Geochemistry of the Archean low- to high-grade transition zone,Southern India

The transition zone between Archean low- and high-grade rocks in southern India represents eroded crustal levels representative of 15–20 km. It is comprised chiefly of tonalitic gneisses with some varieties showing incipient charnockitization and of minor amounts of granitic gneiss and charnockite, both of which appear to have developed from the tonalitic gneisses.Tonalitic gneisses and charnockites are similar in major and trace elements composition while granitic gneisses are relatively enriched in Rb, K, Th, Ba and light rare earth element (REE) and depleted in Cr and Sc. All three rock types exhibit enriched light REE patterns with variable positive Eu anomalies. Total REE content decreases with increasing Eu/Eu and SiO₂ and with decreasing Fe₂O_3T and MgO in the tonalitic gneisses and charnockites.An internally consistent model for the production of the tonalitic gneisses involves partial melting of an enriched mafic source with variable ratios of hornblende to clinopyroxene. This source, in turn, is derived from an ultramafic mantle relatively enriched in incompatible elements. Granitic gneisses form from tonalitic gneisses by alkali metasomatism from chloride-bearing fluids with high H₂O/CO₂ ratios purged from the lower crust by CO₂, and charnockites are produced from tonalitic gneisses (and granitic gneisses) by ischochemical CO₂ metamorphism following the alkali metasomatism.     

Petrology and geochemistry of prograde deserpentinized peridotites from Happo-O’ne, Japan: Evidence of element mobility during deserpentinization

The prograde deserpentinized peridotites from the talc zone in the Happo-O’ne complex, central Japan, show differences in their field relation and mineral assemblage with the high-P retrograde peridotites of the other part of the complex. They show a mineral assemblage, olivine + talc + antigorite ± prograde tremolite ± chlorite, formed by thermal metamorphism around the granitic intrusion at T, 500-650 °C and P < 7 kbar. The olivine has numerous opaque inclusions and high Fo (91.5-96.5) relative to the retrograde olivine, reflecting its formation by deserpentinization. The prograde tremolite, which is low in Al₂O₃ (<1.0 wt.%), Cr₂O₃ (<0.35 wt.%), and Na₂O (<0.6 wt.%) but high in Mg# (up to 0.98) and SiO₂ (up to 59.9 wt.%), is different in size, shape and chemistry from the retrograde tremolite. The prograde peridotites display a U-shaped REE pattern (0.02-0.5 times PM), similar to diopside-zone retrograde metaperidotites, possible protoliths. They are enriched in LILE (e.g., Cs, Pb, Sr, Rb) relative to HFSE (e.g., Ta, Hf, Zr, Nb), like their protoliths, because of their local re-equilibration with the fluid released during dehydration of the protoliths. They have high contents of REE and some trace elements (e.g., Cs, Th, U, Ta) relative to their protoliths because of an external-element addition from the granitic magma. In-situ analyses of peridotitic silicates confirmed that the prograde tremolite and talc display a spoon-shaped primitive mantle (PM)-normalized REE pattern (0.1-3 times PM) in which LREE are higher than HREE contents. The prograde tremolite is depleted in Al, Na, Cr, Sc, V, Ti, B, HREE and Li, but is enriched in Si, Cs, U, Th, HFSE (Hf, Zr, Nb, Ta), Rb and Ba relative to the retrograde tremolite; the immobile-element depletion in this tremolite is inherited from its source (antigorite + secondary diopside), whereas the depletion of mobile elements (e.g., Li, B, Na, Al) is ascribed to their mobility during the deserpentinization and/or the depleted character of the source of tremolite. The enrichment of HFSE and LILE in the prograde tremolite is related to an external addition of these elements from fluid/melt of the surrounding granitic magma and/or in situ equilibrium with LILE-bearing fluid released during dehydration of serpentinized retrograde metaperidotites and olivine-bearing serpentinites (protoliths). The prograde olivine is higher in REE and most trace-element contents than the retrograde one due to the external addition of these elements; it is enriched in B, Co and Ni, but depleted in Li that was liberated during deserpentinization by prograde metamorphism.     

