强回波伸展高度明显超过-20℃层高度,表明了风暴在垂直方向强烈发展;VIL值在降雹前后有明显的变化,降雹前1～2个体扫VIL有跃增现象,降雹期间VIL≥30 kg·m~(-2),且在出现大冰雹时VIL≥50 kg·m~(-2),而在降雹结束后,VIL值迅速减小。     

安徽地区春夏季冰雹云雷达回波特征分析

分析安徽地区春夏季冰雹云雷达回波特征,对人工影响天气防雹作业有重要意义。根据2002—2013年间安徽省地面降雹资料,结合合肥新一代天气雷达(CINRAD)探测资料,使用Storm Cell Identification and Tracking (SCIT)算法设计风暴识别、追踪程序,得到3—8月59站次的降雹过程。统计分析冰雹云回波强度、回波高度、单体VIL等特征信息,结果表明：6—7月安徽地区降雹概率最大,1日中15—18时降雹概率最大。安徽地区春夏季冰雹云回波强度至少为55 dBz,大多数为60~70 dBz,单体VIL至少为30 kg·m-2,大多数为40~80 kg·m-2。单体VIL与最大反射率的变化趋势比较一致,最大值往往出现在降雹时间附近。安徽地区春夏季冰雹云回波顶高平均13.6 km,30 dBz风暴顶高平均12.1 km,最大回波顶高达17 km以上。     

铜仁市一次冰雹天气的多普勒雷达回波特征分析

为了提高铜仁市冰雹天气的预报预警服务能力,该文应用铜仁市新一代多普勒天气雷达资料和常规气象资料,对2013年3月19日铜仁市冰雹天气过程进行综合分析,结果表明:①多普勒雷达反射率因子在0℃层上出现大于50.0 dBz的回波时,则可能降雹;②反射率因子在0℃及以上层(如-20℃、-30℃层)在降雹前强度明显增加,50 dBz的回波高度超过0℃层高度且发展到对流云中上部,且其剖面具有明显的穹窿结构;③风随高度的垂直切变是强对流产生发展和维持的重要条件;逆风区的存在是冰雹天气速度回波场的明显特征;④垂直累积液态含水量产品对冰雹天气的分析也有很好的辅助作用。⑤强天气概率和冰雹指数对降雹亦具有一定的预报预警指示意义。     

基于雷达特征参数的贵州中西部雹云单体跃增特征分析

利用2016-2019年贵州省人工影响天气作业站点上报信息、市（州）的灾情快报,以及毕节、贵阳、兴义3部新一代多普勒天气雷达资料等,分析贵州中西部7个具有多阶跃增特征的雹云单体的雷达参数演变特征,研究发现：（1）二阶跃增冰雹云演变呈发展-跃增-降雹-减弱-再发展-跃增-降雹的趋势;（2）降雹时刻,雹云的最大反射率因子（MaxREF）、45dBz回波高度（H45dBz）、回波顶高（H0dBz）、垂直累积液态水含量（VIL）平均值分别为63.4 dBz、7.55km、12.01km、39.08 kg/m2;大冰雹对应的MaxREF和VIL较小冰雹更大,大冰雹、小冰雹的H45dBz差别不大,大冰雹对应的H0dBz反而小于小冰雹;（3）冰雹发生前,MaxREF、H45dBz、H0dBz和VIL两个体扫间平均最大跃变分别为：5.89 dBz、2.19km、2.82km、17.5 kg/m2,跃变现象的出现比冰雹发生时刻平均提前21.4、22.2、28、28.8min,可以作为冰雹发生前的重要判断依据。     

文山州两次强冰雹天气的环流背景和雷达产品对比分析

该文通过对2012年8月5日和2012年8月12日2次强冰雹天气的天气背景及多普勒雷达回波强度、径向速度、垂直液态水含量、冰雹指数等雷达产品的对比分析,总结出在大范围水汽条件不是很有利的环流背景下,文山州8月冰雹天气在多普勒雷达产品上的表现特征和一些定量指标:回波强度≥55 dBz、≥50dBz的强回波垂直伸展高度≥6 km,垂直液态水含量VIL≥25 kg/m2时,容易产生冰雹天气,注意发布强对流天气预警;强对流降雹天气与逆风区和风的辐合有关,超级单体所在区域均对应着逆风区或是辐合线;冰雹指数产品对冰雹预报有很好的指示作用,降雹概率和强降雹概率达到100%时发布冰雹预警,但是冰雹最大直径与实况偏大,只能作为参考。     

天气雷达三体散射长钉回波特征分析

利用2016—2020年中国中东部地区47个强对流个例中50部S波段多普勒天气雷达的基本反射率因子产品资料,在筛选出2626个样本的基础上,分析三体散射长钉（TBSS） 特征。结果表明： TBSS在1.5 km和5 km高度附近出现频次最高;在2.4°仰角出现频次最高。TBSS主要出现在雷达静锥区边缘至雷达径向距离210 km范围,在距离雷达115 km附近达到峰值;TBSS在雷达极坐标系中呈现南多北少、西多东少的形势;当对流风暴移动方向与雷达径向方向的夹角大于30°时有利于观测到TBSS。TBSS回波强度在起始端径向向外0~15 km范围内迅速降低至5 dBz,15 km之后在-5~10 dBz波动,TBSS区域中70%以上为低于25 dBz的弱回波;99%的TBSS长度小于40 km,不同长度的TBSS形态符合正态分布。TBSS出现频次和长度与强回波的中心最高值和区域面积没有显著相关关系。     

基于决策树的天津地区冰雹天气雷达因子分析

利用决策树对天津地区2005—2014年4—9月间的25次有灾情资料的冰雹天气进行多普勒天气雷达因子识别,采用冰雹概率(POH)、强冰雹概率(POSH)、垂直液态含水量(VIL)、最大反射率因子(DBZM)、风暴质心高度(HT)、风暴顶高(TOP)等主要雷达识别指标,归纳出天津地区冰雹云雷达回波判识指标:(1)当DBZM≤54.5dBz,或者当DBZM54.5dBz但POSH≤35,单体不会降雹;(2)当DBZM54.5dBz且POSH35,则该单体将会降雹。与判别分析方法比较,基于决策树分析的识别降雹单体的成功率达90.2%,临界成功指数达78.3%,识别结果明显优于判别分析方法。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.