中国地质博物馆现状及其在地质事业中的作用评述

本文以中国地质博物馆为例,介绍我国地质博物馆的工作性质、任务、历史、现状和发展过程。在为社会服务的基础上,提出了从地质博物馆事业中直接获取经济效益的新思想。这不但对该馆今后布展工作有所帮助,而且对全国72个地质博物馆和陈列室以及正在筹建中的展厅都具有其相互学习,相互促进的作用。     

钻孔灌注桩水下灌注时砼在环空中流动阻力计算方法的探讨

本文拟应用流体力学和砼的流变特性的原理，从理论上探讨砼在环空中流动阻力的计算方法。     

依靠科技创新发展地勘经济

本文论述了科技创新及其重要性,指出地勘行业目前科技创新存在的一些问题和认识误区。提出加强科技创新工作,进一步提高对科技创新重要性认识;加快创新机构和创新服务机构的建设;为科技创新提供良好的政策和社会环境;依靠科技创新,调整、优化经济结构,逐步形成具特色的支柱产业和主导产业等建议。     

The politics of sustained yield forest management in Malaysia: Constructing the boundaries of time, control and consent

Despite its lack of success in countries across the globe, scientific or sustained yield forestry remains the dominant discourse in tropical forestry. The main concern of this paper is to provide a conceptualisation of the inherent technological difficulties in sustained yield technology. In doing so, the paper goes to the heart of the debate surrounding the construction of scientific knowledge and the nature of technological development. The examples used are from Peninsular Malaysia and the East Malaysian state of Sarawak. However, the issue of science and the politics of scientific knowledge production, as well as the contingent nature of technological development, have more general applicability. Moreover, the examples from Malaysia may be equally useful in countries that are similarly mired, in coping with the effects of forest resource ‘development’. Our contention in this paper is that sustained yield categories, such as the annual allowable cut, emerge from a whole network of assumptions and negotiations that are both social and technical. Since scientific categories are often under-determined, they are subject to contestation. The paper ends by outlining the way in which sustained yield knowledge claims are being contested by forces encapsulated under the umbrella of sustainable forest management.     

The Abnormal Condition Analysis used to characterize weathered discard coals

Coal, by its nature, is unstable and weathers when exposed to moisture and oxygen. Weathering can result in a general decline on the commercial value and technological properties of coal. Coals of similar chemical properties have been shown to combust differently, and the differences can be attributed to petrographic composition variations, poor combustion environments, and weathered particles. Stockpiled and dumped discard coals have been targeted for use by a lower power utility, and a novel technique was developed to quantify and qualify the degree of weathering in these coals. The petrographic based Abnormal Condition Analysis (previously referred to as the Weathering Index Analysis) considers features not typically characterized during routine petrographic analyses, but which may have an impact on the technological properties of coals. Discard coals ranging in age from 5 to 40 years where characterized to determine the extent of secondary weathering. Eight secondary weathering features, clearly different from inherent weathering, were qualified and quantified. Margin effect appears to be an early microscopic indicator of weathering, followed by discoloration. Alteration minerals have only been observed in stockpiled and dumped coals and hence could be a useful feature to benchmark when considering whether or not a coal has been stored. Long-term stored coals have microcrack and fissure patterns clearly different from fresh coals. The length of exposure to weathering processes was determined to be proportional to the extent of weathering as determined petrographically. The Abnormal Condition Analysis should be used as a supplement to routine coal petrography as it can assist with the determination of anomalous behavior of coals.     

Urban ecology and location theory: Dominance and territory

Woods left on good farmland in Ohio and neighboring states are likely to be beech-maple woods. There may well be a dozen or more tree species present, but the most obvious, because the most common, will be beeches and sugar maples … these trees exhibit the phenomenon of ecological dominance. There can be little doubt that the other plants of the wood are adapted to the presence of the abundant beeches and maples so that to describe them as dominants in this way is good use of language. The beeches and maples determine the micro climate, and even the soil, to which all the other living things must adapt - PAUL COLINVAUX.In the social reality, despite all change, the domination of man by man is still the historical continuum that links pre-technological and technological reason. However, the society which projects and undertakes the technological transformation of nature alters the base of domination by gradually replacing personal dependence … with dependence on the “objective order of things” (on economic laws, the market, etc…) … domination now generates a higher rationality — that of a society which sustains its hierarchic structure while exploiting ever more efficiently the natural and mental resources… - HERBERT MARCUSE     

