类比方法能否再证寒武纪生命大爆发?

用社会领域能够证明的思想大涌现事实,即中国先秦(春秋战国时期)和古希腊哲学思想在人类进入全新世特定历史阶段大涌现的史实,用类比方法再次证明了地质历史时期寒武纪生命大爆发存在性,从而加强了用归纳法得出的寒武纪生命大爆发论的可靠性。经过细致严谨的研究,寒武纪生命大爆发经历了一个较长的历史时期,这个历史时期相对于历史长河是较短的,给人以"突然出现"的假象,而思想大涌现同样经历了一个较长的历史时期(公元前约700年至公元前约200年)。在用类比方法论证寒武纪生命大爆发的基础上,进一步指出了生命大爆发论是对达尔文进化论的发展,而不是挑战。研究意义在于再次揭示了自然科学和社会科学之间的普遍联系,再次展示了用社会科学研究成果来解决自然科学领域问题这一思想和工作方法的可行性和价值。     

投影寻踪分类模型评定相似流域

简要介绍了基于遗传算法的投影寻踪分类模型,并将其首次用于水文计算中相似流域的选择。对一个实例的应用研究表明,此模型能给出一个综合考虑流域中多指标间复杂关系的特征指标,利用这个指标取得合理的评定结果,且新模型计算过程简单,结果直观,为水文计算中水文比拟法提供了新思路。     

相似流域选择的模糊集模型与方法

提出水文计算中相似流域选择的模糊集模型与方法,以改进水文计算中选择相似流域的经验性方法.原则上模型也可用于其他水文相似问题.     

Open carbonate ramp facies,microfacies and paleoenvironments of the Gramame Formation (Maastrichtian), Pernambuco–Paraı́ba Basin,Northeastern Brazil

The monotonous carbonates of the Maastrichtian Gramame Formation can be divided into 11 microfacies, but these do not correspond with the five major facies distinguished in the field. The microfacies were grouped into six composite microfacies which were used to construct a depositional model. In this model, tectonic disturbances of a relatively steeply sloping carbonate ramp caused apparently random occurrences of coarser and sandier bioclastics and influx of clastic material into generally mid-outer-ramp environments. Only the central section of the carbonate ramp is exposed in a strike section. Shallower and deeper facies must be inferred from the transgressive nature of the sequence. Dolomitization is ubiquitous but apparently random. The closest modern analogy of the Gramame Formation is the relatively steep West Florida ramp. However this does not have fault-bounded shallows, for which analogies can be found on the shelf of the Arabian Gulf. Combining features from both of these allows a plausible reconstruction to be made of Gramame Formation environments. We envisage a steeply sloping ramp cut by horsts and grabens related to the opening of the south Atlantic ocean.     

再论矿床模型及分类

本文在综合前人资料的基础上概述了矿床模型的概念、研究现状、分类及其相互关系。矿床模型研究在８０年代掀起了高潮，在世界范围内，有关矿床模型的专著和文章大量出版及在各种地学刊物上刊登。矿床模型是描述一组矿床本质属性的系统有序的信息，是对整个矿床系统的简化、抽象和类比。因此，将一个完整的矿床系统分为特征描述，成因机制，找矿标志和经济评价四部分，由此分为四种模型亚类：描述性模型，成因模型，找矿模型和地质经济模型。这四种模型有交叉、重复，后面的模型是建立在前面模型基础之上的，如成因模型是建立在对矿床及其控矿条件等精确描述之上的模型，地质经济模型则建立在前面三种模型的基础之上。     

Spatial distribution and formation conditions of Au-bearing porphyry Cu-Mo deposits in the Northeast of Russia

By analogy with other metallogenic belts of the Circum-Pacific ring, the metallogenic belts in the Northeast of Russia are promising for discovery of large and superlarge porphyry-type Au-Cu-Mo deposits. The spatial distribution of these deposits is controlled by intrusive domes in Middle Paleozoic, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, and Late Cretaceous volcanic belts. New data on formation conditions and sources of ore matter are presented in this paper with respect to the deposits of the Baim and Koni-P’yagina ore districts of the Oloi and Uda-Murgal metallogenic belts. Some aspects of a geological and genetic model of the porphyry copper ore-magmatic system are discussed.     

