Channel changes of the Makou-Tianjiazhen reach in the middle Yangtze River during the past 40 years

Quantitative analysis was performed on the filling-scouring process for the river reach within Makou and Tianjiazhen, the middle Yangtze River with the help of GIS and DEM techniques. The research results indicate that the river reach between Makou and Tianjiaz-hen was dominated by the scouring process, and the magnitude of scouring is increasing over time. The intensity of scouring process is more in the deep and narrower river reach than shallower and wider ones. The river reach in the Makou and Tianjiazhen river knot is in fre-quent scouring and filling process, however the river reach upper to the Makou and lower to the Tianjiazhen river knot is in moderate scouring and filling process. The river reach just upstream or downstream to the river knot (e.g. Makou and Tianjiazhen river knot in this re-search) is dominated by filling process and the river reach in the river knot is dominated by the scouring process. Research results indicate no changes in the boundary of the river but the scouring and the filling magnitude in specific river channel is strong. The filling and the scouring process of the study river reach is greatly impacted by the sediments and water from the upstream of the study river reach. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam just up-stream to Yichang will cause further decrease of the release of the sediment load to the mid-dle and the lower Yangtze River basin, which will further intensify the scouring process of the river channel in the study river reach.     

长江中游马口-田家镇河段40年来河道演变

Quantitative analysis was performed on the filling-scouring process for the river reach within Makou and Tianjiazhen, the middle Yangtze River with the help of GIS and DEM techniques. The research results indicate that the river reach between Makou and Tianjiazhen was dominated by the scouring process, and the magnitude of scouring is increasing over time. The intensity of scouring process is more in the deep and narrower river reach than shallower and wider ones. The river reach in the Makou and Tianjiazhen river knot is in fre-quent scouring and filling process, however the river reach upper to the Makou and lower to the Tianjiazhen river knot is in moderate scouring and filling process. The river reach just upstream or downstream to the river knot (e.g. Makou and Tianjiazhen river knot in this research) is dominated by filling process and the river reach in the river knot is dominated by the scouring process. Research results indicate no changes in the boundary of the river but the scouring and the filling magnitude in specific river channel is strong. The filling and the scouring process of the study river reach is greatly impacted by the sediments and water from the upstream of the study river reach. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam just upstream to Yichang will cause further decrease of the release of the sediment load to the middle and the lower Yangtze River basin, which will further intensify the scouring process of the river channel in the study river reach.     

长江干流江苏段44年来河道冲淤变化的时空特征

通常认为气候变暖引起的海平面上升将导致下游河道的淤积, 流域水土保持和水库建设引起的上游来沙量的减少将导致下游河道的冲刷。然而, 长江下游河道是如何对海平面上升和上游来沙量的减少做出响应的, 至今还没有直接的确凿的证据。在地理信息技术支撑下, 对长江干流江苏段(约330 km) 5 个时期1:25000~1:60000 的河道地形图进行了数字化, 建立了1959、1970、1985、1992 和2003 年河道数字地形图, 对河道的冲淤变化进行了计算分析。 结果表明, 长江干流江苏段在1985 年前后发生过明显的河道冲淤转换: 由1959-1985 年之间的平均淤积状态转变为1985-2003 年之间的平均冲刷状态。主要原因是1985 年以后该河段的上游来沙量的减少。1959-1985 年之间长江干流江苏段河道的淤积过程, 存在着由上游向下游推进的“顺流堆积”现象。1985-2003 年之间, 下段冲刷速率大于中段和上段。     

Sediment source changes over the last 250 years in a dry-tropical catchment, central Queensland, Australia

Rivers draining to the Great Barrier Reef are receiving increased attention with the realisation that European land use changes over the last  150 years may have increased river sediment yields, and that these may have adversely affected the reef environment. Mitigation of the effects associated with such changes is only possible if information on the spatial provenance and dominant types of erosion is known. To date, very few field-based studies have attempted to provide this information. This study uses fallout radionuclide (¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex) and geochemical tracing of river bed and floodplain sediments to examine sources over the last  250 years for Theresa Creek, a subcatchment of the Fitzroy River basin, central Queensland, Australia. A Monte Carlo style mixing model is used to predict the relative contribution of both the spatial (geological) sources and erosion types. The results indicate that sheetwash and rill erosion from cultivated basaltic land and channel erosion from non-basaltic parts of the catchment are currently contributing most sediment to the river system. Evidence indicates that the dominant form of channel erosion is gully headcut and sidewall erosion. Sheetwash and rill erosion from uncultivated land (i.e., grazed pasture/woodland) is a comparatively minor contributor of sediment to the river network. Analysis of the spatial provenance of floodplain core sediments, in conjunction with optical dating and ¹³⁷Cs depth profile data, suggests that a phase of channel erosion was initiated in the late nineteenth century. With the development of land underlain by basalt in the mid-twentieth century the dominant source of erosion shifted to cultivated land, although improvements in land management practices have probably resulted in a decrease in sediment yield from cultivated areas in the later half of the twentieth century. On a basin-wide scale, because of the limited spatial extent of cultivation, channel sources are likely to be the largest contributor of sediment to the Fitzroy River. Accordingly, catchment management measures focused on reducing sediment delivery to the Great Barrier Reef should focus primarily on decreasing erosion from channel sources.     