Chronology and mechanism of depletion in Lewisian granulites

The pattern of Th, U and Rb depletion has been investigated in a suite of contrasting lithologies from the classic Lewisian granulite terrain at Scourie, N.W. Scotland. The study is based on lithologies ranging from ultramafic to tonalitic gneisses, together with calcsilicate and pelitic metasediments, sampled on the metre scale. Because of their close proximity, all of these lithologies have experienced identical P-T-t histories since depletion; however, their expected dehydration and melting characteristics are markedly different. Pb isotope analyses of the samples define the latest time of U/Pb fractionation as 2.665±0.026 Ga, and indicate substantial U and Th depletion relative to Pb in tonalitic and mafic lithologies, and in some metasediments. In contrast, ultramafic samples show no U and Th depletion. Sm-Nd isotope analyses of the mafic and ultramafic samples define an age of 2.707±0.052 Ga, which is interpreted as the time of igneous differentiation of the mafic-ultramafic bodies. This time is indistinguishable from the latest time of Th–Pb and U–Pb fractionation. Overall there is a straightforward relationship between the magnitude of depletion, lithology and the stability of mineral phases. Tonalitic and mafic gneisses are depleted in Th and U relative to Pb, whereas ultramafic gneisses which retain amphibole show no evidence for depletion. The observations are consistent with loss of U, Th and Rb in fluids produced by metamorphic dehydration and melting. A role for externally derived CO₂ in the depletion process is not excluded by the data but there is no evidence for it having existed. Limits are placed on the length scale of transport for several elements. U, Th and Rb are depleted regionally from mafic and tonalitic lithologies; transport distances must have been on the kilometre scale. In contrast, movements of Sm and Nd have been more restricted.     

中条山同善地区虎坪杂岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素特征及地质意义

中条山地区是华北克拉通中部造山带的重要组成部分,区内前寒武纪地层广泛出露,新太古代地质体主要分布在北东走向的中条山主山脉和近东西向王屋山"同善天窗"内。"同善天窗"中主要出露虎坪花岗质片麻杂岩及宋家山群。虎坪杂岩中黑云斜长片麻岩的锆石U-Pb上交点年龄为(2 530±13)Ma,εHf(2 530Ma)为3.89～7.12;英云闪长岩207 Pb/206 Pb加权平均年龄为(2 551.4±2.7)Ma,εHf(t)为5.49～9.67。结合近年来华北克拉通新太古代晚期中部造山带镁铁质火山岩Nd同位素及遵化二辉橄榄岩的Hf同位素特征,推测华北克拉通中部造山带新太古代晚期地幔εHf(t)与εNd(t)具有一定的线性关系,中条山新太古代晚期地幔εHf(2.55Ga)为8.2～9.5,显示华北克拉通地幔在2.55Ga之前即发生过大规模的分异。虎坪变英云闪长岩幔源Hf同位素的特征需要新生玄武质地壳俯冲熔融,类似特征的花岗岩往往存在于洋内俯冲带或是洋脊俯冲的特殊构造环境;因此,虎坪英云闪长岩的产出可能代表了中条山2.55Ga的洋脊俯冲或是年轻洋壳的壳内俯冲事件。     

Rare earth and other trace element mobility during mylonitization: a comparison of the Brevard and Hope Valley shear zones in the Appalachian Mountains, USA

