蒙古国早–中侏罗世含煤盆地分布及构造背景和地层

蒙古国早–中侏罗世的主控构造是蒙古–鄂霍次克洋的消减闭合,其北地区发育弧后张裂盆地,其南的拼合大陆内的古缝合线被该消减造山运动激活而发生陆内造山。内蒙的3个陆内造山的磨拉石盆地均延入蒙古境内,故蒙古东部磨拉石盆地的发育与内蒙有相似的几何学和运动学特征。概述了各盆地的代表性地层,尽管其岩性和含煤性有明显差别,但因受制于同一个造山作用,沉积记录都以砾岩开始,都为向上变细的序列,且煤层均赋存于地层柱的中部,据此可把盆地演化分为成煤前、成煤和成煤后3个阶段。成煤阶段大煤田的形成受构造(堆积空间)和气候(成煤物质供应)的双重控制。     

The Baganuur coal deposit, Mongolia: depositional environments and paleoecology of a Lower Cretaceous coal-bearing intermontane basin in Eastern Asia

The investigations involved geophysical, sedimentological, palynological, chemical and mineralogical studies, supported by field-based infrared spectrometry. The Baganuur Basin, Central Mongolia, is among the rift or pull-apart-basins, which subsided at the boundary between the Jurassic and the Lower Cretaceous in East Asia. During the Berriasian, peat accumulation began in the area under study in Central Mongolia. The palynoflora is akin to the Siberian palynological province. Based on the phytoclast assemblages and the ratios of total sulfur content to total organic content, marine transgressions into this intermontane basin may be ruled out. The coal interseam sediments were laid down prevalently under neutral to slightly alkaline conditions; only in some carbonaceous sediments, the pH of intrastratal solutions was lowered. Suboxic to anoxic conditions persisted during almost the entire Lower Cretaceous period in the Baganuur Basin. Based on the distribution of fining- and coarsening-upward sequences and the organic matter, the basin fill has been subdivided into seven depositional units (A: fluvial–swamp, B: fluvial–lacustrine, C: deltaic–fluvial, D: fluvial, E: fluvial–deltaic–lacustrine/floodplain (?), F: lacustrine–deltaic–swamp, G: swamp–fluvial). A conspicuous change in the fluvial–lacustrine regime and an increase in the sediment supply may be observed at the boundary between depositional units B and C. A strong uplift triggered the onset of an intensive delta sedimentation. Lithoclasts, heavy minerals (e.g., apatite, zircon, garnet, anatase, brookite, epidote, sphene, tourmaline) and phyllosilicates (e.g., kaolinite, smectite, mica, chlorite) attest to a mixing of detrital material. One provenance area was abundant in acidic plutonic rocks as shown by the granitic lithoclasts, the other in volcanic rocks, which produced the vitroclastic debris deposited as tephra fallout. Post-depositional alteration of the siliciclastic interseam sediments was favored by a distinctive facies association of transmissive and sealing horizons. It led to a re-deposition of Ca, U and Sr in the siliciclastics. Post-depositional alteration of the organic material converted it into lignite to subbituminous C coal.     

Analysis of occurrence characteristics of geothermal resources and its relation to control structures in Zibo City,China

According to the geothermal geological conditions, the geothermal resources in Zibo can be divided into sedimentary basin type and tectonic basin type. The main thermal reservoirs of sedimentary basin type are the Neogene Guantao Formation and the Paleogene Dongying Formation.The thermal reservoirs of tectonic basin type are mainly the Ordovician Majiagou Group. The characteristics of reservoir, cap, pass and source of thermal resource types in different areas are elaborated. Based on the analysis of the wellforming conditions of the existing geothermal wells in the area, combined with the geothermal anomaly areas and hydrogeochemistry, it was discovered that the fault structures in the area, especially the deep faults such as Yuwangshan fault, Wangmushan fault, Zhangdian fault and Chaomizhuang graben, play an important role in controlling the occurrence and distribution of tectonic basin-type geothermal resources in Zibo City.     