Geochemical engineering; taking stock

Geochemical engineering makes use of optimized geochemical processes for the solution of environmental problems. It has developed in a few years from a collection of unrelated scientific and technological incidents into a coherent concept about how and where we can improve our geo-environment. All solutions to problems of pollution are based on neutralization/breakdown, concentration, dilution, isolation or immobilization, which serve to eliminate the pollutant, make it more manageable, or prevent its entry into the mobile phase, usually water, from which it can affect the biosphere. All of these solutions have their counterpart in nature, where many examples are found of high concentrations of potentially harmful substances. A major prerequisite of geochemical engineering solutions is that they should be compatible with the natural evolution of the system in its geo-environment. The advantages of this approach are that we can devise low-cost technologies (nature does most of the hard work itself), interfere least with nature, and quite often end up with useful by-products. Disadvantages are that technologies based on natural geochemical processes tend to be slow. The application of geochemical engineering concepts requires a better understanding of our environment and its ongoing processes than is necessary for a ‘classical' technology. In most environmental technologies the conditions are externally imposed on the system to be treated, and the natural evolution of the system is eliminated, or at best neglected. The concept of seeking a closer conformity with nature is paralleled in other disciplines like agriculture or the medical sector, where we see a similar evolution in the direction of techniques that are more in harmony with nature. Geochemical engineering brings many advantages, particularly in developing countries, or in countries where the state of the economy does not permit the introduction of expensive high-tech environmental technologies. So far, most of the applications of geochemical engineering concepts have focussed on solutions to environmental problems, but there are a number of cases where the environmental issue is more indirect, as e.g. in civil engineering. Geochemical engineering may be practised on a large, almost global scale, down to that of individual minerals, in accordance with the fact that geochemical processes also act on vastly different scales. An overview will be given of some of the problems that are being studied.     

加强科技成果管理 服务铀矿地质工作

通过总结铀矿地质科技成果管理的实践经验,结合科研与生产实际,提出科技成果管理中存在的问题和对策建议。     

关于加强地质情报研究工作的建议

科技情报工作是指在广泛搜集各种情报来源的基础上,运用类比、分析、综合、判断、逻辑推理等方法,鉴别各种情报信息,洞察当前科学技术的变化和发展,研究这些变化与发展的条件、特点和意义,分析这些发展的内在规律并预测其未来发展的趋势,判断其目前所达到的水平和未来可能达到的水平。加强地质科技情报工作是当代地质工作发展的客观需要。当前,中国的地质情报工作必须坚持3个服务方向,即为领导决策服务、为科技进步服务和为生产一线服务。建议中国地质调查局组建地质情报研究中心,选择重点领域开展情报研究,力争建立地质情报研究工作的新模式。     

关于加强地质情报研究工作的建议

科技情报工作是指在广泛搜集各种情报来源的基础上,运用类比、分析、综合、判断、逻辑推理等方法,鉴别各种情报信息,洞察当前科学技术的变化和发展,研究这些变化与发展的条件、特点和意义,分析这些发展的内在规律并预测其未来发展的趋势,判断其目前所达到的水平和未来可能达到的水平。加强地质科技情报工作是当代地质工作发展的客观需要。当前,中国的地质情报工作必须坚持3个服务方向,即为领导决策服务、为科技进步服务和为生产一线服务。建议中国地质调查局组建地质情报研究中心,选择重点领域开展情报研究,力争建立地质情报研究工作的新模式。     

Geomorphological modelling and nature protection in arctic and subarctic environments

Geomorphological processes of the cold climate zone can be divided into natural and accelerated. In the former group the following processes are being discussed: frost weathering, mass wasting, solifluction, landslides, slopewash and linear erosion and wind action. Processes of accelerated action are due to natural and artificial stimuli. To the former belong for instance heavy rains which sometimes occur in polar zones (as in Spitsbergen in July 1972). More frequent however, are, artificial causes which are connected with man's activities.The action of geomorphological processes is indicated by the denudational balance which can be either positive or negative. The author has determined this balance for some regions of the Arctic and Subarctic, especially for Siberia. The balance is positive (degradation) in the zone of polar desert and in the oceanic part of the Arctic, and also in high mountains of this zone. Negative denudation balance prevails in the continental section of the Subarctic. The areas of positive denudational balance are threatened with nature destruction and therefore particularly deserve to be covered by a nature protection scheme.     