In progressing from a granitoid mylonite to an ultramylonite in the Brevard shear zone in North Carolina, Ca and LOI (H₂O) increase, Si, Mg, K, Na, Ba, Sr, Ta, Cs and Th decrease, while changes in Al, Ti, Fe, P, Sc, Rb, REE, Hf, Cr and U are relatively small. A volume loss of 44% is calculated for the Brevard ultramylonite relative to an Al–Ti–Fe isocon. The increase in Ca and LOI is related to a large increase in retrograde epidote and muscovite in the ultramylonite, the decreases in K, Na, Si, Ba and Sr reflect the destruction of feldspars, and the decrease in Mg is related to the destruction of biotite during mylonitization. In an amphibolite facies fault zone separating grey and pink granitic gneisses in the Hope Valley shear zone in New England, compositional similarity suggests the ultramylonite is composed chiefly of the pink gneisses. Utilizing an Al–Ti–Fe isocon for the pink gneisses, Sc, Cr, Hf, Ta, U, Th and M-HREE are relatively unchanged, Si, LOI, K, Mg, Rb, Cs and Ba are enriched, and Ca, Na, P, Sr and LREE are lost during deformation. In contrast to the Brevard mylonite, the Hope Valley mylonite appears to have increased in volume by about 70%, chiefly in response to an introduction of quartz. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of granitoids from both shear zones are LREE-enriched and have prominent negative Eu anomalies. Although REE increase in abundance in the Brevard ultramylonites (reflecting the volume loss), the shape of the REE pattern remains unchanged. In contrast, REE and especially LREE decrease in abundance with increasing deformation of the Hope Valley gneisses. Mass balance calculations indicate that ≥95% of the REE in the Brevard rocks reside in titanite. In contrast, in the Hope Valley rocks only 15–40% of the REE can be accounted for collectively by titanite, apatite and zircon. Possible sites for the remaining REE are allanite, fluorite or grain boundaries. Loss of LREE from the pink gneisses during deformation may have resulted from decreases in allanite and perhaps apatite or by leaching ofy REE from grain boundaries by fluids moving through the shear zone. Among the element ratios most resistant to change during mylonitization in the Brevard shear zone are La/Yb, Eu/Eu*, Sm/Nd, La/Sc, Th/Sc, Th/Yb, Cr/Th, Th/U and Hf/Ta, whereas the most stable ratios in the Hope Valley shear zone are K/Rb, Rb/Cs, Th/U, Eu/Eu*, Th/Sc, Th/Yb, Sm/Nd, Th/Ta, Hf/Ta and Hf/Yb. However, until more trace element data are available from other shear zones, these ratios should not be used alone to identify protoliths of deformed rocks.     

Patchy charnockites from Jenapore, Eastern Ghats granulite belt, India: Structural and petrochemical evidences attesting to their relict nature

The charnockite patches that occur within leptynite host, in and around Jenapore, northern sector of the Eastern Ghats granulite belt, are disposed in a linear fashion and generally have sharp lithological contact with the host leptynite. Sometimes the patches and foliations of the host are cofolded. Also, the patches sometimes have the internalS ₁ foliation, while the host leptynite records onlyS2 foliation. Mineralogically and chemically patchy charnockites and host leptynites are distinct entities, and cannot be related by any prograde and retrograde reactions. Particularly important is the peraluminous granitic composition and high Rb/Sr ratios of the leptynites, presumably resulting from biotite-dehydration melting; as against metaluminous granodioritic to tonalitic composition and low Rb/Sr ratios of the patchy charnockites, presumably resulting from hornblende-dehydration melting. The charnockite patches here can be interpreted as caught up patches or xenolith within granitic melt (leptynite). Mg-rich rims of garnet in the charnockite patch were probably caused by heat from the crystallising melt or decompression during ascent of melt.     

Thermal granulite-facies metamorphism with diffuse retrogression in Archaean orthogneisses, Fiskefjord, southern West Greenland

Around Fiskefjord, southern West Greenland, Archaean amphibolite-facies, granulite-facies and retrograde orthogneisses occur in lithological and structural continuity with each other. The granulite-facies rocks here—and elsewhere in West Greenland—are surrounded by extensive areas of retrograde gneisses. Both the prograde and retrograde metamorphism took place in a major event of continental crust formation c. 3000 Ma ago, which gave rise to granulite-facies conditions in part of the rock complex exposed today. In the Fiskefjord area distributions of major and trace elements, as well as strontium and lead isotopes, show that the fades transformations were accompanied by pronounced metasomatism, and mineral chemistry indicates that the hydrous retrograde metamorphism took place under amphibolite-facies conditions and was gradual and incomplete. The metamorphic and metasomatic processes in the Fiskefjord area are believed to have been controlled by heat from continuous intracrustal injection of large masses of tonalitic magma, which caused gradual dehydration and partial melting, followed by liberation of aqueous fluids during crystallization of anatectic melts. These fluids partially retrograded previously dehydrated gneisses. In contrast, South Indian high-grade gneisses have mainly prograde amphibolite–granulite-facies transitions which are distinct and well preserved, later than penetrative deformation, and are likely to have been controlled by CO₂ streaming. These amphibolite–granulite-facies transitions are reported to be near-isochemical. It is suggested that there are (at least) two different kinds of granulite-facies metamorphism: a near-isochemical prograde type in stabilized tectonic environments, perhaps controlled by influx of CO₂ (e.g. in South India) and significantly post-dating original crust formation; and a fluid-deficient type with widespread anatexis, hydrous retrogression and metasomatism, which takes place during accretion of continental crust, and in which heat is the governing factor (e.g. in southern West Greenland).     

