Editorial: Geography and general education

Editorial: Geography and general education     

Stepping from the wreckage: Geography, pragmatism and anti-representational theory

This paper draws out linkages between non-representational theory (NRT) and pragmatism. In doing so it sets NRT in a much wider, historical anti-representational movement. This should add momentum to its progress, and open up the considerable pragmatist and neo-pragmatist heritage as a resource for dealing with questions about methods, politics and ethics that NRT raises. Firstly I outline pragmatism and NRT to ground the discussion. Secondly the convergences between pragmatism, poststructuralism and the later work of Wittgenstein are considered. After that I go through a series of working principles which can underpin what is being termed anti-representational theory. These include; the primacy of life and action, pluralism, materiality/spatiality/temporality/relationality, anti-essentialism, creativity, collectivity, fallibilism, and disorder in method. I conclude by considering anti-representational knowledge production through radical incrementalism underpinned by witness and narrative.     

年代古地理学: 理论与实践*

古地理学研究和探讨的是地质历史时期的地表环境,是构造—环境(气候)—物质相互作用的产物。传统的古地理学及相应的构造古地理、生物古地理学等对大地构造演化及古大陆重建、油气勘探等起到了重要的作用。随着地球演化的深入研究,在多层圈的相互作用,特别是古气候、古环境等研究基础上,需要有机地把地表环境和构造环境相结合,并且综合考虑深层及浅层地质过程对古地理格局的形成和演化的制约。在传统的古地理学基础上,提出一个新的学科——年代古地理学,用以研究和探讨地质历史时期的地表过程。该学科是精细的同位素年代格架下的不同动力学—运动学—物质迁移—环境变迁形成古地理的研究,或者物质—力学—环境(气候)相互作用下的古地理格局的研究。旨在研究和探讨地表过程,亦即形成地表环境的过程,强调同一时间的多元性、不同空间的差异性和不同尺度的穿时性。文中以近年来研究的台湾、扬子及华北克拉通等地区的精细时间尺度下的古地理环境为例,进一步剖析年代古地理学对于重新理解和认识古构造格局演化的重要性。     

年代古地理学: 理论与实践*

古地理学研究和探讨的是地质历史时期的地表环境,是构造—环境(气候)—物质相互作用的产物。传统的古地理学及相应的构造古地理、生物古地理学等对大地构造演化及古大陆重建、油气勘探等起到了重要的作用。随着地球演化的深入研究,在多层圈的相互作用,特别是古气候、古环境等研究基础上,需要有机地把地表环境和构造环境相结合,并且综合考虑深层及浅层地质过程对古地理格局的形成和演化的制约。在传统的古地理学基础上,提出一个新的学科——年代古地理学,用以研究和探讨地质历史时期的地表过程。该学科是精细的同位素年代格架下的不同动力学—运动学—物质迁移—环境变迁形成古地理的研究,或者物质—力学—环境(气候)相互作用下的古地理格局的研究。旨在研究和探讨地表过程,亦即形成地表环境的过程,强调同一时间的多元性、不同空间的差异性和不同尺度的穿时性。文中以近年来研究的台湾、扬子及华北克拉通等地区的精细时间尺度下的古地理环境为例,进一步剖析年代古地理学对于重新理解和认识古构造格局演化的重要性。     

地质灾害活动强度评估的原理、方法和实例

为了探索区域群发地质灾害活动强度评价的原理、方法和指标体系,从地质灾害强度的基本涵义和快速测量的技术要求2个方面简要地分析了影响群发地质灾害活动强度的主要指标和参数,并参考地震震级计算和划分的(宏观)依据,初步提出了以地质灾害分布最大面密度为衡量区域地质灾害活动强度指标的基本思路和分级标准,建立了地质灾害活动强度指数(GHI—geohazard index )8级划分标准;初步提出了快速统计估算地质灾害最大面密度的2种基本方法,即栅格法和自然斜坡(流域)统计法。结合汶川Ms8.0级地震诱发地质灾害、陕西省宁陕县城2003年暴雨诱发地质灾害和宝鸡市地质灾害活动强度分析评价,简要地讨论了在地质灾害强度评价指标、最大面密度统计测量方法及其代表性等方面存在的问题,强调地质灾害强度(GHI)指标评价分级还处于探索研究的开始阶段,还需要在实践中不断修改完善。     