Analysis of occurrence characteristics of geothermal resources and its relation to control structures in Zibo City,China

According to the geothermal geological conditions, the geothermal resources in Zibo can be divided into sedimentary basin type and tectonic basin type. The main thermal reservoirs of sedimentary basin type are the Neogene Guantao Formation and the Paleogene Dongying Formation.The thermal reservoirs of tectonic basin type are mainly the Ordovician Majiagou Group. The characteristics of reservoir, cap, pass and source of thermal resource types in different areas are elaborated. Based on the analysis of the well-forming conditions of the existing geothermal wells in the area, combined with the geothermal anomaly areas and hydrogeochemistry, it was discovered that the fault structures in the area, especially the deep faults such as Yuwangshan fault, Wangmushan fault, Zhangdian fault and Chaomizhuang graben, play an important role in controlling the occurrence and distribution of tectonic basin-type geothermal resources in Zibo City.     

沉积盆地中的流体包裹体：理论基础、图解与分析方法

本文主要介绍如何利用流体包裹体来获得合理的数据。首先对H2O-体系进行总结,着重介绍利用显微测温法和其他新的分析技术来确定流体的组成,并举例说明流体混合在流体包裹体研究中的应用。介绍了H2O-(气)-盐体系特别是CO2-CH4体系的图解,探讨了在低温下由于笼舍物的形成H2O-(气)-盐体系的复杂相变。重点介绍显微激光拉曼光谱仪在含甲烷水溶液流体中的应用,并根据相图详细讨论了如何确定流体的不混溶。     

内蒙古东部晚中生代断陷煤盆地与伸展构造

晚侏罗世晚期至早白垩世，内蒙古东北部出现了一个裂断陷作用期，形成大量地堑、半地堑式断陷盆地，盆地之边缘为犁式正断层，部分可能是剥离断层，它们是伸展作用下的产物。在统一的区域伸展作用下形成的多数盆地具有一定类似的构造、地层及煤层格架，以及具有可比的沉积组合所构成的盆地充填序列。犁式正断层发育的全过程控制了盆地的形成和演化，也控制了煤层的展布方向、煤体的横向分带和纵向分区、煤层旋回结构及煤变质程度。     

Petrological, organic geochemical and geochemical characteristics of coal from the Soko mine, Serbia

A petrological, organic geochemical and geochemical study was performed on coal samples from the Soko Mine, Soko Banja basin, Serbia. Ten coal and two carbonaceous clay samples were collected from fresh, working faces in the underground brown coal mine from different parts of the main coal seam. The Lower Miocene, low-rank coal of the Soko Mine is a typical humic coal with huminite concentrations of up to 76.2 vol.%, liptinite less than 14 vol.% and inertinite less than 11 vol.%. Ulminite is the most abundant maceral with variable amounts of densinite and clay minerals. Sporinite and resinite are the most common macerals of the liptinite group. Inertodetrinite is the most abundant maceral of the inertinite group. The mineral-bituminous groundmass identified in some coal samples, and carbonaceous marly clay, indicate sub-aquatic origin and strong bacterial decomposition. The mean random huminite reflectance (ulminite B) for the main coal seam is 0.40 ± 0.05% Rr, which is typical for an immature to early mature stage of organic matter.The extract yields from the coal of the Soko Banja basin ranges from 9413 to 14,096 ppm, in which alkanes constituted 1.0–20.1%, aromatics 1.3–14.7%, asphaltenes 28.1–76.2% and resins 20.2–43.5%. The saturated hydrocarbon fractions included n-C₁₅ to n-C₃₂, with an odd carbon number that predominate in almost all the samples. The contents of n-C₂₇ and n-C₂₉ alkanes are extremely high in some samples, as a contribution of epicuticular waxes from higher plants. Acyclic isoprenoid hydrocarbons are minor constituents in the aliphatic fraction, and the pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratio varies between 0.56 and 3.13, which implies anaerobic to oxic conditions during sedimentation. The most abundant diterpanes were abietane, dehydroabietane and 16α(H)-phyllocladane. In samples from the upper part of the coal seam, diterpanes are the dominant constituents of the alkane fraction. Polycyclic alkanes of the triterpane type are important constituents of alkane fractions. The occurrence of ββ- and αβ-type hopanes from C₂₇ to C₃₁, but without C₂₈, is typical for the Soko Banja coals.The major and trace elements in the coal were analysed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In comparison with world lignites, using the geometric mean value, the coal from the Soko Banja Basin has a high content of strontium (306.953 mg/kg). Higher values than the world lignites were obtained for Mo (3.614 mg/kg), Ni (8.119 mg/kg), Se (0.884 mg/kg), U (2.642 mg/kg) and W (0.148 mg/kg). Correlation analysis shows inorganic affinity for almost all the major and trace elements, except for S, which has an organic affinity.     