Constraints on the timing and conditions of high‐grade metamorphism,charnockite formation and fluid–rock interaction in the Trivandrum Block,southern India

Incipient charnockites have been widely used as evidence for the infiltration of CO₂‐rich fluids driving dehydration of the lower crust. Rocks exposed at Kakkod quarry in the Trivandrum Block of southern India allow for a thorough investigation of the metamorphic evolution by preserving not only orthopyroxene‐bearing charnockite patches in a host garnet–biotite felsic gneiss, but also layers of garnet–sillimanite metapelite gneiss. Thermodynamic phase equilibria modelling of all three bulk compositions indicates consistent peak‐metamorphic conditions of 830–925 °C and 6–9 kbar with retrograde evolution involving suprasolidus decompression at high temperature. These models suggest that orthopyroxene was most likely stabilized close to the metamorphic peak as a result of small compositional heterogeneities in the host garnet–biotite gneiss. There is insufficient evidence to determine whether the heterogeneities were inherited from the protolith or introduced during syn‐metamorphic fluid flow. U–Pb geochronology of monazite and zircon from all three rock types constrains the peak of metamorphism and orthopyroxene growth to have occurred between the onset of high‐grade metamorphism at c. 590 Ma and the onset of melt crystallization at c. 540 Ma. The majority of metamorphic zircon growth occurred during protracted melt crystallization between c. 540 and 510 Ma. Melt crystallization was followed by the influx of aqueous, alkali‐rich fluids likely derived from melts crystallizing at depth. This late fluid flow led to retrogression of orthopyroxene, the observed outcrop pattern and to the textural and isotopic modification of monazite grains at c. 525–490 Ma.     

Geochronology and Petrogenesis for the Protolith of Biotite Plagioclase Gneiss at Lianghe, Western Yunnan

In this paper,we report an integrated study of U-Pb age and Hf isotope compositions of zircons from biotite plagioclase gneiss at Lianghe in western Yunnan.The zircons preserved inherited core and rim texture.Igneous zircon grains and rims yielded a weighted mean ~(206)Pb/~(238)U age of 120.4±1.7 Ma,theirε_(Hf)(120 Ma)values were mainly negative ranging from-13.9 to-10.7,with Hf model ages between 1.9 Ga and 2.0 Ga,some zircons had positiveε_(Hf)(120 Ma)values ranging from 0.2 to 2.1.The inherited cores ...     

Origin of granites in an Archean high-grade terrane,southern India

Archean deep-level granites in southern India are similar geochemically to young granites from continentalmargin arc systems. They exhibit light REE enriched patterns with variable, but chiefly positive Eu anomalies. This is in striking contrast to the negative Eu anomalies typical in high-level Archean granites. In addition, the deep-level granites are relatively enriched in Ba and Sr and depleted in total REE and high field strength elements (HFSE). One pluton, the Sankari granite, has unusually low contents of REE and HFSE. Most of the deep-level granites appear to represent cumulates with variable amounts of trapped liquid and of minor phases, resulting from fractional crystallization of a granitic parent. Such parental granitic magmas can be produced by batch melting of Archean tonalite at middle to lower crustal depths. The Sankari granite requires a tonalitic source depleted in REE and HFSE. Archean tonalites and tonalitic charnockites exhibit original igneous geochemical signatures and their average composition does not show a significant Eu anomaly. Hence, they cannot represent the positive Eu-anomaly complement to the negative Eu-anomaly, high-level granites. Our results suggest that Archean deep-level granites may represent this complement. Such granite may form in waterrich zones in the middle or lower crust and be produced in response to dehydration of the lower crust by a rising CO₂-rich fluid phase.     

