In-situ rock stress measurement from rock cores using the acoustic emission method and deformation rate analysis

In this study the possibilities of the acoustic emission (AE) technique and deformation rate analysis (DRA) were investigated to measure in situ rock stress. The rock cores were obtained from three vertically drilled exploratory boreholes from the surface and one borehole drilled from within an underground coal mine. The AE method was found to determine in situ rock stress with reasonable accuracy using AE signatures in repeated loadings of a rock core specimen. Based on the results of in situ stress estimation from the AE method, the time interval, up to seven years, did not strongly influence the previous stress determination using the AE method. Cored rock recollected the in situ stress condition reasonably well (within ±10%), when compared to the results from over coring and hydraulic fracturing technique. Also, there was significant correlation between overburden pressure and estimated vertical stress from the AE method.     

Mesoscale numerical study on the evolution of borehole breakout in heterogeneous rocks

Inherent heterogeneity of a rock strongly affects its mechanical behavior. We numerically study the mechanisms governing the initiation, propagation, and ultimate pattern of borehole breakouts in heterogeneous rocks. A two-dimensional finite element model incorporating material heterogeneity is established to systematically examine the effects of several key factors on borehole failure, including borehole diameter, far-field stress, and rock heterogeneity. The inherent heterogeneity of a rock is explicitly characterized by prescribing the rock mechanical properties of mesoscale elements statistically obeying the Weibull distribution. Elastic damage mechanics is used to represent the constitutive law of the mesoscale element. We find that borehole diameter reduction remarkably changes the crack failure from tensile to shear and elevates the critical hydrostatic pressure. Far-field stress anisotropy strongly affects the shape of the borehole breakout. Rock heterogeneity dictates the location of the preferred crack under the hydrostatic stress, which leads to local stress concentration, and determines the types of breakouts around the borehole. Our findings facilitate in-depth understanding of the classic borehole stability problems in heterogeneous rocks.     

羌塘盆地岩石物理力学特性分析及其孔壁稳定技术

羌塘盆地是青藏高原年平均地温最低、冻土层相对较厚的地区,所处的水文地质及工程地质环境极其复杂。由于勘探程度低,深孔钻探的实钻资料较少,缺乏对该区深部岩层的岩石物理力学特性研究。因此,结合地球物理测井技术、取心和实验测试结果对QK-7孔钻遇地层岩石物理力学参数进行分析,并对冻土带异常孔隙水压力极复杂地层孔壁稳定泥浆工艺技术进行总结和探索,以期为羌塘盆地油气资源战略开发深孔钻探的顺利实施提供基础理论支持。     

Double fracture method ofin situ stress measurement in brittle rock

Summary A new technique, the Double Fracture Method ofin situ stress measurement, is described with regard to its theoretical principles and field instrumentation. The method differs from the hydraulic fracture method in that the loading fluid is prevented from penetrating into the induced fractures. In the new method, the loading pressure is raised to create a set of two mutually perpendicular microfractures on the borehole boundary. The principal stresses and their orientation in the plane normal to the borehole can be deduced from the diametral deformation of the borehole. Laboratory and field measurements validating the method are discussed.     

基于钻孔形态分析的地应力测量方法研究

地应力作用下的钻孔孔壁会发生一定程度的变形,导致钻孔横截面形状会发生变化,变形后的钻孔几何形态也反映了钻孔受力状态。在经典岩石力学理论的基础上,研究钻孔在平面二维应力作用下的几何形态,建立应力与变形后圆孔几何参数的关系,实现基于钻孔椭圆参数的应力解算,并提出钻孔椭圆参数的测量方法和测量技术,形成一种新的基于钻孔形态分析的地应力测量方法。结果表明,（1）在平面二维应力作用下圆孔变形后的几何形态为椭圆,推导了椭圆参数与应力的关系表达式;（2）利用3个不同方向的孔径值可以实现椭圆参数的解算,研发触头式显微光学孔径测量技术,实现了钻孔形态的测量,从原理上分析了技术实现的可行性,并就该技术进行地应力测量过程中可能存在的问题进行了探讨;（3）通过室内模拟试验,验证了技术原理的可行性,并通过误差分析和实例计算对该方法测量结果的准确性进行了讨论。     

正交各向异性岩体孔径变形法的二维地应力分析方法改进

根据正交各项异性材料的弹性理论,推导出偏轴坐标系下的三维、二维本构方程;利用应力变分法对钻孔周围的应力分布作出修正,进一步得出孔壁径向位移的计算公式。结合孔径变形法测量地应力的特点,建立正交各向异性岩体地应力的分析理论,通过一典型工程与传统的各向同性理论进行了对比。     