地质灾害活动强度评估的原理、方法和实例

为了探索区域群发地质灾害活动强度评价的原理、方法和指标体系,从地质灾害强度的基本涵义和快速测量的技术要求2个方面简要地分析了影响群发地质灾害活动强度的主要指标和参数,并参考地震震级计算和划分的(宏观)依据,初步提出了以地质灾害分布最大面密度为衡量区域地质灾害活动强度指标的基本思路和分级标准,建立了地质灾害活动强度指数(GHI—geohazard index )8级划分标准;初步提出了快速统计估算地质灾害最大面密度的2种基本方法,即栅格法和自然斜坡(流域)统计法。结合汶川Ms8.0级地震诱发地质灾害、陕西省宁陕县城2003年暴雨诱发地质灾害和宝鸡市地质灾害活动强度分析评价,简要地讨论了在地质灾害强度评价指标、最大面密度统计测量方法及其代表性等方面存在的问题,强调地质灾害强度(GHI)指标评价分级还处于探索研究的开始阶段,还需要在实践中不断修改完善。     

云南巍山—永平矿集区流体地质填图的理论与实践

流体地质填图是一种全新的地质调查及找矿方法。本次研究选择云南巍山－永平矿集区进行流体地质填图试验，研究了矿集区的控矿地质要素、各种主要的矿床（点）特征、成矿流体子系统及流域、流体的盐度与均一温度、流体的气液相成分、微量元素含量、稳定同位素特征及成矿流体的浓集中心。得到的流体地质图基本反映了本区成矿流体的性质与状态，反映了两个成矿流体子系统的基本特征，圈字了2个成矿流体子系统的流域范围及7个成矿流体浓集中心。这些浓集中心与已知矿化点分布、化探异常及有利的地质条件基本吻合，成为该区进一步找矿预测的重要依据之一。本项目的实践表明，流体地质填图不失为一种有效的找矿手段。     

Geological resources and environmental carrying capacity evaluation review,theory, and practice in China

Evaluations of resources and environmental carrying capacities (GRECC) are the premise of land space planning and use control. Resource allocations and environmental capacity are the basic conditions that restrict development in a region. In this paper, based on a systematic review of China’s geological environment, groundwater resources, mineral resources, other geological resources and the environmental carrying capacity research status, the relationship between the natural resource environmental system and the socio-economic system is studied. Then a “coordination theory of resources and environmental carrying” is proposed. Next, on the basis of an evaluation experiment performed at different scales and for different types of regions, the technical methods for an evaluation of the geological resources and environmental carrying capacity at the regional (inter-provincial) and provincial scales in China are established for the first time. This paper presents a standardized method based on technical ideas, evaluation methods, and index systems for geological resource and environmental carrying capacity evaluation. Finally, an evaluation of the groundwater resource carrying capacity in China is used as an example for the demonstration of the groundwater resource background and use of state evaluation methods.     

Geography (or geographers) and earth system science

A response to Pitman’s recent arguments regarding a perceived invasion of geographers’ territory within the academic division of labour by earth system science. Geography is not the grand synthesiser, the only discipline which can explain the big picture, and arrogant claims that it is are counter-productive, both within and outwith the discipline. Geographers should just get on with what they are doing—well.     

水资源需求层次理论和初步实践

水资源需求预测对于经济社会发展规划和供水规划与管理至关重要,不合理的预测可能会误导水利规划和供水工程建设规模;从用水户的角度出发去揭示其不同层次的真实需水,可提高需水预测结果的合理性.通过对水资源需求内涵和影响因子的详细分析,引入马斯洛需求层次理论初步建立了基本、发展、和谐层次的水资源需求层次理论,并从生活、生产、生态三方面分别探讨不同层次的真实需水.以普洱市为例进行了不同层次的需水预测实践,2020年50%、75%、90%和95%的来水频率,发展层次下的河道外总需水预测量较相关规划成果分别偏小28.2%、22.6%、22.6%和18.1%,基本层次下的预测成果偏小更多,和谐层次下的预测成果也偏小1.8%~13.8%;75%来水频率,发展层次下需水量与"人均综合用水量法"预测结果基本相当,整体偏小0.8%~1.7%.预测结果表明不同频率、不同层次下的预测成果比常规预测结果整体上偏小,弥补了常规预测总是偏大的不足.     