煤田构造演化新解—从成煤盆地到赋煤构造单元

中国成煤盆地类型多样、后期改造强烈,绝大多数成煤盆地已遭受破坏解体,煤系现今分布范围与原型盆地相去甚远。针对中国煤田构造的上述特点,以成煤盆地研究为基础,建立了成煤盆地原型综合分类方案,划分了我国主要成煤期的成煤盆地类型。采用赋煤构造单元的概念表征现今煤系赋存特点,认为煤田构造格局的形成和演化就是成煤盆地原型经历不同程度改造,形成现今各类赋煤单元的过程。晚古生代以来,中国大陆经历了海西、印支、燕山和喜马拉雅四大构造旋回,多期性质、方向、强度不同的构造运动,使各成煤期形成的不同类型的成煤盆地遭受不同程度的改造,原型盆地分解破坏、叠合反转,煤系发生变形、变位、变质作用,形成不同级别和不同构造属性的赋煤构造单元,由此决定了煤炭资源的现今赋存状态。     

Methane exchange between coal-bearing basins and the atmosphere: the Ruhr Basin and the Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany

A precise knowledge of methane exchange processes is required to fully understand the recent rise of atmospheric methane concentration. Three of these processes take place at the lithosphere/atmosphere boundary: bacterial consumption of methane and emission of bacterial or thermogenic methane. This study was initiated to quantify these processes on a regional scale in the Ruhr Basin and the Lower Rhine Embayment. Since these areas are subject to bituminous coal and lignite mining, natural and anthropogenically-induced methane exchange processes could be studied. The methane emission and consumption rates and their carbon isotope signal were measured at the lithosphere/atmosphere boundary using flux chambers. On most of the soils studied, methane consumption by bacteria was identified. Thermogenic methane was released only at some of the natural faults examined. In active and abandoned bituminous coal mining areas methane emissions were restricted to small areas, where high emission rates were measured. The carbon isotope composition of methane at natural faults and in mining subsidence troughs was typical of thermogenic methane (−45 to −32 ‰ δ¹³C). Methane exchange balancing revealed that natural methane emissions from these two basins represent no source of atmospheric importance. However, methane release by upcast mining shafts dominates the methane exchange processes and is by about two orders of magnitude greater than methane consumption by bacterial oxidation in the soils.     

中东地区阿普特阶Shuaiba组碳酸盐岩沉积体系特征及模式探究

中东地区主力产油层系Shuaiba组的勘探及研究逐渐以地层岩性圈闭为主,笔者通过总结Bab盆地阿普特阶Shuaiba组沉积相类型,多油田地层格架及空间展布特征的对比,为系统恢复Shuaiba组沉积演化过程及模式提供地质依据。研究表明,阿普特阶Shuaiba组共发育开阔台地、台地边缘、台缘斜坡及盆地相4种沉积相单元和6种亚相类型,各相带单元受控于四个三级层序且沿Bab盆地周缘呈带状展布。开阔台地一侧,主要沉积了第二个三级层序对应的Lower Shuaiba地层;台地边缘往Bab台内盆地区域,则以第三和第四个三级层序对应的Upper Shuaiba地层为主。Shuaiba组生物礁、滩建造集中发育在第二个三级层序的高位域阶段,滩间海、缓坡及盆地相受控于海进和低位体系域。阿普特阶Shuaiba台地边缘生物建隆、台内浅滩在空间上相互叠置并成带展布,符合弱镶边型缓坡台地沉积模式,该类型台地具备深水陆棚性质的非常宽缓的斜坡,且缓坡往盆地一侧发育一个镶边台地边缘。     

Geological characteristics and analysis of known and undiscovered graphite resources of China

