贵州水城煤中基质镜质体生烃潜力、烃类组成及生烃模式

基质镜质体是华南晚二叠世煤中的主要组分之一,其在煤中含量的多少、生烃潜力的大小、生烃特性等直接影响到该区煤成油气资源的评价。采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,对贵州水城晚二叠世(R12)龙潭组煤中基质镜质体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征、生烃模式进行了研究。结果表明：本区基质镜质体的生烃潜力、氢指数分别为191.99mg/g和250mg／gTOC,远高于丝质体的生烃潜力(26.17mg/g)和氢指数(35mg／gTOC),而小于树皮体的生烃潜力(297mg/g)和氢指数(491mg/gTOC);基质镜质体热解烃类组成中以轻质烃为主,湿气次之,可见本区基质镜质体不但能生成气态烃,而且能生成一定量的液态烃,这归因于其中所含大量的超微类脂体;基质镜质体“生油窗”温度范围为375～475℃,主要生烃温度区间为400～450℃,其中415～430℃为生烃高峰期,420℃处产烃率最高。基质镜质体这种在高成熟度下(大于VRo1.0％)大量生烃的特点对在成熟度普遍较高的华南地区寻找油气田具有重要的意义。     

贵州水城煤中基质镜质体生烃潜力、烃类组成及生烃模式

基质镜质体是华南晚二叠世煤中的主要组分之一,其在煤中含量的多少、生烃潜力的大小、生烃特性等直接影响到该区煤成油气资源的评价。采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,对贵州水城晚二叠世(P21)龙潭组煤中基质镜质体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征、生烃模式进行了研究。结果表明:本区基质镜质体的生烃潜力、氢指数分别为191.99mg/g和250mg/gTOC,远高于丝质体的生烃潜力(26.17mg/g)和氢指数(35mg/gTOC),而小于树皮体的生烃潜力(297mg/g)和氢指数(491mg/gTOC);基质镜质体热解烃类组成中以轻质烃为主,湿气次之,可见本区基质镜质体不但能生成气态烃,而且能生成一定量的液态烃,这归因于其中所含大量的超微类脂体;基质镜质体“生油窗”温度范围为375～475℃,主要生烃温度区间为400～450℃,其中415～430℃为生烃高峰期,420℃处产烃率最高。基质镜质体这种在高成熟度下(大于VRo1.0%)大量生烃的特点对在成熟度普遍较高的华南地区寻找油气田具有重要的意义。     

应用荧光显微组分定量评价煤的生烃排烃潜力

在研究镜质组类型基础上，把富氢镜质组（荧光镜质体）作为有折扣的富氢显微组分（类脂组）对待，提出了利用荧光显微组分丰度－ＦＭＴ参数作为评价不同还原类型煤生烃，排烃的定量指标。煤岩学标志，有机地球化学参数和热模拟实验产烃率数据为ＦＭＴ值定量评价煤生烃排烃潜力的适用性和有效性提供了佐证。     

镜煤,亮煤的组,生烃性能及成因特征浅析

采用煤岩学和有机地球化学相结合的方法对比分析了镜煤和亮煤的生烃潜力，并根据分子化石探讨了它们的形成环境。研究结果表明，亮煤的生烃潜力大于镜煤，其形成时泥炭沼泽内的覆水程度、还原程度和凝胶化程度都高于镜煤，且它们的水介质ｐＨ值也可能有较大差异。     

湘中南龙潭煤系不同演化程度煤的生烃潜力研究

以有机岩石学和有机地球化学相结合的手段,对湘中南二叠纪龙潭煤系中不同演化阶段煤的煤炭组成、有机质丰度,生烃阶段和烃泾潜力进行了研究,指出其中的气煤、肥煤和焦煤是具有较高生烃力的烃源岩。     

镜煤、亮煤的组成、生烃性能及成因特征浅析

采用煤岩学和有机地球化学相结合的方法对比分析了镜煤和亮煤的生烃潜力，并根据分子化石探讨了它们的形成环境。研究结果表明，亮煤的生烃潜力大于钻进，其形成时泥炭沼泽内的覆水程度、还原程度和凝胶化程度都高于镜进，且它们的水介质ｐＨ值也可能有较大差异。     