Geography,segregation and American urban society

Despite the growth and increasingly dominant role of cities within its economic, social and political life, the United States still possesses many ingrained ‘rural’ traits that served to characterize the emergent nation in the late 1700s. While an increase in the scale of settlement and related increasing differentiation and segregation between rich and poor, white and coloured, has taken place, within the city we continue to discern the manifestations of traditions which represent the basis of the American heritage. “What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow out of this stony rubbish?”     

钻孔单位涌水量换算的理论与实践

单位涌水量是评价煤矿区含水层富水性强弱和划分矿井水文地质类型的重要指标之一。分析了单位涌水量换算的意义及煤矿钻孔实际抽水资料,研究了具有三次降深、二次降深及一次降深资料单位涌水量换算的方法,结合某煤矿的实际抽水资料进行了验证,计算结果符合该煤矿区含水层富水性的实际情况。     

Land use change modelling: current practice and research priorities

Land use change models are tools to support the analysis of the causes and consequences of land use dynamics. Scenario analysis with land use models can support land use planning and policy. Numerous land use models are available, developed from different disciplinary backgrounds. This paper reviews current models to identify priority issues for future land use change modelling research. This discussion is based on six concepts important to land use modelling: (1) Level of analysis; (2) Cross-scale dynamics; (3) Driving forces; (4) Spatial interaction and neighbourhood effects; (5) Temporal dynamics; and (6) Level of integration. For each of these concepts an overview is given of the variety of methods used to implement these concepts in operational models. It is concluded that a lot of progress has been made in building land use change models. However, in order to incorporate more aspects important to land use modelling it is needed to develop a new generation of land use models that better address the multi-scale characteristics of the land use system, implement new techniques to quantify neighbourhood effects, explicitly deal with temporal dynamics and achieve a higher level of integration between disciplinary approaches and between models studying urban and rural land use changes. If these requirements are fulfilled models will better support the analysis of land use dynamics and land use policy formulation.     

Geography,tourism and recreation in the antipodes

Conclusions This review, albeit of necessity selective, has outlined a diversity of interests, not only in subject matter but also in approach; a concern with methodological and conceptual issues as well as with the practical application of such research. Thus in spite of the small number of Antipodean geographers actively engaged in the field, the indications are that tourism and recreation research is alive, well and flourishing in the South Pacific.     

The shear strength of rock joints in theory and practice

SummaryThe Shear Strength of Rock Joints in Theory and Practice The paper describes an empirical law of friction for rock joints which can be used both for extrapolating and predicting shear strength data. The equation is based on three index parameters; the joint roughness coefficientJRC, the joint wall compressive strengthJCS, and the residual friction angle _r . All these index values can be measured in the laboratory. They can also be measured in the field. Index tests and subsequent shear box tests on more than 100 joint samples have demonstrated that _r can be estimated to within ± 1° for any one of the eight rock types investigated. The mean value of the peak shear strength angle (arctan/ _n ) for the same 100 joints was estimated to within 1/2°. The exceptionally close prediction of peak strength is made possible by performing self-weight (low stress) sliding tests on blocks with throughgoing joints. The total friction angle (arctan/ _n ) at which sliding occurs provides an estimate of the joint roughness coefficientJRC. The latter is constant over a range of effective normal stress of at least four orders of magnitude. However, it is found that bothJRC andJCS reduce with increasing joint length. Increasing the length of joint therefore reduces not only the peak shear strength, but also the peak dilation angle and the peak shear stiffness. These important scale effects can be predicted at a fraction of the cost of performing large scale in situ direct shear tests.With 20 Figures