The Nordic Volcanological Institute: understanding volcanoes at spreading centres

The Nordic countries (known as 'Norden') are not immediately associated with volcanoes: Norway with folded mountains cut by fjords and its offshore oil and gas deposits, Sweden and Finland by the western part of the Baltic shield, a huge area of Precambrian rocks, of which gneisses form a large part, and Denmark, a country of Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks, where glacial, superficial deposits are of major importance. But Norden also includes Iceland, where everyone immediately thinks of volcanoes and glaciers. Clearly volcanological research would be expected to be a major priority for the Icelandic nation. However, in the other Nordic countries old volcanic and other igneous rocks play a significant role, comprising a large part of the Precambrian and Caledonian terrains and being a key to many of the commercial mineral deposits which play a major role in the economies of Norway, Sweden and Finland. Even Denmark, a country of sedimentary rocks has an impressive sequence of Paleogene volcanic ashes and the Faeroe Islands, made up almost entirely of basalts, are part of Denmark.     

A symposium on Nordic Quaternary research in 1986

Different topics of Quaternary geology were dealt with at a symposium arranged in 1986 in Århus, Denmark: (1) reviews on recent Quaternary research in the Nordic countries, (2) studies of stratigraphy and geological processes in the Fennoscandian Border Zone, which demonstrate that the Quaternary deposition pattern is highly influenced by tectonic movements, and (3) Quaternary research as it can be applied to geotechnical investigations in the search for raw materials, in connection with pollution, and with conservation.     

Development of human ecology in Lapland,Finland, after World War II Die Landesentwicklung in Finnisch-Lappland seit dem II. Weltkrieg Développement écologique de la Laponie Finlandaise après 1945

Everywhere in the industrially advanced world, a fundamental feature of the population trend has been a movement from the countryside into towns and from sparsely settled regions into previously densely inhabited areas and cities. In Finland a region that is being deserted is the province of Lapland. The development of its economic life after World War II has been studied. This war cut short the vigorous growth experienced by the province in the previous decades, but its aftermath inaugurated a period of reconstruction and state-supported measures that for a short time enlivened economic activity there and brought about optimism as to future prospects. The short-sightedness of the developmental measures and, to some extent, the lack of planning behind them have later become evident; the promising rise of economic activity has now halted or turned downward in nearly every field of endeavor.     

On the way to a better state? The role of NGOs in the planning and implementation of protected areas in Brazil

Protected areas are considered some of the most versatile as well as important instruments of nature conservation and environmental policies. The `classic' model of nature conservation aims at the isolation of large areas in order to preserve their `pristine' nature from human interference. However, the transfer of this model to developing countries led to serious conflicts with local people. From a socio-geographical viewpoint, protected areas can be understood as regulative tools for the shaping and controlling of space. This approach helps to recognise the influence of distinct modes of appropriation of space and nature on the emergence and course of conflicts. In the present article it is used to analyse the leading role played by Brazilian NGOs in the transformation of the classic model of protected area management at the beginning of the nineties. Two case studies – dealing with the implementation of the Amazonian Mamirauá Reserve and with the reform of the Brazilian protected area legislation – are used to illustrate not only the success of the new approaches, but also the expectations and contradictions which surround the future development of protected areas in Brazil.     

The foundation of the Nordic Union for Quaternary Research (NORDQUA)

A Nordic Union for research workers in the Quaternary has been founded during a meeting on the island of Öland in the Baltic and in the 'Hall of the Union' in the Royal Castle of Kalmar. The aim of the Union is to forward co-operation between scientists in Norden (Denmark, Finlnnd, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden), especially by cncouraging larger rcsearch project, joint field cxcursions and symposia, and by studying educational and labour-market problems.     

土地利用规划的实施管理研究

土地规划实施管理的研究是新一轮土地利用规划的亮点,该文通过对规划实施存在问题及实施难的原因分析,对比国内外的土地利用规划,借鉴国外土地利用规划实施管理的理论与实践,最后对我国土地利用规划实施保障措施提出对策建议。在土地利用规划实施管理保障框图的基础上,该文特别就借鉴外国土地规划的理论与实践、基层地方的作用、公众参与和经济措施4个方面提出相关建议。     

Using GIS-based distributed soil loss modeling and morphometric analysis to prioritize watershed for soil conservation in Bago river basin of Lower Myanmar