煤的生烃潜力的“折扇”法评价

应用Ｒｏｃｋ－Ｅｖａｌ方法,对不同类型煤的生烃潜力进行了评价研究,提出了源岩有机质类型及生烃潜力（量）划分的“折扇”法,并尝试性地提出了腐殖煤类型的评价标准,生气型（Ⅲ３）,（Ｓ１＋Ｓ２）／ＴＯＣ〈２００ｍｇ／ｇ;一般生油型（Ⅲ２）,（Ｓ１＋Ｓ２）／ＴＯＣ＝２００－２８０ｍｇ／ｇ,优质生油型（Ⅲ１）,（Ｓ１＋Ｓ２）／ＴＯＣ＝２８０－３８０ｍｇ／ｇ,另外,少数腐殖煤属性极好生油型,类似于腐泥型（Ⅱ２     

鄂尔多斯盆地煤的热解生烃潜力与成烃母质

对鄂尔多斯盆地石炭-二叠纪、三叠纪和侏罗纪3套煤系烃源岩,进行煤岩煤质基本特性研究,并结合热解试验结果,探讨不同煤系煤的生烃潜力。研究认为:煤型有机质的液态烃产率普遍较低,且主要产出气态烃;本区煤的生烃潜力表现为三叠纪和石炭纪煤高,侏罗纪煤低的特点。综合考虑成煤地质条件、煤岩煤质和热解试验结果,煤的成烃母质类型为Ⅲ型,继而细分为3级:即三叠纪和盆地东缘二叠纪的半亮煤、镜煤为Ⅲ1型;盆地东西缘石炭纪的半暗煤为Ⅲ2型;盆地西缘二叠纪和侏罗纪的暗煤、暗淡煤为Ⅲ3型。     

吐哈盆地侏罗纪煤中主要组分结构特征与生烃性分析

在高纯度煤岩显微组分分离富集的基础上,应用透射式显微傅里叶红外光谱技术 (Micro FTIR),对吐哈盆地侏罗纪煤中的主要组分-镜质体、丝质体、角质体、藻类体的结构组成进行了测定。结果表明 :藻类体主要由长链脂族结构组成,芳香结构含量相对较少;角质体和基质镜质体中含有较丰富的芳香结构以及长链脂族结构;而丝质体则主要由芳香结构组成,脂族结构含量很少。显微组分的这种结构特征决定了藻类体具有很高的生烃潜力、角质体和镜质体的生烃潜力中等、而丝质体的生烃潜力则很低。对于吐哈盆地煤成油来说,由于藻类体主要由长链脂族结构组成,并且生烃潜力也高,因此其具有高的液态烃产率、丝质体的产油率最小、角质体和镜质体的液态烃产率中等。由于镜质体是本区煤中含量最高的组分。因此,对于吐哈盆地所形成的具有工业规模的油田来说,镜质体应该是主要的贡献组分之一。但对于富含藻类体的厚层状烛藻煤,由于它类型好,品质高、生烃潜力大、以中长链脂族结构为主,是煤成油最理想的源岩。     

贵州水城地区晚二叠世含树皮体煤成烃特性研究

采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及有机岩石学等方法。对贵州水城含树皮体煤及其主要组分－－树皮体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征和成烃演化规律进行了详细的研究。结果表明：本区含树皮体煤友及树皮体的生烃潜力、氢指数和扔机碳含量都较高,含树皮 煤主要生烃温度区间和生烃高峰期分别为４００￣５００℃和４２０￣４５０℃;热模拟产物以轻质烃（凝析油或轻质油）占绝对优势,湿气次之;气态烃与液态烃演化模式截然不同,液态烃产率在     

Liquid hydrocarbon generation potential from Tertiary Nyalau Formation coals in the onshore Sarawak, Eastern Malaysia