Graphite is one of the most essential non-metallic minerals with a wide variety of uses, and is an important commodity used in the emerging industry of China. Graphite is sourced from 170 mine areas in China from 25 provinces. This contribution is on a study of 15 regions in China with known graphite resources based on the spatial and temporal analyses of the regional metamorphic, contact metamorphic, and hydrothermal types of graphite. The knowledge gained on the metallogenesis of graphite in China is used to develop a model for choosing prospective regions for graphite, and to target areas for detailed exploration. It outlined 28 prediction areas with predicted graphite resources of about 1.63 billion tonnes to a maximum depth of 500 m in the Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Inner Mongolia and Hunan provinces. And of these, the predicted flake graphite resources in the Heilongjiang Province has been totalling almost a billion tonnes representing almost 60% of China’s graphite resource. As a result of this study, it is concluded that graphite has been formed during restricted periods of time, with the regional metamorphic type being the main style present in China.     

北极地区盆地分类与油气资源分布规律

北极地区油气资源潜力大,且油气勘探开发尚处于初期,是未来国内外油气工业发展的重要战略领域。文中综合运用全球领先信息服务公司埃信华迈（IHS）和美国地质调查局（USGS）的最新资料及已有研究成果,对北极地区的盆地类型和油气资源分布规律展开研究。结果表明:北极地区至少发育35个沉积盆地,具体划分为裂谷盆地（5个）、被动大陆边缘盆地（16个）、克拉通盆地（5个）、前陆盆地（5个）和大洋盆地（4个）。裂谷盆地是北极地区油气最富集的盆地类型,发现油气探明和控制可采储量（简称2P储量）441.12×108 t油当量,占北极地区油气总储量的74.6%,其次为前陆盆地、被动大陆边缘盆地和克拉通盆地。北极地区大部分油气储于白垩系、侏罗系和二叠系的碎屑岩储集层,仅有小部分油气储于石炭系和泥盆系碳酸盐岩储集层,且不同国家、不同含油气盆地的主力储集层存在明显差异。北极地区的油气主要源自侏罗系和白垩系的烃源岩,三叠系和泥盆系烃源岩次之。此外,复合圈闭是北极地区油气藏的主要圈闭类型,其次是构造圈闭。北极地区盆地类型和油气宏观分布规律的研究将为中国石油公司在北极地区的长远发展奠定基础。      

沉积盆地成岩作用系统及其时空属性

含油气盆地的勘探开发对认识沉积成岩作用和储层发育规律提出了很高的要求。然而,迄今为止沉积学家和石油工程师还很难如认识沉积过程及其结构那样认识盆地尺度或宏观尺度上成岩作用的时空分带。为此,本文探讨了成岩作用类型的时空属性和主控因素等理论问题,提出了成岩系统分级（类）的有关准则,试图以此探索成岩作用时空分布与演变研究的新思路。结合中国东、西部有关中-新生代沉积盆地实例分析,阐述了盆地域（尺度）、层序域、亚层序域、层内域等成岩作用系统的客观存在,并对盆地域、层序域成岩作用系统动力学研究的思路和方法作了进一步阐释。在盆地尺度上成岩作用的时空分布主要与盆地大地构造位置及其控制的温压场、物源、剥蚀-搬运气候背景、埋藏历史、水文体制叠置方式密切关联：层序域成岩作用系统的时空分异则主要取决于埋藏深度、层序结构与宏观物理-化学障、沉积体系（配置）、水文体制。研究认为,成岩系统的层次分析是认识不同类型沉积盆地成岩结构的重要基础,而对于确定的盆地类型而言,盆地尺度水文体制与流体-岩石相互作用研究是解析成岩作用时空属性的关键。成岩系统研究目前还面临许多关键问题亟待解决,如成岩系统及其边界奈件的划分;成岩作用系统关键要素及其制约机制的厘定;盆地尺度上精细构造演化和温压历史恢复;盆地流体属性和活动期次的准确鉴别;盆地尺度上成岩作用数值模拟和动力学过程研究。     

Petroleum inclusions in sedimentary basins: systematics, analytical methods and applications