地震灾害预测基本思维模式探讨

地震灾害能否预测,如何实现有效预测,作者认为:地震作为一种自然界的客观存在,它的孕育、发生和发展过程必然遵循着一定规律。如果认识掌握了这一规律,就可以实现预测。加强震源研究是实现地震灾害预测的基础。提高预测效果的良好途径是预测期尺度与预测方法相对应。     

工程地质:十年回顾与展望

在近十年,工程地质学科紧密结合国家战略需求和工程建设的科学技术难题,为国家超级工程建设提供了技术支撑,而且通过理论创新和技术研究,极大减少了因地质灾害而死亡的人数,取得了一大批代表性的理论成果,可以用三句话总结十年来工程地质学科的发展:“奠基超级工程、保障民生福祉、推动学科发展”。但是应当注意到,我国工程地质学的发展还远远不能适应国民经济发展和人民安居乐业的要求,打破学科壁垒,吸收相邻学科特别是现代地球系统科学以及技术科学的最新成果,加强工程地质人才建设,推动学科发展仍然任重而道远。     

地质环境保护规划

根据我国地质灾害的类型，形成及分布规律，影响社会经济可持续发展的主要环境地质问题的发生机制及分布，结合国土资源部履行对地质环境监测，评价和监督管理的政府职能,提出为配合国家制定的全国生态环境建设规划，建议国土资源部尽快制定全国地质地质环境保护规划，论述了规划编制的目的，任务，技术思路，总体布局，地质环境保护的措施及对策，对国土资源部门的地质环境管理工作具有实际意义。     

下庄地区"交点"型铀矿床的经济可采性探讨

本文叙述了下庄地区“交点”型铀矿床的地质特征和空间分布特点,从经济地质的观点,认为下庄“交点”型铀矿床矿体集中,埋藏浅,有一定储量,且矿石组分简单,品位富,铀浸出率高,有良好的开采利用前景,作者通过矿石加工试验及吨金属成本计算,进行了经济技术评价,认为该类型铀矿床应列为经济可采的矿床范围,及早开采利用。     

自然控制与人类社会的可持续发展

以如何实现人类社会可持续发展为主题,论述了“控制自然与自然控制”与实现可持续发展的关系;论述了学科交叉点的锐意创新与实现自然控制的关系。以及对在这一研究过程中,应注重发挥哪些学科、领域的优势和大胆开拓创新的交叉学科领域等提出了一些看法。并强调制定区域社会、经济发展战略规划,必须以区域资源、环境状况为基础。     

埋藏环境下碳酸盐岩建设性成岩作用类型、特征及其意义

本文通过对南方中扬子地区和北方鄂尔多斯盆地西缘的寒武系、奥陶系埋藏成岩作用的详细研究,认为:（1）埋藏破裂、裂隙作用虽然能使岩石孔隙度有所增加。但更重要的是连通原已存在的孔隙。从而提高岩石的孔隙度和渗透率:（2）埋藏白云化作用形成的晶间孔、缝、晶内孔、晶间溶孔等是油气储集的一种最有利的空间;（3）与构造作用相关的埋藏溶解作用和深部埋藏作用能形成有意义的油气储集场所。上述3冲作用相互叠加时。岩石的孔隙度和渗透率将急剧提高。本文提出鄂尔多斯北缘和东缘奥陶系是油气勘探的战略远景区。同时首次提出了识别埋藏白云石化作用和埋藏溶解作用的标志和际准。     

压力分散型锚索性能研究

文章在考察研究了国内应用压力分散型锚索治理不稳定边坡的工程实例的基础上,参考其它有关该方面的研究成果,分析了压力分散型锚索的作用机理、结构构造、破坏模式、承载力影响因素、耐久性能等,总结了压力分散型锚索的工程应用优势与不足,为引入该类锚索结构在湖南省滑坡及崩塌地质灾害治理工程中推广应用作了技术准备。