Bago River is an important river in Myanmar. Although shorter than other rivers, it has its own river system, and people along the river rely heavily on it for their daily lives. The upper part of the watershed has changed rapidly from closed forest to open forest land in the 1990s. Since the recent degradation of the forest environment, annual flooding has become worse during the rainy season in Bago City. This paper aims at determining soil conservation prioritization of watershed based on soil loss due to erosion and morphometric analysis in the Bago Watershed by integrating remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. In this study, soil erosion of the Bago watershed was determined using the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Such factormaps as rainfall, soil erodibility, slope length gradient, and crop management were compiled as input parameters for the modeling; and the soil loss from 26 sub-watersheds were estimated. Then, the soil erosion maps of the Bago watershed for 2005 were developed. The resulting Soil Loss Tolerance Map could be utilized in developing watershed management planning, forestry management planning, etc.     

聊城市东昌府区农村宅基地管理现状调查与思考

农村宅基地管理是建设新农村的重要任务。该文介绍了东昌府农村宅基地管理的现状及主要做法,阐述了存在的问题,并建议进一步完善宅基地管理法律制度和实施细则,加大法律法规宣传力度,增强规划意识和大局意识,建立农村宅基地有偿使用制度和宅基地使用权流转制度。     

Introspection of sustainable development and environmental planning of National Park management

Because of slender land and high mountain, steep slope, and rapids of natural environment, the whole regional ecosystem has the changeable terrain and landscape with diverse ecology and species. During the past 300 years, the humanity lives and spreads on this splendid domain, accomplished the complex, fragment and sensitive of nature and humanities ecosystem, and its Landscape ecology texture. This paper finds out that, although the National Parks system in China has been in operation for over 30 years and has achieved the objective of species conservation, it is still facing the a conflicting situation and coordinated demand of its conservation and recreation. With the global tendency of “sustainable development” and “ecotourism”, this paper suggests that National Park system should establish a sustainable development mechanism integrating “conservation, recreation, and research.” Therefore, this paper suggests shifting the traditional planning paradigm of resource benefit guidance and resource valuation framework of Ecological Planning to the “Sustainable Planning” theory and technique that are suitable for sustainable development concept in order to meet the demand for a new conservation concept and technique of sustainable development for the human beings dealing with the environment resources. Also, the texture and model of Landscape ecology and the model and method of Geographic Informational System could be considered as the proper tool. This paper points out that the landscape ecology texture and tendency should represent the secret code of sustainable development. Furthermore, the situation of the sustainable development is dynamic, and the GIS model is necessary for corresponding planning. Finally, this paper develops a suitable sustainable development operation definition and planning methodology to represent the interlacing framework of ecology (conservation) and human being (e.g., recreation, research, life, etc.) system of National Park management.     

Division into economic districts,regional planning and urban planning,the Soviet case

Research of the interrelation between regional planning, division into economic districts and urban-planning, division into economic districts and urban planning is here emphasised. In the USSR development of a network of territorial economic complexes, economic districts including subregions of the II and III order, economic subregions and microdistricts is continuous. The outlook of regional planning is defined by the elaboration of its scientific theory including the geographical concept of regional planning. The use of geographical methods widens the scientific basis for the development of a systems approach and improves forecasting, the choice of aims and strategy of developing production, population distribution and the solution of ecological problems. The efficiency of regional planning depends not only on purely economic advantages, but on a more sensible use of nature. Regional planning is concerned with bio-economic systems, and must avoid conflict between the most important subsystems, natural and anthropogenic. Preservation of ecological balance has become the most important task of regional planning. When locating industrial enterprises in the process of regional planning, ecological factors are taken into account to an ever-increasing degree. The main tasks of regional planning concerning the distribution of agriculture stem from the aim of interrelated development of all elements of the agrarian and industrial complex. During the scientific and technical revolution the distribution of production orientates more and more and not towards individual towns but towards a system of populated areas. Systematic improvement of conurbations and their transformation into group systems of populated areas, regulated according to plan and having a broader economic and territorial base, are the most important task of regional planning and urban development.     

A swamp and its subjects: conservation politics, surveillance and resistance in Trinidad, the West Indies

Once overlooked or scorned for its purportedly “unscientific” and culturally contextual nature, local knowledge has recently become a key ingredient in conservation and development planning in developing countries. However, this abrupt shift in the conceptualization and assumed utility of local knowledge has not received widespread theoretical attention. In addition, the literature on local knowledge is dominated by discussions of the scientific and applied merits of local epistemologies, and little theorization has been devoted to the explicitly spatial and social contexts that inform the encounters between local and scientific knowledge. This article draws on Michel Foucault's notions of subjectification, surveillance, and subjugated knowledge to analyze the liberatory potential of local knowledge through its embodiment in spatially situated subjects. The article builds on a case study in Trinidad, focusing on the subjectification of local fishermen through constructions of local knowledge, and the ways in which this subjectification was reversed and employed in the performance of resistance and intracommunal conflicts.     