Arrested charnockite formation in southern India and Sri Lanka

Arrested prograde charnockite formation in quartzofeldspathic gneisses is widespread in the high-grade terrains of southern India and Sri Lanka. Two major kinds of orthopyroxene-producing reactions are recognized. Breakdown of calcic amphibole by reaction with biotite and quartz in tonalitic/granitic gray gneiss produced the regional orthopyroxene isograd, manifest in charnockitic mottling and veining of mixed-facies exposures, as at Kabbal, Karnataka, and in the Kurunegala District of the Sri Lanka Central Highlands. Chemical and modal analyses of carefully chosen immediately-adjacent amphibole gneiss and charnockite pairs show that the orthopyroxene is produced by an open system reaction involving slight losses of CaO, MgO and FeO and gains of SiO₂ and Na₂O. Rb and Y are depleted in the charnockite. Another kind of charnockitization is found in paragneisses throughout the southern high-grade area, and involves the reaction of biotite and quartz±garnet to produce orthopyroxene and K-feldspar. Although charnockite formation along shears and other deformation zones at such localities as Ponmudi, Kerala is highly reminiscent of Kabbal, close pair analyses are not as suggestive of open-system behavior. This type of charnockite formation is found in granulite facies areas where no prograde amphibole-bearing gneisses exist and connotes a higher-grade reaction than that of the orthopyroxene isograd. Metamorphic conditions of both Kabbaltype and Ponmudi-type localities were 700°–800° C and 5–6 kbar. Lower P(H₂O) in the Ponmudi-type metamorphism was probably the definitive factor.CO₂-rich fluid inclusions in quartz from the Kabbaltype localities support the concept that this type of charnockite formation was driven by influx of CO₂ from some deep-seated source. The open-system behavior and high oxidation states of the metamorphism are in accord with the CO₂-streaming hypothesis. CO₂-rich inclusions in graphitebearing charnockites of the Ponmudi type, however, commonly have low densities and compositions not predictable by vapor-mineral equilibrium calculations. These inclusions may have suffered post-metamorphic H₂ leakage or some systematic contamination.Neither the close-pair analyses nor the fluid inclusions strongly suggest an influx of CO₂ drove charnockite formation of the Ponmudi type. The possibility remains that orthopyroxene and CO₂-rich fluids were produced by reaction of biotite with graphite without intervention of fluids of external origin. Further evidence, such as oxygen isotopes, is necessary to test the CO₂-streaming hypothesis for the Ponmudi-type localities.     

新疆西天山智博铁矿床火山岩和侵入岩岩石地球化学

新疆西天山阿吾拉勒山集中产出多个大、中型海相火山岩型富铁矿床,引起人们的广泛关注。这些铁矿的成因被认为与火山作用有关,但对其成岩成矿的大地构造背景尚不清楚。文章研究了智博铁矿区出露的火山岩和侵入岩的岩石学、岩石地球化学,尝试探讨该问题。智博铁矿体赋矿围岩为早石炭世大哈拉军山组玄武岩和安山岩,侵入岩有晚石炭世花岗岩、花岗岩脉和闪长岩脉。玄武岩和安山岩在构造环境判别图解中投影于火山弧范围内,在花岗岩类构造环境判别图解中,320 Ma的花岗岩脉和319 Ma的石英闪长岩投影于岛弧环境,304 Ma的花岗闪长岩则投影于同碰撞环境。结合前人研究成果,认为智博地区在早石炭世为岛弧环境,晚石炭世可能经历了岛弧俯冲向同碰撞环境的转变。玄武岩亏损Ta、Nb,相对亏损Th,富集Rb、U、Pb;安山岩亏损Ta、Nb,富集轻稀土元素和Rb、U、Th、Pb,结合Sr/Th-Th/Ce和Th-Ba/Th图解判别,推测智博铁矿床玄武岩和安山岩岩浆源区为受到了俯冲带流体交代的楔形地幔。     