红层软岩隧洞围岩变形破坏机制研究

红层软岩的物质组成、化学成分、物理力学性质等方面在国内外已有较系统的研究,但对软岩隧道围岩的变形破坏机理及其治理一直是工程技术人员关心问题。通过对回龙宫隧洞的地质环境分析及有限元数值计算,阐明了红层隧洞围岩的膨胀变形破坏机理,最后提出了在此类围岩中修建水工隧洞的过程中,防止围岩变形破坏的建议。     

Bifurcation analysis of deep boreholes: I. Surface instabilities

In this paper a bifurcation analysis of boreholes in deep rock formations under uniform stress at infinity is presented. Rock is described by the constitutive equations of a deformation theory of plasticity for rigidplastic, incompressible and cohesive-frictional material. The corresponding bifurcation problem is solved numerically by the finite element method. The evidence gained from the numerical solution is utilized to establish a simplified borehole stability analysis that combines Biot's hodograph method with a surface instability analysis.     

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSES OF ANISOTROPIC POROELASTICITY: A GENERALIZED MANDEL'S PROBLEM AND AN INCLINED BOREHOLE PROBLEM

The finite element equations for non-linear, anisotropic poroelasticity are cast in the form of measurable engineering constants. Two problems of importance to the rock and petroleum industry are analysed by the FEM. First, the classical Mandel's problem with an extension to transversely isotropic case is investigated. Second, the problem of an inclined borehole is explored. In particular, the effect of material anisotropy on stress concentration near the wall with implication to borehole instability is examined in detail.     

煤矿采掘工作面覆岩观测孔施工技术应用——以山西省黄岩汇井田15100采掘工作面为例

以山西省黄岩汇井田15100采掘工作面所施工的两个“三带”观测孔为例,介绍了通过冒落带角、导水裂缝角和导水裂缝带的计算来确定钻孔位置的基本方法。针对覆岩观测孔的施工难点,提出了相应的应对措施,并详细说明了GC-2观测孔施工中出现的各种问题及解决方法。认为钻孔冲洗液法是目前煤矿取得“三带”数据较为精确的方法,根据钻孔冲洗液漏失量的大小及覆岩的开裂情况,对“三带”进行了划分：在钻进中覆岩一般开裂,冲洗液漏失量小于1L/（s·m）为弯曲带;钻进中覆岩严重开裂,冲洗液漏失量大于1.0L/（s·m）为导水裂缝带;钻进中覆岩出现掉钻,冲洗液漏失量大于1.0L/（s·m）为冒落带。     

中国大陆科学钻主孔现今地应力状态

用钻孔崩落法确定了中国大陆科学钻探主钻孔5 047 m深度以上的现今地应力状态.由钻孔声波成像测井资料发现, 科学钻主钻孔在1 200 m深度以下出现了钻孔崩落现象.我们从1 216~5 047 m的深度范围内采集了143个钻孔成像测井图象资料, 对钻孔崩落椭圆长轴方位进行了统计, 结果表明崩落椭圆长轴平均方位为319.5°±3.5°, 最大水平主应力方位平均为49.5°±3.5°.利用崩落形状要素(崩落深度和崩落宽度) 以及岩石的内聚力和内摩擦角, 估算了1 269 m至5 047 m范围内52个深度上的最大和最小水平主应力的大小.结果表明, 在浅处1 216 m深度, 最大水平主应力为42 MPa, 最小水平主应力为30.3 MPa; 在深处5 000 mm深度, 最大水平主应力为160.5 MPa, 最小水平主应力为120 MPa; 地应力随深度近于线性增加.据岩石密度测井资料计算了各个深度上静负载应力.3个主应力的大小和方向反映出科学钻主孔位置的应力场处于走滑应力状态, 与临近地区地震震源机制解和其他方法得到的应力场一致.利用声发射法对岩心试件进行了声发射测量, 得到了最大水平主应力幅值, 并与崩落法测量结果进行了对比, 两者十分一致.      