Channel morphology and its impact on flood passage, the Tianjiazhen reach of the middle Yangtze River

The Tianjiazhen reach of the middle Yangtze is about 8 km long, and characterized by a narrow river width of 650 m and local water depth of > 90 m in deep inner troughs, of which about 60 m is below the mean sea level. The troughs in the channel of such a large river are associated with regional tectonics and local lithology. The channel configuration plays a critical role in modifying the height and duration of river floods and erosion of the riverbed. The formation of the troughs in the bed of the Yangtze is considered to be controlled by sets of NW–SE-oriented neotectonic fault zones, in which some segments consist of highly folded thick Triassic limestone crossed by the Yangtze River. Several limestone hills, currently located next to the river channel, serve as nodes that create large vortices in the river, thereby accelerating downcutting on the riverbed composed of limestone highly susceptible to physical corrosion and chemical dissolution. Hydrological records indicate that the nodal hills and channel configuration at Tianjiazhen do not impact on normal flow discharges but discharges > 50,000 m³s^− 1 are slowed down for 2–3 days. Catastrophic floods are held up for even longer periods. These inevitably result in elevated flood stages upstream of prolonged duration, affecting large cities such as Wuhan and a very large number of people.     

近50年来长江河口分汊型河槽水体和泥沙容量的变化过程

根据1958-2013各年代长江河口河槽海图水深资料,利用Arcmap地图分析软件建立不同时期的水深数据库,以河口河槽水体和泥沙容量为研究对象,结合典型潮汐过程和典型年代水沙同步实测资料,计算长江口各分汊河槽最大理论进潮量和悬沙含量,探讨近50年来长江分汊型河口河槽水体和泥沙容量的变化过程和影响因素.结果表明:①北港河槽总体稳定,南港河槽仍处于发育阶段,南港河槽发育中心在南港下段,北港河槽上段区域略有萎缩;②目前,南、北槽河槽由于工程影响仍处于持续调整过程中,进潮量主增区域在南港和南槽,北槽发育模式已经被固定和限制.③近30年来,由于流域来水来沙减少,同时北槽深水航道工程的建设,使南、北槽进潮量和悬沙通量及其比例均发生了显著变化;④南北港水道悬沙量主要集中于北港下段及南北槽区域,其洪枯季悬沙含量的变化主要受冬夏季风和海洋动力条件的影响.     

对全球变化背景下长三角地区城镇化发展科学问题的思考

城镇化是中国现代化必由之路和实现经济可持续发展的长期国策。在全球变化背景下,如何科学评估并预测气候变化对城镇化发展的影响,阐释快速城镇化进程中应对气候变化的响应机制和适应模式,进而提出适应全球变化的城镇化可持续发展策略,是中国城镇化发展亟待解决的科学问题。长三角位于中国地势第三级阶梯的海岸带,海陆交互作用显著,是全球变化和人类活动剧烈相互作用的典型区域。长三角地区的城市化气候效应最强,水旱灾害、地面沉降、海面上升、极端气候事件对长三角城镇化发展的影响目前尚未作深入研究,气候变化和人类活动相互作用制约长三角的发展,长三角地区的城镇格局将如何应对气候变化和环境污染的影响?对该问题的回答是中国城镇化发展必须解决的难题,将直接决定中国城镇化可持续发展事业的成败。因此,开展长三角城镇化发展对全球变化的响应和适应对策研究,可为国家制定快速城镇化策略应对气候变化提供理论方法和科学决策依据。     

Response of small mid-mountain rivers to human impact with particular reference to the last 200 years; Eastern Sudetes, Central Europe