Fluid dynamics in sedimentary basins is of tremendous interest, both from a scientific and an economic point of view. Integration between fluid inclusion and present-day fluid data provides the time aspect necessary for reconstruction of fluid flow paths, and can be used for mapping fluid dynamics both on a regional basin scale or on the more local scale of petroleum reservoirs. This paper presents a review of analytical and modelling methods for petroleum in fluid inclusions. Essentially, four types of data for petroleum inclusions can be established through analysis and modelling: (1) textures (which give indirect information of the time aspect), (2) fluid composition, (3) fluid properties and (4) pressure–temperature of trapping. During the last decade, development of analytical methods for determination of inclusion fluid compositions has taken place. Traditional correlation studies for characterisation of maturity and source facies may now therefore include fluid inclusion data. The development has also been directed towards an improved understanding of the physical properties of petroleum inclusions. Although these methods are in their early stages concerning precision and accuracy, data necessary for fluid flow modelling, such as fluid densities, viscosities, pressure and temperature, can be estimated.     

The geology, petrology, palynology and geochemistry of Permian coal basins in Tanzania: 2. Songwe-Kiwira Coalfield

This study provides coal quality, petrological, palynological and geochemical (Rock Eval) data on Permian coal seams and associated shales and mudstones of the Karoo Supergroup of the Songwe-Kiwira Coalfield, Tanzania. The coal seams, which have a cumulative thickness of 6.80 m, occur in the shale–coal–sandstone facies of the Mchuchuma Formation of Artinskian to Kungurian(?) age.Coal quality data (calorific values, volatile matter contents) and vitrinite reflectances indicate high volatile C bituminous to high volatile A bituminous coals, having relatively high ash yields (22–49 wt.%) and highly variable sulphur contents (0.17–9.2 wt.%). They could be used to fuel small-scale power generation units thereby providing electricity to nearby towns and villages. Also, the coals could be used as a substitute for wood, which is becoming increasingly scarce. In rural Tanzania, charcoal is still the main energy source for cooking, and wood is used extensively in brick kilns and for making roofing tiles.Petrological analysis indicated that the coals are dominated by dull to banded dull lithotypes, with seams at the base of the Mchuchuma Formation enriched in inertinite macerals (up to 83 vol.%), whereas up-section vitrinite contents increase. Palynological analyses indicated that the assemblage in the lower Mchuchuma Formation (Scheuringipollenites assemblage) is dominated by trilete spores, whereas in the remainder of the section, non-taeniate disaccates dominate (Scheuringipollenites–Protohaploxypinus assemblage). Facies critical macerals suggest for most seams a marsh/wet forest swamp depositional setting, which is consistent with the palynological data.Rock Eval analyses indicate type II/III kerogen, with Tmax (°C) values ranging from 426 to 440, corresponding to the early stage of hydrocarbon generation. Thermal Alteration Indices (2 to 2+) and vitrinite reflectance levels (0.60–0.83 Ro (%) support the Rock Eval maturity assessment, and despite the predominance of terrestrial-derived organic matter, there is evidence of oil generation and expulsion in the form of cavity and fracture filling exsudatinite.     

若尔盖-松潘前陆盆地的沉积与构造特点

若尔盖-松潘盆地中、上三叠统沉积剖面研究表明以陆相沉积为主,只在东北部青山峪有浅海相碳酸盐岩沉积.盆地北部出现河流、浅湖相沉积,中部以浅湖相沉积为主,局部出现深湖相沉积,南部主要为深湖相沉积.中、上三叠统地层的变形构造以冲褶席（duplex）构造为特点,表现出从北向南应变强度减弱.深部构造反映了盆地位于扬子板块大陆壳基底之上,叠覆在扬子板块北缘的前陆褶皱冲断带上.大地构造位置、沉积相与构造特点,共同说明若尔盖-松潘盆地是三叠纪碰撞造山作用时期扬子板块北部北缘的前陆盆地.     

