大兴安岭北部森林沼泽区1∶5万水系沉积物测量方法研究

通过对在大兴安岭北部森林沼泽—冻土景观区的1∶5万水系沉积物测量方法技术的研究,发现以水系沉积物中较粗粒级的碎屑(-10～+60目)作为采样介质,可有效地排除有机质的干扰,强化异常;并提出在水系沉积物不甚发育的地区,以水系沉积物为主,辅以网格法土壤测量,则能更有效地提高找矿效果。     

大兴安岭北部森林沼泽区1:5万水系沉积物测量方法研究

通过对在大兴安岭北部森林沼泽—冻土景观区的1:5万水系沉积物测量方法技术的研究,发现以水系沉积物中较粗粒级的碎屑(-10～+60目)作为采样介质,可有效地排除有机质的干扰,强化异常;并提出在水系沉积物不甚发育的地区,以水系沉积物为主,辅以网格法土壤测量,则能更有效地提高找矿效果。     

1:25000沟系沉积物地球化学测量方法有效性探讨——以东昆仑巴隆地区为例

青海东昆仑地区是青海省重要的金、铜、铁多金属成矿区,1∶250 000、1∶50 000水系沉积物地球化学测量工作在该区域圈定了众多的异常区,但总体查证程度偏低。为实现该区域找矿重大突破,选定巴隆地区部署开展了以采集水系沉积物为主、残坡积岩屑物质为辅的1∶25 000沟系沉积物地球化学测量工作,取得了较为突出的找矿效果。该项工作表明,在青海省东昆仑地区,1∶25 000沟系沉积物地球化学测量方法是一种有效的地质找矿工作手段。该方法能有效克服东昆仑地区北部水系不发育、风成物干扰严重,南部高山区碎石流发育、影响水系沉积物汇聚等因素对找矿的干扰,相对传统的地质找矿方法在异常查证过程中的适用性、可操作性更强,找矿效果好,能实现矿体的精确定位,对东昆仑的地质找矿工作具有借鉴作用。     

长江中下游地区铜地球化学块体时间属性——来自碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年的证据

利用水系沉积物地球化学组合数据在长江中下游地区共圈定出6个铜地球化学块体, 首次利用碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年技术对地球化学块体的时间属性进行了研究。在铜矿床最为发育的Cu1、Cu2和Cu6三个块体内的碎屑锆石样品中清楚地识别出4个年龄峰值, 分别对应古元古代、新元古代、早古生代和中生代。表明地球化学块体是跨时代存在的, 物质来源于多期地质事件。新元古代和中生代地质体对研究区铜地球化学块体的形成也具有重要影响。研究还发现, 成矿物质经后期的风化分散作用会进入到水系沉积物中, 通过水系沉积物采样能够捕获成矿信息。     

长江上游表壳岩系Pb同位素组成特征及对三峡贯通的示踪意义

理论分析表明,碎屑钾长石Pb同位素在大河流域沉积物物源示踪及追索河流演化研究中具有独特意义。近年来,随着单颗粒碎屑矿物微区分析技术的快速发展,碎屑钾长石Pb同位素已成为一种有效的物源示踪方法,在判别沉积物物源、重建古水系等方面已得到了较好的应用,同时沉积物全岩的Pb同位素能对碎屑钾长石Pb同位素的示踪起到一定的补充作用。通过对长江流域不同河段和支流流域钾长石及全岩Pb同位素的空间分异特征的即可识别性分析、河流地貌和水文特性对源-汇之间物质的可通达性分析以及流域地质环境条件的分析,认为利用Pb同位素方法来示踪江汉盆地不同时期沉积物的源区,并重建长江水系的演化过程是可行的。最后对开展此项研究的思路进行了讨论。     

柴达木盆地北缘早奥陶世台地-斜坡-盆地相沉积特征及控制因素

通过对柴北缘地区的野外地质调查及室内实验分析,根据地质剖面中发育的岩石组合类型、沉积构造等特征,对研究区早奥陶世台地斜坡盆地相沉积体系进行了详细研究。认为研究区早古生代持续的海平面上升、柴北缘洋陆俯冲及陆弧碰撞是控制该时期盆山格局及沉积充填演化的重要因素。柴北缘早奥陶世台地边缘颗粒滩相发育在多泉山组中下部,岩性以生物碎屑灰岩、鲕粒灰岩以及泥晶灰岩为特征。而研究区斜坡相深水物质主要是由重力流搬运的碳酸盐岩再沉积物组成,共识别出包括细粒沉降微晶泥、滑塌角砾岩、颗粒流、瘤状灰岩、碎屑流以及浊积岩等不同类型的斜坡异地沉积物。研究区盆地相处于碳酸盐岩沉积体系岛弧碎屑岩沉积体系两大沉积体系的转换位置。受到柴北缘洋陆俯冲及陆弧碰撞等影响,隆升的陆壳基底及大陆岛弧物质向盆地提供大量碎屑物质,因此在靠近岛弧边缘地区发育了砂质碎屑流、浊流等重力流沉积体系下的弧后盆地沉积产物。     