In the mid-mountains of Central Europe relict forms of periglacial morphogenesis occur, including debris slope covers. However, the Holocene forest succession limited sediment transfer towards valley systems.The eastern, mid-mountain part of the Sudetes, characterised by a dense stream network and by the local occurrence of metallic and gold ores, was already settled by humans in early medieval times. Timber from the forested slopes was used to produce charcoal and streams acted as energy sources for smelting plants and smithies. Agriculture developed on less inclined slopes. Temporal clearances on steep slopes and replacement of primeval beech forest by spruce trees, influenced water circulation on slopes. The exposed slope covers were transferred to valley floors during high precipitation events. Consequently, they were selectively redeposited within the floodplain, changing the former channel pattern, especially at confluences. The introduction of cultivation on slopes triggered intense soil erosion so that agricultural terraces were built in order to prevent surface wash. The terraces are often strengthened with stone walls up to 4.5 m high. Terraces acted as ‘sediment traps’, storing the washed material within the slope. The layers of fine-grained colluvial sediments, which can be linked with agriculture, cover the older, debris slope covers. The colluvium is especially thick at the terrace edges. Despite the protective role of terracing, part of the washed material was transferred to valleys, often becoming overbank deposits, covering older gravel and boulder alluvium. The decline of iron ore exploitation and processing, at the beginning of the 19th century, together with agricultural withdrawal, which was especially radical after the 2nd World War, resulted in successive renaturalisation of the environment being followed by slope stabilisation and deepening of bigger river channels.The results led to the conclusion that a strong human impact on the slope–valley system in the mid-mountain part of the Eastern Sudetes influenced changes in the dynamics and morphology of small rivers to a much higher extent than the climate variations, especially during the Little Ice Age.     

1958-2017年长江流域气候变化的时空特征与热点区域

The Yangtze River Watershed in China is a climate change hotspot featuring strong spatial and temporal variability;hence, it poses a certain threat to social development. Identifying the characteristics of and regions vulnerable to climate change is significantly important for formulating adaptive countermeasures. However, with regard to the Yangtze River Watershed, there is currently a lack of research on these aspects from the perspective of natural and anthropogenic factors. To address this issue, in this study, based on the temperature and precipitation records from 717 meteorological stations, the RClim Dex and random forest models were used to assess the spatiotemporal characteristics of climate change and identify mainly the natural and anthropogenic factors influencing climate change hotspots in the Yangtze River Watershed for the period 1958-2017. The results indicated a significant increasing trend in temperature, a trend of wet and dry polarization in the annual precipitation, and that the number of temperature indices with significant variations was 2.8 times greater than that of precipitation indices. Significant differences were also noted in the responses of the climate change characteristics of the sub-basins to anthropogenic and natural factors;the delta plain of the Yangtze River estuary exhibited the most significant climate changes, where 88.89% of the extreme climate indices varied considerably. Furthermore, the characteristics that were similar among the identified hotpots, including human activities(higher Gross Domestic Product and construction land proportions) and natural factors(high altitudes and large proportions of grassland and water bodies), were positively correlated with the rapid climate warming.     

近50年黑河流域的冰川变化遥感分析

黑河流域作为中国西北地区第二大内陆流域,其景观类型完整、流域规模适中、社会生态环境问题典型,已成为寒区、旱区水文与水资源研究的热点地区。本研究结合1：5 万地形图、Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像及数字高程模型数据,运用面向对象的图像信息自动提取方法,建立冰川信息提取知识规则,对近50 年黑河流域的冰川变化进行遥感分析。结果表明：（1）20 世纪60 年代黑河流域内的967 条冰川到2010 年左右,减少为800 条冰川,减少数量明显;冰川面积由361.69 km²退缩为231.17 km²,共减少130.51 km²,退缩率为36.08%,平均每条冰川面积退缩0.14 km²。（2）黑河流域冰川分布及变化存在显著的区域差异性,黑河冰川退缩率比北大河大16%左右;冰川末端主要分布在4300~4400 m、4400~4500 m和4500~4600 m海拔区间内。（3）与西部其他山地冰川相比,黑河流域冰川退缩率较高。（4）根据流域内6 个气象站资料分析表明,降水增加对冰川的补给无法弥补气温上升导致的冰川消融所带来的物质损失,是黑河流域冰川普遍萎缩的关键因素。     

长江三角洲气温变化特征及城市化影响

基于长江三角洲国家基本/基准站历史气象资料和区域人口资料,分析了1959~2005年和1981~2005年期间长江三角洲气温的年和季节变化特征,气温变化在大城市、中等城市和小城镇站之间的差异,以及城市化效应对气温的增温率和增温贡献率。结果表明,过去47年和25年期间,长江三角洲年均气温、年均最高和最低气温都显著增加,增温率都是冬季和春季较高,夏季最低。大城市站增温率明显高于小城镇和中等城市站,城市化效应对大城市气温基本上都是增温作用,其中对平均最低气温的增温率及贡献率最大,对平均最高气温都最小。长江三角洲气温变化趋势和增温率、城市化效应的增温率及增温贡献率与其他地区具有较好的一致性。     