Tertiary coals exposed in the north-central part of onshore Sarawak are evaluated, and their depositional environments are interpreted. Total organic carbon contents (TOC) of the coals range from 58.1 to 80.9 wt. % and yield hydrogen index values ranging from 282 to 510 mg HC/g TOC with low oxygen index values, consistent with Type II and mixed Type II–III kerogens. The coal samples have vitrinite reflectance values in the range of 0.47–0.67 Ro %, indicating immature to early mature (initial oil window). T _max values range from 428 to 436 °C, which are good in agreement with vitrinite reflectance data. The Tertiary coals are humic and generally dominated by vitrinite, with significant amounts of liptinite and low amounts of inertinite macerals. Good liquid hydrocarbons generation potential can be expected from the coals with rich liptinitic content (>35 %). This is supported by their high hydrogen index of up to 300 mg HC/g TOC and Py-GC (S ₂) pyrograms with n-alkane/alkene doublets extending beyond C₃₀. The Tertiary coals are characterised by dominant odd carbon numbered n-alkanes (n-C₂₃ to n-C₃₃), high Pr/Ph ratio (6–8), high T _m /T _s ratio (8–16), and predominant regular sterane C₂₉. All biomarkers parameters clearly indicate that the organic matter was derived from terrestrial inputs and the deposited under oxic condition.     

山西繁峙义兴寨金矿床金矿物特征研究

义兴寨金矿属于典型的石英脉型金矿床。金矿物以单颗粒的银金矿为主,有少量的自然金。粒度多集中在10～50μm;形态多为浑圆粒状、麦粒状、不规则粒状、角砾状、细脉状等。主要以包体金、粒间金、裂隙金存在于黄铁矿、黄铜矿、石英等颗粒中。利用数量和面积两种统计方法分别对金矿物进行形态、粒度、存在状态的特征统计,显示不同类型金矿物在出现率和面积配分特征上有较大差别。化学成分中普遍含有Fe、S、Cu、Zn、Pb元素,分析得出Fe、S与Au呈不同程度的反相关关系,Pb元素含量相对稳定,Cu、Zn元素变化较大;结合Au、Ag含量与温度关系,显示金矿物形成于中低温环境。成色为510.7~887.9,平均653.6,显示浅成成矿环境。纵向上,从1350 m标高到1070 m标高,金矿物的成色平均值由778.4逐渐降低为651.7,显示逆向分带特征,指示深部1070 m标高以下仍有稳定矿体存在。     

Diversified roles of mineral transformation in controlling hydrocarbon generation process,mechanism,and pattern

Organic matter(OM)is intimately associated with minerals in clay-rich mudstones,leading to widespread organic-mineral interaction during hydrocarbon generation in argillaceous source rocks.What we are concerned is the effects of the different mineral properties on hydrocarbon generation process and mechanism during mineral transformation.In this way,pyrolysis experiments with smectite-octadecanoic acid complexes(Sm-OA and Ex-Sm-OA)were conducted to analyze correlation of mineralogy and pyrolysis behaviors.Based on organicmineral interaction,hydrocarbon generation process was divided into three phases.At 200–300℃,collapse of smectite led to desorption of OM,resulting in high yield of resin and slight increase in saturates.Subsequently,enhanced smectite illitization at 350–450
℃was accompanied with large amounts of saturates and a mere gaseous hydrocarbon.Featured by neoformed plagioclase,ankerite,and illite,500
C saw plenty of asphaltene and methane-rich gaseous hydrocarbons,revealing cracking reactions of OM.Noteworthy is that saturated and gaseous hydrocarbons in Ex-Sm-OA were considerably more than that in Sm-OA during second and third phases.Quantitative calculation of hydrogen revealed organic hydrogen provided by cross-linking of OM could not balance hydrogen consumed by cracking reactions,but supply of inorganic hydrogen ensured cracking could readily occur and consequently greatly promoted hydrocarbon generation.Further investigating characteristics of mineralogy and pyrolytic products,as well as effects of solid acidity on hydrocarbon generation,we concluded desorption of OM and decarboxylation promoted by Lewis acid were dominated at 200–300
C,resulting in lowdegree hydrocarbon generation.While high yield of saturated and gaseous hydrocarbons in second and third phases,together with occurrence of ankerite,indicated predominance of decarboxylation and hydrogenation promoted by Lewis and Br?nsted acid,respectively.Variations in organic-mineral interactions indicated(1)the controls of mineral transformation on hydrocarbon generation process and mechanism include desorption,decarboxylation,and hydrogenation reactions;(2)clay minerals acted as reactants evolving together with OM rather than catalysts.These findings are profoundly significant for understanding the hydrocarbon generation mechanisms,organic-inorganic interactions,and carbon cycle.     