地质灾害防治研究的认识论与方法论

基于多年的研究与实践,作者从科学哲学角度提出了地质灾害防治研究的认识论与方法论。认识论方面确立地质灾害是可认识的,可防治的。地质灾害发生的根源是地质体重力作用的失衡,其共性和个性反映了地质体边界条件、初始条件和激发条件的组合变化。对于确定的时间阶段、空间区域和作用条件,地质灾害问题简化为线性和确定性问题处理是可以接受的。方法论方面确立地质灾害防治可以采用整体论和分割论相结合的方法求得问题的有用解,用以指导防灾减灾管理技术支持系统的研发与应用。整体论方法突出综合集成、归纳类比和逻辑演绎,用于宏观把握和长时程研判,指导工作的顶层设计或概念设计,如区域性风险区划、区域预警和防治规划。分割论方法采取观察、描述、分析、建模、评价、预测和工程控制等,用于具体地域、案例及其暂态阶段的分析,指导地质灾害的信息获取、识别评估、成因研判、预测预警、工程设计和风险评价等。     

Moons' magnetism: from Io's and Ganymede's present magnetic signatures to the ancient lunar dynamo

Intrinsic magnetic fields, corresponding to virtual axial dipole moments of the order of 10²⁰ Am², have recently been evidenced for the Jovian satellites Io and Ganymede. By reviewing the rock magnetic and palaeomagnetic properties together with the history of Io, the hypothesis of a moment due to induced or remanent magnetization of crustal rocks acquired within the ambient Jovian field is clearly eliminated. This demonstration is all the more valid for Ganymede, which experiences a much lower Jovian field. The demonstration of a present dynamo action for these Jovian moons, possibly sustained by Jupiter through tidal heating and background magnetic field, may be an actualistic model for the early lunar history. The hypothesis of a lunar dynamo, active at 3–4 Ga, seems to be strongly supported by this analogy.     

河南省崤山地区综合信息找矿模型及靶区预测

通过2010—2014年在崤山地区开展的1∶5万区域矿产调查工作,系统总结了该区成矿地质条件、矿床地质特征,结合取得的区域地质、地球物探、地球化探和遥感解译等成果,运用相似类比理论、综合成矿信息及成矿模型理论,建立综合信息找矿模型,并根据找矿模型对该成矿远景区进行了预测,圈定了6个有利找矿靶区,其中A级靶区2个,B级靶区2个,C级靶区2个。     

三维复电阻率电磁场正演研究

将Cole—Cole模型表示的地下异常体各剖分单元复电阻率,引入到体积分方程求解均匀大地三维电磁场计算中,实现电偶源地面激发、接收复电阻率三维电磁场正演模拟。     

东亚与北美细石叶遗存的古环境

对东亚和北美更新世晚期和全新世早期古环境的分析可以了解，细石叶遗存是一类分布于差异极大的生态环境中的器物。它们于东亚和北美的广布应与史前人类开拓动物资源为主和流动性很大的生存方式有关。它们之间的相似性很可能是由于传播和迁移而非多次的独立发明。     

Glaciomarine varves in late-Pleistocene clays near Göteborg, southwestern Sweden

Cyclic variations in the grain size, colour, carbonate content and organic content are interpreted as the result of proximal glaciomarine varve deposition along a fjord-like valley in southwestern Sweden. The sedimentological factors which allow varve development in this generally inhibiting environment arc considered by analogy with modern examples. Density stratification which is best developed during the spring and summer period of high discharge is suggested to have an essential influence on the cyclic character. Since sedimentation is interpreted to have occurred primarily from meltwater overflow the degree of mixing and salinity-induced coagulation largely governs fine-sediment sorting. Although these varves are not as well defined or as easily correlated as classical varves, they are considered useful in many comparable applications.     

复杂条件下大型地下洞室群的变形稳定性分析

本文结合某水电站工程建设实例,在现场地质调查和地勘资料分析的基础上,建立了能够反映工程区陡峻地貌、软弱断层和高地应力环境条件下的计算模型。以地应力实测结果为依据,采用线弹性方法反演了初始地应力场,在此基础上,通过编制程序施加应力的方法简化数值模型,采用弹塑性方法对地下厂房进行了三维模拟,分析结果表明:相邻洞室之间的围岩,尤其是主厂房与尾水调压室之间存在局部的塑性破坏,破坏部位主要在洞室腰部和顶角部位,应力集中则主要在顶角部位。本文的建模方法和分析结果,对于类似工程将具有一定的借鉴意义。     

岩石边坡稳定性层次类比评价方法

本文从分析影响边坡稳定性因素的构成关系入手,根据边坡岩体的地质特征,提出了分类层次结构及其权重体系的表征、边坡稳定性排序和根据工点之间的综合相似关系给出边坡稳定性类比评价方法。这种方法能更充分地表达边坡岩体的各种特征及其相互间的关系与联系,统一了可定量的数值数据与不可定量的等级数据,排除了不相关因素的干扰。它以实际典型地质模型为评价基础,能从总体上把握岩体的主要特征,因而得出的评价结果是可靠的。     