The mechanism of barrier river reaches in the middle and lower Yangtze River

Alluvial channel has always adjusted itself to the equilibrium state of sediment transport after it was artificially or naturally disturbed. How to maintain the equilibrium state of sediment transport and keep the river regime stable has always been the concerns of fluvial geomorphologists. The channel in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is characterized by the staggered distribution of the bifurcated river and the single-thread river. The change of river regime is more violently in the bifurcated river than in the single-thread river. Whether the adjustment of the river regime in the bifurcated river can pass through the single-thread river and propagate to the downstream reaches affects the stabilities of the overall river regime. Studies show that the barrier river reach can block the upstream channel adjustment from propagating to the downstream reaches; therefore, it plays a key role in stabilizing the river regime. This study investigates 34 single-thread river reaches in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. On the basis of the systematic summarization of the fluvial process of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the control factors of barrier river reach are summarized and extracted: the planar morphology of single-thread and meandering; with no flow deflecting node distributed in the upper or middle part of the river reach; the hydraulic geometric coefficient is less than 4; the longitudinal gradient is greater than 12‰, the clay content of the concave bank is greater than 9.5%, and the median diameter of the bed sediment is greater than 0.158 mm. From the Navier-Stokes equation, the calculation formula of the bending radius of flow dynamic axis is deduced, and then the roles of these control factors on restricting the migration of the flow dynamic axis and the formation of the barrier river reach are analyzed. The barrier river reach is considered as such when the ratio of the migration force of the flow dynamic axis to the constraint force of the channel boundary is less than 1 under different flow levels. The mechanism of the barrier river reach is such that even when the upstream river regime adjusts, the channel boundary of this reach can always constrain the migration amplitude of the flow dynamic axis and centralize the planar position of the main stream line under different upstream river regime conditions, providing a relatively stable incoming flow conditions for the downstream reaches, thereby blocking the upstream river regime adjustment from propagating to the downstream reaches.     

River channel response to short-term human-induced change in landscape connectivity in Andean ecosystems

The drainage basin of the Deleg River (88 km²), located in the southern Ecuadorian Andes, was studied to assess the geomorphic and hydrologic response of a fluvial system to human-induced environmental change in its contributing area. Historical data on land use, channel morphology and sedimentology were collected, based on a spatial analysis of aerial photographs (1963–1995) and a field survey (2002). Analysis of channel cross-sectional profiles and sedimentological data revealed a major change in morphology and sedimentology of the Deleg River during the past four decades: (i) the active river channel narrowed by over 45%, (ii) the riverbed incised on average by over 1.0 m and (iii) the median grain size of the bed surface decreased from 13.2 cm to 4.7 cm. The spatial pattern of land cover within the Deleg catchment also changed considerably: highly degraded agricultural land in the low-lying areas was abandoned and partially afforested for timber and wood production, whereas secondary upland forest was increasingly cleared for expansion of cropland and pastures. Notwithstanding large changes in the spatial organization of land use within the catchment, the overall land use did not change significantly during the past four decades. This suggests that the response of the Deleg River to land-use change not only depends on the overall land-use change, but also on the spatial pattern of land-use/cover change within the catchment. Although forestation and regeneration of bare gully slopes and floors throughout the catchment only represented a minor part of the total land-use change, these land-use/cover changes had a major impact on the hydrological and sediment connectivity in the landscape.     

Flow resistance adjustments of channel and bars in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in response to the operation of the Three Gorges Dam

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Since the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) was put into operation, the flood water level at an identical discharge rate has not displayed a decreasing trend along the...     

近50年长三角地区水系时空变化及其驱动机制

基于1960s、1980s以及2010s三期1:5万地形图中水系数据,选取河网密度(Dd)、水面率(WSR)、干流面积长度比(R)、支流发育系数(K)和盒维数(D),探讨了长江三角洲地区水系近50年的时空格局及变化特征,并分析了城市化对水系结构的影响.结果表明:①近50年来,长三角水系河网密度、水面率数量特征呈下降趋势,其中武澄锡虞、杭嘉湖和鄞东南地区河网密度减少近20％;结构特征发生变化,秦淮河流域干流面积长度比增加显著,杭嘉湖地区支流发育系数衰减达46.8％;河网复杂度衰退,武澄锡虞和杭嘉湖地区的盒维数衰减分别达7.8％和6.5％.②城市化影响水系的空间分布,高度城市化地区河网密度、水面率、支流发育系数以及盒维数最低.③城市化深刻改变着水系的演化过程.1960s-2010s期间,高度城市化地区的河网密度、水面率衰减剧烈达27.2％和19.3％,河网主干化趋势加剧,河网复杂度下降4.91％.1980s-2010s期间,低度城市化地区支流衰减达53.3％,河网密度大幅下降14.6％.④城镇用地的扩张、水利工程的修建和农田水利活动是改变长三角水系的主要方式.     