Origin and evolution of topaz-bearing granites from the Nanling Range, South China: a geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic study

Summary The F-rich Hongshan pluton in the eastern Nanling Range, southern China, is a topaz-bearing albite leucogranite. It is distinctive from other topaz-bearing felsic rocks in South China with respect to age, size, geochemical evolution and topaz mode and morphology. The Hongshan granites are highly peraluminous and characterized by high K₂O/Na₂O, Si, Rb, Cs, Nb, Ta and F, and low Ca, Ba, Sr, Zr, Hf, P, K/Rb, Zr/Hf and Eu/Eu^*. The granites show significant trace-element variations with magma evolution, with increasing Rb, Cs, Nb, Ta, Sn, W and decreasing Sr, Ba, Zr, Hf, Y, REE, Pb, Th, K/Rb, Zr/Hf, Th/U and Eu/Eu^*. These changes dominantly reflect fractional crystallization of plagioclase, biotite and accessory minerals such as zircon and monazite. The granites also exhibit a decrease in ɛNd(t = 225 Ma) from −7.9 to −11.7 with magma evolution. Modeling shows that the Nd isotopic variation could result from assimilation of the Taoxi Group wall rocks during fractional crystallization. The Hongshan pluton also shows spatial geochemical variations; the most evolved parts are located in the southeastern part of the pluton, which would be the most likely target area for rare-metal mineralization commonly associated with other topaz-bearing granites. Zircon grains from two rock types in the Hongshan body were analyzed in situ for U–Pb ages and Hf isotopic values. The concordant zircon grains mostly range from 218 to 230 Ma with an average of 224.6 ± 2.3 Ma (Indosinian). Some zircons with different internal structures and Hf isotope compositions, as well as monazite fragments, yield U–Pb ages of ca. 280 to 240 Ma, suggesting older thermal events in the studied area. The ɛHf(t) of these older zircons is strongly negative (−12.3), implying a crustal source with a Paleoproterozoic model age, similar to that for the Proterozoic Zhoutan Group. The main (∼225 Ma) zircon population exhibits less negative ɛHf(t) (−3.0 to −7.6) and Mesoproterozoic model ages, suggesting that the original magma of the Hongshan granite was generated from deeper Mesoproterozoic crust.     

Geochemical characterization of zoned zircon from Wadi Abu Rusheid psammitic gneiss, south Eastern Desert, Egypt

A unique zircon was studied in the gneiss samples collected from the Wadi Abu Rusheid psammitic gneiss using electron scanning microscope and electron probe microanalyses. This zircon can be categorized into two types according to the texture and trace element content: (l) magmatic zircon slightly enriched in HfO₂ with ordinary zone. (2) Overgrowths of zircon occur as two species, the first species being highly enriched in HfO₂ with irregular zoning. The second species is highly enriched in HfO₂ forming a rim around the second species with a very sharp thinner boundary. The first type shows a distinct oscillatory internal zoning pattern without change in shape of this zone and has conspicuous inclusion-free zircon overgrowths with distinct poor concentrations in Y, Hf, Th, U, Nb, and Ta in both rim and core. The second type shows two species, the first one displays distinct irregular interval zoning and irregular overgrowth with abrupt change in composition of these zones with distinct enrichment in Y, Hf, Th, U, Nb, and Ta in the rim relative to the core. The second species is forming a rim around the first species also with distinct enrichment in Y, Hf, Th, U, Nb, and Ta content. These indicate that two events (crystallization environment) have played an important role in the formation of this zircon and largely reflect differences in whole-rock trace element contents between the successive generations of this zircon. The first event is believed to be of magmatic origin giving rise to normal composition of magmatic zircon. The second event shows an intense successive process of metasomatic activity during the formation of the Abu Rusheid radioactive gneiss. Electron microprobe analysis indicates that oscillatory zoned zircon shows poor content of Y, Hf, Th, U, Nb, Ta, and rare earth elements (REE) in the rim and core, while overgrowths of zircon are slightly enriched by these elements. Also, these analyses indicate that the Abu Rusheid psammitic gneiss has been significantly enriched by the thorite mineral (Th content up to 54.72% ThO₂) and columbite-bearing minerals (Nb content up to 64.74% Nb₂O₅, Ta content up to 9.32% Ta2O₅). The poor content of REE in overgrowths of zircon indicates mobilization of REE during the metamorphism processes of gneiss.     