东营凹陷滨南—利津地区古近系沙四上亚段物源分析与沉积特征

通过碎屑颗粒类型与含量、特征元素比值分布模式等方法,对东营凹陷滨南—利津地区沙四上亚段砂体物源进行系统分析。沙四上亚段沉积时期,该地区存在两大物源体系:来自陈家庄凸起的利津物源体系和来自滨县凸起的滨南物源体系。滨南物源体系碎屑沉积物以石英含量高、变质岩岩屑含量高的砂岩为主,且碎屑颗粒粒度细;利津物源体系以石英含量低、沉积岩岩屑含量高的砾岩、含砾砂岩、砂岩为主,碎屑颗粒粒度粗。由于物源母岩性质的差异及古地貌特征和构造演化特征不同,两个物源体系发育不同的砂体类型,具有不同的沉积特征。滨南物源体系主要发育扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲和滨浅湖滩坝等砂体,利津物源体系主要发育近岸水下扇、浊积扇等砂体。     

断陷湖盆碳酸盐与陆源碎屑混合沉积——以东营凹陷金家地区古近系沙河街组第四段上亚段为例

混合沉积是一种特殊的沉积类型,研究程度较低。金家地区处于东营凹陷的斜坡带,该区古近系沙河街组第四段上亚段发育了碳酸盐与陆源碎屑的混合沉积,研究认为该混合沉积为古湖泊内的混合沉积,可划分为混积砂滩亚相、混积砂坝亚相及半深湖混积亚相,混合沉积物既包括同层混合沉积物（灰质砂岩、砂质灰岩、泥质灰岩等）,又包括互层混合沉积物（砂岩与颗粒灰岩互层沉积等）,研究区的混合沉积受当时构造运动、碎屑物质供给量、湖平面的变化等诸多因素控制。     

东海陆架北部泥质区表层沉积物碳酸盐粒级分布与物源分析

对取自东海陆架北部表层沉积物及黄河、长江河道沉积物样品按1／4Φ或1／2Φ的间隔筛分，分别测定不同粒级中碳酸盐的含量，结果表明东海陆架表层沉积物碳酸盐含量都较高，且在砂、砾级中异常富集，碳酸盐颗粒分布具有分散、多峰的特点；黄河沉积物碳酸盐含量较高，主要分布于细粒级部分，并在细粒部分富集；长江沉积物碳酸盐含量明显低于黄河，分布较均匀，但是由于有淡水钙质生物碎屑的混入导致粗粒级中碳酸盐较为富集。依据沉积物中碳酸盐含量、分布及富集特征，结合沉积作用分析，表明济州岛西南泥质区沉积物为黄河、长江物质以及泥质区周边的再悬浮物质三部分的混合产物。     

安徽北淮阳沙坪沟钼矿区水系沉积物粒级试验研究

通过在安徽省北淮阳沙坪沟超大型钼矿区开展水系沉积物测量粒级试验,基于沙坪沟钼矿区分散流长度试验研究,对不同粒级(截取粒级和细粒级)水系沉积物粒级占比、元素含量变化特征等进行对比分析,探讨研究区主要成矿元素含量衰减特征。通过总结不同粒级水系沉积物的构成特征,认为在北淮阳地区开展水系沉积物测量适宜采用截取粒级的采样方法,为该地区开展1∶50 000化探普查提供参考。     

Comparison of stream sediment and soil sampling for regional exploration in the eastern Alps,Austria

Tests in three different areas of the Austrian Alps showed that in mountainous areas, soil samples taken at the break of slope are an alternative sampling medium to stream sediments for regional geochemical exploration even if taken at the unusually low density of 1 sample/km². B-horizon soil samples from the nearest break of slope were collected in conjunction with stream sediment orientation studies. The minus 0.2 mm fraction of all samples was routinely analyzed for the total contents of 36 elements. The results for the indicator elements in the three test areas (Area 1: Cu; Area 2: Ag, As, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn; Area 3: As, Cu) showed that break-of-slope soil samples more clearly indicate known mineralization than drainage geochemistry. In the soils, almost all elements showed a higher natural variability of the data with considerably higher metal contents. In mountaineous regions, each soil sample will have a clearly defined area of influence. The break of slope represents a site where clastically and hydromorphically dispersed elements are concentrated. It is concluded that soil samples can be used for regional exploration using low sampling densities in mountaineous areas. At the same time they will provide valuable information for other fields of science (e.g. agriculture, forestry, environmental sciences) and are thus superior to stream sediments.     