长江中下游阻隔性河段作用机理

阻隔性河段能够阻隔上游河势调整向下游的传递,对稳定河势起到关键性作用。本文以长江中下游34个单一河段为研究对象,在系统总结长江中下游河道演变规律的基础上,归纳出阻隔性河段控制要素包括：单一微弯的河道平面形态、河段中上部无挑流节点;河相系数小于4;河道纵比降大于1.2?;凹岸黏粒含量高于9.5%;床沙中值粒径大于0.158 mm等。从Navier-Stokes方程出发,推导出河湾水流动力轴线弯曲半径的表达式,进而分析了各控制要素对水流动力轴线摆动及阻隔性河段形成的作用。阻隔性河段的判别条件为：不同流量级下水流动力轴线摆动力与河道边界条件约束力的比值始终小于1;阻隔性河段作用机理在于：即便上游河势发生调整,本河段的河道边界始终能约束主流摆动幅度,归顺上游不同河势条件下的主流平面位置,为下游河道提供了相对稳定的入流条件,从而阻隔上游河势调整向下游传递。     

1960―2015年长江流域风速的时空变化特征

基于1960―2015年长江流域128个站点的月风速观测数据,结合地形特点将长江流域分成5个子区域,并运用一元线性回归、相关分析和修正的Mann-Kendall（MMK）检验对长江流域风速变化趋势的时空特征进行研究,结果表明：1）1960―2015年长江流域年平均风速以-0.006 5 m/s·a的速率显著下降,5个子区域中,区域中下游丘陵与平原区（R1）下降最显著,上游青藏高原区（R5）次之,上游盆地区（R3）变化最小。2）季节上,全区风速春季下降最快,夏季最慢。而子区域除R1冬季降幅最大外,其余区域季节风速变化速率也为春季降幅最大,夏季最小。逐月变化上,流域整体风速3月下降最快,8月最慢,各子区域风速最大降幅也集中在3月。3）空间分布上,长江流域年平均风速降幅呈现东部大、中部小、西部较大的特点,全区50%的站点下降趋势显著,且这些站点集中分布于R1地区。此外,4个季节风速与年风速的变化趋势呈现相似的空间分布特征。4）长江流域风速下降与北极涛动（AO）指数上升、区域气候变暖和城市化加速等有关。     

长江中游荆江河段同流量-水位演化特征及驱动成因

水库运行改变了坝下游水沙输移条件,在河道冲刷的同时,引起水位过程出现适应性调整.本文以长江中游荆江河段为对象,采用多项式拟合法,对比分析1991-2016年间分级流量一水位变化特征,采用基于河流动力学原理的分离变量法,识别河道冲淤、下游控制水位及河床综合糙率等变化对分级流量-水位变化的影响程度.研究表明:1991-20...     

长江经济带形成演变的地理基础

长江经济带从提出到上升为国家级重大区域发展战略,有着大河流域经济带形成的客观存在性与历史必然性。大河流域经济带往往都经历了“逐水而居的居住地—资源轴带(农牧业、矿业、水能)—交通轴带—工业产业带—城市密集轴带”的发展演变历程,其空间发展表现为“增长点”至“增长轴”,进而向“经济带”的转变,这种流域经济带的地理形态变化,蕴含着作为流域这一特殊而基本地理单元区域发展与空间演变的规律。由点至轴到带的空间演变,也推动着流域经济带由小规模到大规模,由低水平向高水平,空间上由点到面的演变过程。该演变不仅存在资源与区位等优势驱动,更有着生态环境承载力等的刚性约束,深刻反映出经济带发展中的地理环境载体的重要性。对长江经济带形成演变科学内涵与地理基础展开探讨,以期为新时期大河流域经济带绿色高质量发展提供借鉴。     

遥感与地理信息系统技术在长江下游江岸稳定性评价中的应用

应用多时相遥感动态分析方法对长江南京以下河段近四十多年来江岸变迁进行调查,并建成江岸变迁图形数据库。对多期航道水深测量资料进行动态分析,建成航道水深数据库。应用地理信息系统技术,研究河床时空演变规律,结合沿江地质地貌,护岸工程等消息,对长江下游江岸稳定性进行评价。