Liquid hydrocarbon source-rock potential of mid-Cretaceous coals and coal measures in the Middle Benue Trough of Nigeria

Received: 23 March 1999 / Accepted: 25 August 1999     

山西繁峙义兴寨金矿黄铁矿热电系数与导型特征及其地质意义

山西省繁峙县义兴寨金矿为一大型石英脉型矿床。为了获得含金石英脉空间分带性和相对埋深的信息,利用BHTE-6型热电仪,对35件矿石样品4 158粒黄铁矿进行了热电系数分析。结果表明,该矿床黄铁矿的热电导型以N型为主,N型黄铁矿出现率为75.1%,热电系数均值αN为-155.3μV/℃。时间上从早到晚,从黄铁绢英岩化阶段到石英碳酸盐阶段,黄铁矿热电导型组合从N%(P%渐变为N%(P%;空间上从上到下,从1 190 m中段到830 m中段,N型黄铁矿热电系数均值的绝对值|αN|和N%增大,P型热电系数均值αP和P%减小,具正向分带的变化规律。通过上述参数获得矿床的形成温度为143.3~323.3℃,为一中低温热液矿床。热电系数在0~-200μV/℃之间的黄铁矿是富金矿段的标志。按照经验公式计算结果,现开采中段属矿体的中下部位置,但相对埋深部位稳定。综合分析认为,该矿床830 m以下仍有良好的找矿潜力。     

准噶尔盆地南缘安集海河组烃源特征及成藏条件

通过应用地球化学分析、油源对比及盆地模拟等手段对准噶尔盆地南缘古近系安集海河组烃源岩进行了评价,认为该区为一套以Ⅱ型干酪根为主的中等丰度烃源岩,生烃的门限深度为3500 m,时间是8 Ma±。第三系的油藏与其具有密切关系,同时侏罗系煤系烃源岩也为第三系的生油做出了贡献。造成该套烃源岩评价较低的主要原因是地层内发育的异常高压降低了烃源岩的成熟度指标,但由于长期构造挤压的"力化学"作用还是促进了烃源岩的生排烃,并且位于向斜部位的烃源岩其埋深大多超过生烃门限深度,也可以生成大量油气,因此认为还是有效的烃源岩。其生排烃时间与该区构造大规模形成时间相匹配,在背斜形成过程中,伴随着异常压力的产生、平衡,最终促进了油气在背斜核部聚集成藏。有利的勘探区是南缘中段的第二排、第三排构造古近系的安集海河组以及新近系的沙湾组储层。     

Morphology, Chemistry and U-Pb Geochronology of Zircon Grains In Quartz Monzodiorite from the Sunzhuang Area, Fanshi County, Shanxi Province

The morphology, REE geochemistry and U-Pb geochronology of zircons from quartz monzodiorite in the Sunzhuang area, Fanshi County, Shanxi Province are presented in this study. The zircon crystals can be classified into four main types as: AB, L, S and P, and 24 subtypes such as AB4, AB5, L5, and S3. The maximum crystallization temperature of zircon was estimated as 850°C, with the minimum of 550°C. The peak temperatures of the zircon crystallization range from 650°C to 700°C. The abundances of Th and U in the zircon grains show large variation with the Th/U values 0.4. The Th and U values also show a positive correlation in most zircons. The REE abundance of zircon in the quartz monzodiorite ranges from 280.4 ppm to 2143 ppm with an average of 856.4 ppm. The chondrite normalized zircon REE patterns show two types, one is characterized by HREE enrichment and LREE depletion with positive Ce-anomaly and negative Eu-anomaly whereas the other is HREE enriched and LREE depleted with negative Eu-anomaly but without positive Ce-anomaly, and relatively flat patterns. The LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology on the zircons yields a mean age of 133±0.87 Ma. Our data on zircon morphology, composition and U-Pb geochronology reveal that the parent magma of the quartz monzodiorite which was emplaced during late Yanshanian had a mixed crust-mantle source, with crustal components dominating. The magma is inferred to have been water rich and alkaline with initial high oxygen fugacity. Post-magmatic hydrothermal activity occurred under relatively reducing conditions which was conductive for gold precipitation in the Yixingzhai gold deposit.