前陆盆地异常流体压力: 地质作用及其增压效率

在前陆盆地形成过程中,强烈挤压构造应力场和特殊的盆-山关系造成极为复杂的沉积环境和构造形变,多种地质作用都可能对地层内异常流体压力的产生及演化起到十分重要的作用。通过对准噶尔盆地南缘地区中段的地质条件及压力分布的分析,利用数值盆地模型方法,模拟分析了在前陆盆地构造挤压和盆地沉降过程中压实作用、断裂开启、褶皱、剥蚀等地质过程对流体压力的作用和影响,定量讨论了压力异常的成因机制及其效率。模拟分析结果表明,构造应力在水平方向上派生的侧向压实作用、强烈的褶皱作用及伴随的快速沉积-剥蚀作用等是前陆盆地中特有的增压作用,都可造成较高压力异常。准噶尔盆地南缘中新生界地层中广泛分布的高异常压力是新生代以来,特别是第四纪以来,在快速的压实作用、构造挤压作用所形成的高地层压力背景下,叠加了近期因断裂活动和背斜构造快速形成所引起的他源高压而形成的。     

中国中西部前陆盆地的地质特征及油气聚集

中国中西部前陆盆地具有十分丰富的油气资源,近年来油气勘探也取得了很大的成果,但总体上来说其地质情况复杂、研究程度较低。世界上典型的前陆盆地一般位于造山带和稳定的克拉通之间的狭长槽地,而在中国中西部则主要为与古特提斯造山带在新特提斯阶段再活动有关的陆内会聚形成的“再生”前陆盆地,因此与世界典型前陆盆地相比中国中西部前陆盆地具有一定的“特殊性”。根据两期前陆的叠合程度差异造成的盆地几何形态、挠曲沉降、地层层序、沉积充填、构造变形特征的特点,将中国中西部前陆盆地归纳为改造型、新生型、叠加型和早衰型四种组合类型的前陆盆地。中西部不同组合类型前陆盆地具有不同的结构特征,决定了不同组合类型前陆盆地成藏特征和油气勘探潜力上的差异。     

中国绿色煤炭资源概念和内涵及评价

煤炭资源是我国的优势矿产资源。正确认识我国煤炭资源现状,实现煤炭资源清洁高效开发利用,攸关我国能源可持续发展。定义绿色煤炭资源为在当前先进技术条件下,资源禀赋条件适宜,能够实现安全高效开采、生态环境友好,适宜清洁高效利用,且具有经济竞争力的煤炭资源。从新的角度重新审视我国煤炭资源状况,详细阐述了绿色煤炭资源的概念内涵,构建了绿色煤炭资源评价技术框架,并对我国绿色煤炭资源进行了总体评价。结果表明,我国绿色煤炭资源总量较大,其中已探明资源量为9 733.65亿t,且集中分布于“井”字形区划下的晋陕蒙（西）宁地区和新疆北疆地区,但绿色煤炭资源基础储量约为855.77亿t,经济可采的绿色煤炭资源储量仅为445.34亿t,资源保障程度仍有待加强。全面确立基于绿色煤炭资源评价的煤炭资源开发利用模式,将有助于系统规划我国煤炭地质工作,明确区域资源开发战略与产能布局,实现煤炭资源可持续发展。     

Sequence stratigraphic distribution of diagenetic alterations in coal-bearing, paralic sandstones: evidence from the Rio Bonito Formation (early Permian), southern Brazil

Abstract Linking siliciclastic diagenesis to sequence stratigraphy allows a better understanding of the parameters controlling the spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations, and hence of reservoir quality. A study of the coal-bearing, alluvial, deltaic, estuarine and shallow-marine sandstones of the Rio Bonito Formation, early Permian, Paraná Basin (southern Brazil), reveals that the distribution of diagenetic alterations and of related reservoir quality evolution can be constrained within a sequence stratigraphic framework. Calcite, dolomite, siderite, kaolinite and pyrite cementation is consistently linked to sequence and parasequence boundaries, transgressive and maximum flooding surfaces and is systematically distributed within lowstand, transgressive and highstand systems tracts. Diagenesis of coal layers at parasequence boundaries has promoted the formation of stratabound calcite (detectable in resistivity wire line logs), concretionary pyrite and kaolinite and of silicate grain dissolution in sandstones located above and below these boundaries, particularly in the transgressive systems tract. Meteoric water diagenesis caused grain dissolution and the formation of kaolinite in sandstones below sequence boundaries and in lowstand systems tract sandstones. Carbonate bioclasts and low sedimentation rates in lag deposits at parasequence boundaries, transgressive and maximum flooding surfaces favoured the formation of grain-rimming siderite. The results of this study are relevant to the exploration of coal-bed methane and other coal-bearing reservoirs, where it is crucial to unravel and predict the distribution and quality of reservoirs and compartments.