Petrogenesis and zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of newly discovered Mesoarchean gneisses on the northern margin of the North China Craton

Geological mapping and zircon U–Pb laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) dating has identified a Mesoarchean (2857 ± 17 Ma) geological unit in the Luanjiajie area of the northern margin of the North China Craton, within the northern part of Liaoning Province, China. This unit is dominated by tonalitic and trondhjemite gneisses that form part of a typical tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) rock assemblage. These Mesoarchean gneisses are enriched in Na and depleted in K, yield K₂O/Na₂O ratios of 0.34–0.50, have Rittmann index (σ) values of 1.54–3.04, and are calc-alkaline. They have Eu_N/Eu_N* values of 0.77–1.20 (average of 1.03), indicating that these samples have negligible Eu anomalies, and yield high La_N/Yb_N values (4.92–23.12). These characteristics indicate that these Mesoarchean gneisses have fractionated rare earth element (REE) compositions that are enriched in the light REE (LREE) and depleted in the heavy REE (HREE), with steeply dipping chondrite-normalized REE patterns. These gneisses are also enriched in Rb, Th, K, Zr, and Hf, and are relatively depleted in Ta, Nb, P, and Ti. In summary, the magma that formed these tonalitic and trondhjemite gneisses was most likely derived from the partial melting of lower-crustal basaltic rocks during subduction. The timing of formation (2.85 Ga) of the Luanjiajie tonalite and trondhjemite gneisses probably represents the timing of initiation of plate tectonics within the LongGang Block during a SE-directed subduction event. The presence of inherited zircons with ages of >3.0 Ga within the Luanjiajie gneisses suggests that this area may contain as yet undiscovered rocks that formed before 3.0 Ga.     

青海冷湖盐场北山花岗闪长岩年代学、地球化学及其Hf同位素特征

盐场北山花岗闪长岩位于柴北缘西端青海冷湖地区。岩体高Si(71.19%~71.81%),富Na(4.52%~4.85%)。铝饱和指数平均为1.02,属弱过铝质花岗岩。岩体富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Sr、Th),亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta),具弧型花岗岩特征。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明岩体形成于(265±2)Ma。锆石Hf同位素初始比值176 Hf/177 Hf分布于0.282 962 0~0.283 048 7,并具有的正εHf(t)值(12.54~15.19),其平均两阶段模式年龄TDM2(Hf)为367 Ma,反映岩体源区可能为新生的镁铁质下地壳,另外,εHf(t)基本位于亏损地幔演化线附近,指示该玄武质下地壳来源于亏损地幔。结合区域地质背景和岩石地球化学特征,认为盐场北山花岗闪长岩与泥盆纪镁铁-超镁铁岩有关,由于宗务隆裂谷小洋盆的向南俯冲,引发其上覆玄武质新生地壳发生熔融形成,进而揭示晚二叠世末柴北缘处于火山弧或活动陆缘的构造环境。     

Subduction—Modified Subcontinental Mantle in South China：Trace Element and Isotope Evidence in Basalts from Hainan Island

Cenozoic lavas from Hainan Island,South China,comprise quartz tholeiite,olivine tholeiite,alkali basalt,and basanite and form a continuous,tholeiite-dominated,compositional spectrum.Highly incompatible elements and their relationships with isotopes in these lavas are shown to be useful in evaluating mantle-source composition,whereas modeling suggests that ratios of elements with bulk partition coefficients significantly larger than those of Nb and Ta may be sensitive to partial melting.Th/Ta and La/Nb ratios of alkali basalts are lower than those of tholeiites,and they are all lower than those of the primitive mantle,These ratios correlate positively with ^207Pb/^204Pb and ^87Sr/^86Sr ratios.Such relationships can be explained by mixing of depleted and enriched source components.A depleted component is indicated by alkali basalt compositions and is similar to some depleted OIB (PREMA).The enriched component,similar to sediment compositions,is indicated by tholeiites with high LILE/HFSE,^207Pb/^204Pb,and ^87Sr/^86Sr ratios.In general,basalts from Hainan and the South China Basin(SCB)share common geochemical characters.e.g.high Rb/Sr,Th/Ta,^207Pb/^206Pb,and low Ba/Th ratios.Such a geochemical trend is comparable to that of EMII-type OIB and best explained as the result of subduction.Occurrence of these characteristics in both continental Hainan basalts and SCB seamout basalts indicates the presence of a South China geochemical domain that exists in the mantle region below the lithosphere.     