鱼简河水库坝基岩体模量研究

岩体变形模量的确定是岩石力学界研究的难点问题。贵州省鱼简河水利工程是国家重点工程,该工程大坝坝型为拱坝,坝基岩体变形模量的大小直接影响其坝体结构设计。本文在坝基岩体分组的基础上,利用Monte-Carlo模拟技术,采用RMR法与岩体损伤的分形模型对岩体变形模量进行估算,最后结合原位试验和工程地质类比给出岩体参数建议值,为坝体设计提供合理的计算参数。      

Structural analysis of a transform fault-rift zone junction in North Iceland

On the north coast of Iceland, the rift zone in North Iceland is shifted about 120 km to the west where it meets with, and joins, the mid-ocean Kolbeinsey ridge. This shift occurs along the Tjörnes fracture zone, an 80-km-wide zone of high seismicity, which is an oblique (non-perpendicular) transform fault. There are two main seismic lineaments within the Tjörnes fracture zone, one of which continues on land as a 25-km-long WNW-trending strike-slip fault. This fault, referred to as the Husavik fault, meets with, and joins, north-trending normal faults of the Theistareykir fissure swarm in the axial rift zone. The most clear-cut of these junctions occurs in a basaltic pahoehoe lava flow, of Holocene age, where the Husavik fault joins a large normal fault called Gudfinnugja. At this junction, the Husavik fault strikes N55°W, whereas Gudfinnugja strikes N5°E, so that they meet at an angle of 60°. The direction of the spreading vector in North Iceland is about N73°W, which is neither parallel with the strike of the Husavik fault nor perpendicular to the strike of the Gudfinnugja fault. During rifting episodes there is thus a slight opening on the Husavik fault as well as a considerable dextral strike-slip movement along the Gudfinnugja fault. Consequently, in the Holocene lava flow, there are tension fractures, collapse structures and pressure ridges along the Husavik fault, and pressure ridges and dextral pull-apart structures subparallel with the Gudfinnugja fault. The 60° angle between the Husavik strike-slip fault and the Gudfinnugja normal fault is the same as the angle between the Tjörnes fracture zone transform fault and the adjacent axial rift zones of North Iceland and the Kolbeinsey ridge. The junction between the faults of Husavik and Gudfinnugja may thus be viewed as a smaller-scale analogy to the junction between this transform fault and the nearby ridge segments. Using the results of photoelastic and finite-element studies, a model is provided for the tectonic development of these junctions. The model is based on an analogy between two offset cuts (mode I fractures) loaded in tension and segments of the axial rift zones (or parts thereof in the case of the Husavik fault). The results indicate that the Tjörnes fracture zone in general and the Husavik fault in particular, developed along zones of maximum shear stress. Furthermore, the model suggests that, as the ridge-segments propagate towards a zero-underlapping configuration, the angle between them and the associated major strike-slip faults gradually increases. This conclusion is supported by the trends of the main seismic lineaments of the Tjörnes fracture zone.     

浅水流动的可压缩流数学模拟

利用浅水流动的可压缩流比拟来认识浅水方程组的特性及其有关物理现象,过去的讨论多限于矩形断面棱柱形明渠的最简单情况。本文首先将该模拟推广到任意断面非棱柱形明渠的一般情况,给出了等价绝热指数公式γ=H/h.(H为水力水深,h_c为形心水深),并指出γ=2为矩形断面的特例.然后着重阐明这一数学模拟对计算水力学具有普遍实用价值,并将计算气体动力学中的两种通量向量分裂(FVS)算法通过比拟应用于浅水流动计算。最后,本文讨论了浅水流动可压缩流模拟与一般完全气体可压缩流物理特性的异同点,据此提出正确应用这一模拟所应遵循的原则。     

金坛盐岩储气库运营模型试验研究

针对盐岩重度低、低弹强比、高流变性等强度与变形特性,研制出与金坛盐矿盐岩的力学行为较为相似的材料配方;采用地质力学模型试验技术,开展金坛盐岩储气库运行稳定性的模拟试验,研究腔体在周期性注、采气作用下的变形特点与力学分布规律。根据模型试验结果,采用盐岩非线性蠕变损伤本构模型,结合金坛盐岩储气库长期运营进行数值模拟,并与物理模型试验结果进行对比,研究分析储气库围岩在循环加卸载下的力学响应特点与盐岩溶腔的长期运营稳定性,得到了在周期性加卸载作用下腔体围岩蠕变变形的特点与规律,研究表明相似模型试验技术可以有效地应用于盐岩储气库运营长期稳定性的研究,其结果对盐岩储气库的建造与运行具有一定的指导意义和工程应用价值。     

采用Monte-Carlo模拟技术计算裂隙岩体的分维数

采用结构面现场测量及统计分析建立岩体结构的概率模型,进而采用Monte-Carlo模拟技术生成岩体裂隙网络模型,由生成的岩体裂隙网络模型计算岩体裂隙分布的分维数;并给出了工程应用实例。