Overview of groundwater sources and water-supply systems,and associated microbial pollution,in Finland,Norway and Iceland

The characteristics of groundwater systems and groundwater contamination in Finland, Norway and Iceland are presented, as they relate to outbreaks of disease. Disparities among the Nordic countries in the approach to providing safe drinking water from groundwater are discussed, and recommendations are given for the future. Groundwater recharge is typically high in autumn or winter months or after snowmelt in the coldest regions. Most inland aquifers are unconfined and therefore vulnerable to pollution, but they are often without much anthropogenic influence and the water quality is good. In coastal zones, previously emplaced marine sediments may confine and protect aquifers to some extent. However, the water quality in these aquifers is highly variable, as the coastal regions are also most influenced by agriculture, sea-water intrusion and urban settlements resulting in challenging conditions for water abstraction and supply. Groundwater is typically extracted from Quaternary deposits for small and medium municipalities, from bedrock for single households, and from surface water for the largest cities, except for Iceland, which relies almost entirely on groundwater for public supply. Managed aquifer recharge, with or without prior water treatment, is widely used in Finland to extend present groundwater resources. Especially at small utilities, groundwater is often supplied without treatment. Despite generally good water quality, microbial contamination has occurred, principally by norovirus and Campylobacter, with larger outbreaks resulting from sewage contamination, cross-connections into drinking water supplies, heavy rainfall events, and ingress of polluted surface water to groundwater.     

美丽乡村建设背景下村土地利用规划编制技术探索——以浙江省为例

美丽乡村建设的现实需求催生了村土地利用规划。但在我国土地利用规划体系中,村土地利用规划还是新生事物,编制经验不足,技术方法不成熟。为有效引导美丽乡村建设有序开展,浙江省率先开展了村土地利用规划编制技术试点,着重在规划编制的数据基础、调查方法、空间布局、需求驱动、地方特色、公众参与和协调衔接等方面进行了有益尝试,并结合实际对不同比例尺数据衔接、规划法律定位和编制主体和审批权限等问题进行了探讨。     

Creating collaboration for contentious projects on managed aquifer recharge: two cases from Finland

In Finland, community water supply has increasingly relied on natural groundwater and artificially recharged groundwater as the raw water source. Several managed aquifer recharge (MAR) projects have been co-created with involved parties and have proceeded well, while some cases have raised considerable resistance among the stakeholders. It seems that success or failure in MAR cooperation is related to management cultures and the ways in which various interests are taken into account, from the very beginning and throughout the process. Empirically, this paper builds on comparison between two conflictual case studies in Finland: one in the Tampere region and the other in the Turku region. The study analyses the major constraints of these projects through the lens of collaborative rationality, also drawing upon discourse analysis and negotiation theory. The material is gathered through thematic interviews of stakeholders, newspaper articles and a stakeholder workshop. The results indicate that conventional management approaches, drawing from expert-based instrumental rationality, were insufficient in both cases. The collaborative rationality framework suggests that legitimacy for the groundwater projects should be gained through joint knowledge production and inclusive multiparty interaction for creating options for collaboration. Both cases lacked the tools and know-how for authentic dialogue and collaboration. The emerging paradigm emphasizes more collaborative approaches for natural resources management and urban planning. While MAR projects operate inside these areas and are highly complex in nature, it is essential to embrace the emerging paradigm in order to promote MAR systems along with their huge potential.

     

First Nordic colloquium on accelerators and dating, March llth-12th, 1983

A Nordic colloquium on accelerators and dating was held in Uppsala on March 11th to 12th, 1983, and arranged by the Tandem Accelerator Laboratory and the Institute of Physics. Its aims were: to report on the accelerator technique using ion counting instead of decay counting, to discuss the advantages and possible disadvantages of the new technique, to discuss the dating possibilities using ¹⁰Be, ²⁶A1, ³⁶CI etc. besides ¹⁴C, and to organize a Nordic committee to establish cooperation. About 80 participants representing the five Nordic countries attended the meeting. Survey lectures were given by Jürg Beer, Berne and Robert Hedges, Oxford.     