Investigating high zircon concentrations in the fine fraction of stream sediments draining the Pan-African Dahomeyan Terrane in Nigeria

Sixteen hundred stream sediments (<150 μm fraction) collected during regional geochemical surveys in central and SW Nigeria have high median and maximum concentrations of Zr that exceed corresponding Zr concentrations found in stream sediments collected from elsewhere in the World with similar bedrock geology. X-ray diffraction studies on a sub-set of the analysed stream sediments showed that Zr is predominantly found in detrital zircon grains. However, the main proximal source rocks (Pan-African ‘Older Granites’ of Nigeria and their Proterozoic migmatitic gneiss country rocks) are not enriched in zircon (or Zr). Nevertheless, U–Pb LA-ICP-MS dating with cathodoluminescence imaging on detrital zircons, both from stream sediment samples and underlying Pan-African ‘Older Granites’ confirms a local bedrock source for the stream sediment zircons. A combination of tropical/chemical weathering and continuous physical weathering, both by ‘wet season’ flash flooding and ‘dry season’ unidirectional winds are interpreted to have effectively broken down bedrock silicate minerals and removed much of the resultant clay phases, thereby increasing the Zr contents in stream sediments. The strong correlation between winnowing index (Th/Al) and Zr concentration across the study area support this interpretation. Therefore, ‘anomalous’ high values of Zr, as well as other elements concentrated in resistant ‘heavy’ minerals in Nigeria’s streams may not reflect proximal bedrock concentrations of these elements. This conclusion has important implications for using stream sediment chemistry as an exploration tool in Nigeria for primary metal deposits associated with heavy minerals.     

青海省高寒草甸区西部表生地球化学作用

依托大场大型金矿床对青海省高寒草甸区西部的表生地球化学作用进行了研究,发现风成沙集中在-40~+160目粒级段,富含SiO₂,而绝大多数元素的含量均很低;-20目残坡积土和-5~+20目草皮层土富集或基本富集了大部分金矿化指示元素,均可代表近源物质。从基岩→残坡积层→草皮层→水系沉积物,金矿化主要指示元素Au、As、Sb的平均含量在逐步降低,其他元素也多如此。在高寒准平原—丘陵区,地表存在着元素(特别是Au、As、Sb)被不同程度贫化或均一化的地球化学作用。     

有机质在中国东北部森林沼泽区化探异常追踪和查证中的应用

在东北森林沼泽区的几个矿区(点)上,通过以泥炭、腐殖层土壤为采样介质的区域化探异常追踪查证方法技术试验研究,发现Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn等主要成矿元素的测量结果与水系碎屑沉积物、残坡积物的基本一致,对矿体均有良好的反映.研究结果表明在这类景观区化探找矿工作中有机质是可以利用的.     

森林沼泽景观元素次生分散富集特征

得尔布干森林沼泽区的景观特征是冬季寒冷,夏季降雨集中,中低山沟谷长而平缓,植被发育,土壤A层和水系沉积物中富泥炭,土壤呈弱酸性、弱还原环境.铅锌矿床形成的异常从岩石、土壤C层、土壤A层到水系沉积物元素含量降低,呈逐步分散.水系沉积物中Pb、Zn元素含量随粒度变细而降低,Ag、有机碳含量增高.水系中泥炭沉积物可吸附活动态金属元素,在背景地段可形成次生富集和"假异常".有机质影响水系沉积物异常,为干扰因素,应消除有机质影响.水系沉积物中碎屑沉积物能较好反映矿化异常.确定合理采样介质、密度,采样到位,可提高中大比例尺地球化学勘查效果.     

Regional spatial distribution of multiple elements in the surface sediments of the eastern Tsushima Strait (southwestern Sea of Japan)

A total of 402 coastal sea-sediment samples were collected from the continental shelf, slope, and basin off Tsushima Island in the western Sea of Japan, and were analyzed for 51 elements as part of a nationwide marine geochemical mapping project. The samples were compared to potentially related sample sets, and the results were considered from the viewpoint of the origin of marine surface sediments in the western Sea of Japan. The spatial distribution of elemental concentrations in the coastal sea sediments correspond to texture, grain size, the presence of shells and foraminifera, and the mud content of surface marine sediments. Most elemental concentrations increased with increasing mud content. Some samples located in littoral areas included sediment particles apparently supplied from nearby rivers, but their contribution was limited. Overall, the mean chemical compositions of clastic material in coastal sea sediments appear to differ from those of stream sediments in adjacent terrestrial areas. In addition, the geochemistry of the coastal sea sediments cannot be fully explained by the mixing of the material supplied from Korean and Chinese stream sediments, which are the most feasible sources. Coastal sea sediments in the study area are well mixed by transportation processes; therefore, elemental abundances in these marine sediments may be homogenized to such an extent that it is not possible to determine their origin. Alternatively, most of the clastics in the sediment may actually represent relict reworked material, originally formed in the Yellow Sea and Tsushima Strait during the last glacial stage and subsequent transgression.     