桂东南糯垌—安平地区(变质)中—基性火成岩的年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

文章对桂东南糯垌—安平地区出露的阳起石化斜长角闪岩(变质基性岩)和中—基性火山角砾岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学和全岩地球化学分析研究,结果表明,糯垌地区岩体的形成时代晚于123 Ma,安平地区火山角砾岩记录了两期重要的岩浆活动,一组为燕山期(或之后),年龄上限为～138 Ma,一组为早古生代加里东期(452～450 Ma...     

川西同德和沙坝麻粒岩及其退变质岩石之间的元素迁移

利用川西麻粒岩的全岩化学组成与岩石中特征矿物的化学性质,研究了麻粒岩退变质作用的元素迁移。对紫苏辉石、普通辉石和普通角闪石的电子探针分析表明,随着麻粒岩退变质作用程度的加深,矿物的化学组成与全岩的元素迁移同步变化。由于矿物组合和岩相的转变以及地壳流体的作用,同德二辉麻粒岩在退变质至黑云角闪斜长片麻岩过程中,K,Rb,Cs,K／Na,Fe^3+和Fe3+／Fe^2+增加,Fe^2+,V,Co,Ba,Sr和Pb降低;在沙坝二辉麻粒岩退变质为含绿帘石角闪斜长片麻岩过程中,Na,Ca,Fe^3+,Zr,Hf,Nb,Ta,Rb,U,Th,REE和Fe^3+／Fe^2+增加,Fe^2+,Mg,K,Co,Zn,Cs,Pb和K／Na降低。麻粒岩退变质过程中制约不同元素迁移的主要矿物相是普通角闪石等退变质新生矿物。同德和沙坝两个麻粒岩块退变质作用中,个别元素迁移性状并不相同,这可能与原岩的性质和变质流体的成分等环境地质条件有关。     

The Ashele VMS-type Cu-Zn Deposit in Xinjiang,NW China Formed in a Rifted Arc Setting

The Ashele Cu-Zn deposit is a typical VMS deposit in Chinese Altay located in the southern margin of the Altaid orogen. The deposit occurred in the polyphase fold system, and the main orebody is located at the hinge of the syncline. All orebodies show lenticular form, and are stratabound by a suite of early to middle Devonian bimodal volcanic rocks. The hosting basalt is low K tholeiite and characterized with high Mg, Fe, Ca and low K, Ti. These basalts show flat REE pattern with Ce negative anomaly (Ce/Ce* 0.73–0.76). Niobium, Ta, Zr, Hf are depleted and Rb, Ba, Th, U, Sr, Pb are enriched with respect to the N-MORB. Both the Sr and Nd isotopes show depleted properties, while the (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i and the ε_Nd(t) range from 0.70469 to 0.70488 and 4.6 to 5.3, respectively. All geochemical and isotopic data from the hosting basalt show that it originates from an island arc source. We also report the S isotope data from the massive orebody, and δ³⁴S‰ change from 1.8‰ to 5.6‰. The S isotope data provide evidence that the sulfur originates from a mixing source between magma and seawater sulfate. We propose that the mafic magma provides the ore-forming metal and some percentage of sulfur, while it also acts as a heat engine which makes the fluids leach the metal from the underlying volcanic rocks. Combining the geological characteristics of the Ashele and geochemical data, and comparing with other Cu-Zn VMS deposits in the world, we propose that Ashele formed in a rifted arc setting.