山水林田湖草生态保护修复技术框架研究

面对当前严峻的资源环境与生态压力,习近平总书记提出了山水林田湖草生命共同体的理念,截至2019年底全国共开展了25个山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点.虽然已有工作取得了一定成效,但也存在保护修复目标不明确、整体性与系统性不足、人工干预的工程措施过度、缺乏动态监测评价、难以实现人与自然和谐共生等诸多问题.鉴此,本研究在梳...     

The Preboreal oscillation around the Nordic Seas: terrestrial and lacustrine responses

The occurrence of an early Preboreal climatic cooling/oscillation (PBO) in lacustrine and glacial records from northwest Europe, Iceland and Greenland is reviewed and documented. The often subtle response of the proxy records to this oscillation, in combination with its short duration, make it difficult to detect. Owing to its chronostratigraphic position between the 10000–9900 and 9600–9500 ¹⁴C plateaux (c. 11300–11150 calendar yr BP) it is also difficult to ¹⁴C date with precision. We find that the vegetation response to the PBO varies between sites and regions. In contrast to the pioneer vegetation in Iceland and southern Sweden, the expanding birch–pine forest in Germany–Denmark was more susceptible to deteriorating growing conditions. The combined lacustrine, tree-ring and glacial records imply that the PBO was characterised by cool and humid conditions throughout northwestern and central Europe. This is documented by vegetation changes, decreased aquatic production, increased soil erosion, increased ²H and ¹³C content in tree-rings, readvances or stillstands of the ice sheet in Norway and Finland, and ingression of brackish water into the Baltic. Icelandic proxy records from lake sediments and glacial moraines imply cooler conditions than during the previous Preboreal period, but not as extreme as during the Younger Dryas. Greenland records suggest that the early Preboreal was characterised by ice readvances, as an effect of cool climate and increased precipitation (in relation to the Younger Dryas). It was not until the end of the PBO that climate was warm enough to melt the land-based ice sheet. This Preboreal oscillation, found on both sides of the Nordic Seas, is interpreted as an effect of increased freshwater forcing on the thermohaline circulation in the Nordic Seas, which is implied by a simultaneous and distinct rise in the atmospheric ¹⁴C/¹²C ratio. A slow-down of the thermohaline circulation may temporarily have pushed the Polar Front further south. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rural development: the Rehovot approach

After briefly discussing the problems involved in generating rural economic development in poor countries, the Rehovot Approach to rural planning and implementation is assessed. This approach, first developed in Israel, has subsequently been refined to apply to the myriad problems of rural areas in the diversity of countries that comprise the developing world. After discussing the basic rules in the development strategy, the need for simultaneous planning of multipurpose activities is stressed. Throughout, great emphasis is placed on integrated rural management strategies; ensuring that agricultural changes are paralleled by the development of secondary and tertiary sector activities and of appropriate social and administrative institutions. The role of ‘bottom-up’ planning systems is highlighted, as is the importance of creating organizations capable of plan implementation. This holistic approach to planning is illustrated by actual case examples.     

Groundwater management based on GIS techniques, chemical indicators and vulnerability to seawater intrusion modelling: application to the Mahdia–Ksour Essaf aquifer, Tunisia

In arid and semi-arid countries worldwide, conflicts between human development activities and conservation of groundwater resources are widespread and attract many public debates. This research aims to propose groundwater management alternatives for a coastal aquifer by studying its vulnerability and in particularly the risk of seawater intrusion. An additional objective is to propose some agricultural policies aimed to conserve groundwater resources in Mahdia and Ksour Essaf. Intensive groundwater mining, for irrigation and for water drinking, has caused an overexploitation of the water resources. In addition, the degradation of water quality, caused by septic tanks and intensive agricultural activities, has given rise to notable crucial state of the groundwater resources. With the aim of tackling the groundwater degradation problem, integration into a common platform of vulnerability assessment, seawater intrusion modelling and hydrochemical analysis is proposed. This platform can considerably reflect the water resources state in order to propose some solutions reducing the contamination of the Mahdia–Ksour Essaf aquifer. The groundwater management alternatives, proposed in this study, were prepared within a geographical information system.     

纵观南非、埃及的水资源管理

南非地处南半球,是非洲大陆最大的国家,地处非洲大陆南端.埃及跨亚、非两洲,大部分位于非洲东北部.两国都属资源性缺水国家,两国从各自的国情出发,实行着切合实际的、严格的水资源管理政策.我国和南非、埃及有着人口多、耕地资源少、水资源紧张等相同特点,两国在水资源管理、保护和节约等方面的诸多成功经验和做法值得我国学习和借鉴.