广西思旺地区水系沉积物(土壤)地球化学特征及找矿方向

广西思旺地区位于钦杭成矿带西南端大瑶山金多金属成矿带上,1∶50 000水系沉积物测量成果表明该区Au、Ag、As、Hg、Sb、Pb、Cu、Sn、Mo、Bi等元素含量明显高于全国水系沉积物元素含量水平,Au、Ag、As、Pb、Cu、Sn、Bi、Mo等元素高于广西区背景含量;异常元素主要沿凭祥―大黎深大断裂两侧呈近EW和NE向带状展布。主要异常区均分布在凭祥―大黎深大断裂与近SN向断裂交汇处。根据异常特征与成矿地质条件,圈定了5个找矿远景区,为该区下一步找矿工作指明了方向。     

甘肃省夏河县甘加贡玛—阿姨山地区水系沉积物地球化学特征

夏河县地区位于中秦岭断褶带西段,观音大庄—力士山断裂带南侧、夏河—合作断裂带中部,属夏河—合作成矿带。通过开展1 ∶ ５万水系沉积物测量工作,并对异常进行查证解释,从区域地质背景和矿区地质特征入手,重点分析了甘加贡玛—阿姨山地区的水系沉积物金异常,表面该区水系沉积物异常分布与构造展布方向一致,金异常对地层的选择性明显;通过对水系沉积物测量中Au、Ag、Cu、Pb、Zn、As 、Sb、Hg、Cr、Ni、Sn、W、Mo、Bi等14种元素分析结果进行R型聚类分析和相关性分析,得出区内可选用Au、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种元素作为主成矿元素进行成矿预测。     

Geochemical Features and Metallogenic Prediction of the Caixiashan‐Weiquan Area in the East Tianshan Region

The Caixiashan-Weiquan area is an important ore concentration area in the eastern Tianshan metallogenic belt. Firstly, this paper studies geochemical features of 1564 samples of 1:200000 stream sediments of the Matoutan mapsheet, where the Caixiashan and Weiquan deposits are located. Processing, analysis and explanation of exploration geochemical data play an important role in the procedure of finding the ore, which are related to whether the measured elements content of geochemical samples can effectively guide the work of mineral exploration. As a highly nonlinear dynamical system, the neural network is more analogous to the human brains in terms of principles and features compared with conventional geochemical approaches. It can adapt itself to the environment, sum up laws, complete pattern recognition. Secondly, the authors used the Kohonen neural network to classify all samples based on 10 mineralization elements of stream sediment samples in order to determine possible mineral ores, reduce the scope of ore targets and study indicator elements of the ninth group of samples, which is the mostly closest to the deposit. The results show that the neural network can delineate metallogenic prospective areas and is effective in the discovery of deep geochemical information.     

Geochemistry of surface sediments in the southwestern East/Japan Sea

We analyzed 77 surface sediment samples collected in the southwestern East/Japan Sea from the Korea Strait through the Ulleung Basin and the Korea Plateau for grain size, calcium carbonate, organic carbon, and major (Na, Mg, Al, Fe, K, Ca, and Ti) and trace elements (P, Mn, Sr, Li, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Pb).The chemical composition of the surface sediments was found to be highly variable spatially. Cluster analysis of surface sediment chemical compositions indicated five major geochemical sedimentary environments: basin, lower slope, coast and upper slope, inner shelf, and outer shelf. Continental-shelf sediments were rich in shell fragments and had relict and coarse-grained characteristics. Recent fine-grained sediments were only distributed in coastal, slope, and basin areas. Concentrations of Al, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, and Sc were highest in the coastal and upper slope areas and decreased with water depth. Elemental ratios using major and trace elements indicated that coastal and upper slope detrital sediments were mixtures of sediments derived from the Changjiang (Yangtze) and Nakdong Rivers. Although the concentrations of organic carbon, P, Mn, V, Co, Ni, Cu, and Pb increased with water depth, their distribution patterns indicated authigenic (V, Cu, and Pb) and diagenetic (Fe, P, Mn, Co, and Ni) origins. The distribution pattern with water depth suggested that the chemical composition of surface sediment was determined by sedimentologic and geochemical processes, such as the supply of detrital and biogenic materials, and authigenic and post-depositional diagenetic processes in sediments.