川西郭达山隧道水平孔地应力测量与工程意义

新建川藏铁路穿越鲜水河活动构造带,沿线构造应力场极其复杂,隧道围岩工程破坏问题突出。为了揭示该区构造应力场特征,为深埋隧道设计、施工提供基础参数,采用新型水压致裂地应力测量系统在川西郭达山隧道水平孔获得10段有效地应力测量数据,最大测量深度达508.10 m,创造了水平孔地应力测量最深记录。测量结果表明,在148.4~508.1 m测量深度范围,郭达山隧道水平孔截面上最大主应力值为3.59~13.72 MPa,最小主应力值为3.28~8.36 MPa。根据印模实验结果,除浅部钻孔截面上最大主应力倾角较大外,深部钻孔截面上最大主应力倾角近水平。根据地应力状态将0~280 m段划分为应力释放区,280~330 m段为应力集中区,大于330 m段为原地应力区。基于地应力测量结果对郭达山隧道水平孔围岩稳定性进行了预判分析,在孔深292.9 m、508.10 m处隧道围岩有轻微至中等程度岩爆可能,其余段无岩爆可能性。     

A Combined Three-Dimensional Geological-Geostatistical-Numerical Model of Underground Excavations in Rock

Summary. This paper exploits geological and borehole geotechnical data obtained in the exploratory phase of a tunneling project to investigate in a first place if the kriging interpolation scheme may effectively reproduce the spatial variability of rock mass quality (Rock Mass Rating, RMR) in the vicinity of tunnels. For this purpose a quick solver in Fortran has been developed that performs variography analysis of 3D spatial data, fast kriging estimations of RMR between borehole sampling locations at the centroids of the elements of the numerical model, and model validation. For the purpose of an integrated underground excavation design, a step further is made by incorporating into the 3D mechanical numerical model of the rock mass, the three-dimensional (3D) solid geological model, thus coupling the geology with the ground (geotechnical) model (i.e. each element of the numerical model is assigned a geological material). The mechanical properties of each finite difference cell (or Representative Elementary Volume) of the ground model were then prescribed according to its geological type, the spatial heterogeneity of the rock mass expressed quantitatively with the kriging model, and the upscaling calculations of the mechanical properties of the intact rocks determined in the laboratory, based on the size-effect (strength dependence on size) and Damage Theory. Furthermore, a preliminary numerical simulation of the advance of unsupported tunnels in the model of the heterogeneous rock mass was performed for illustration purposes.     

岩体完整性指标IRMI的工程应用与分析

岩体完整性指标（IRMI）是基于钻孔成像技术的评价岩体完整性的新指标,定义为全孔孔壁图像中岩体完整特征I与孔壁岩体长度（即完整特征I与破碎特征F之和）之比的百分数,即IRMI = I / (I + F)。钻孔成像技术在青岛海湾大桥基础勘察工程中取得了成功应用,获得了大量的第一手资料。通过与钻探和其他岩石质量估算法的对比分析,得出(1) 钻孔摄像弥补了钻孔取芯的不足;(2) 全孔图像为实现准确的岩体完整性评价创造了条件;(3) IRMI能准确地反映岩体完整特征;(4）IRMI通常大于RQD。     

Double Porosity Finite Element Method for Borehole Modeling

Summary. This paper considers the mechanical and hydraulic response around an arbitrary oriented borehole drilled in a naturally fractured formation. The formation is treated as a double porosity medium consisting of the primary rock matrix as well as the fractured systems, which are each distinctly different in porosity and permeability. The poro-mechanical formulations that couple matrix and fracture deformations as well as fluid flow aspects are presented. A double porosity and double permeability finite element solution for any directional borehole drilled in the fractured porous medium is given. Compared with conventional single-porosity analyses, the proposed double-porosity solution has a larger pore pressure in the matrix and a smaller tensile stress in the near-wellbore region. The effects of time, fracture, mud weight, and borehole inclination in the double-porosity solution are parametrically studied to develop a better understanding of physical characteristics governing borehole problems.     

深部地质钻探钻遇弱面地层井孔围岩稳定分析

深部地层地质条件复杂,随钻探向纵深发展,钻遇弱面地层导致井孔围岩失稳将严重影响工程进程。本文总结分析具有弱面地层岩石物理力学特性,探讨强度各向异性孔壁围岩稳定模型的适用性;考虑流体向弱面渗透存在渗透各向异性和传热各向异性,发展了具有弱面地层井孔围岩稳定理论。研究发现,某些强度各向异性模型在特定情况下可能失去其适用性;在深部高温环境下忽略弱面地层渗透和热传的各向异性特征可能会导致井孔围岩压力、破坏区域以及坍塌压力产生较大误差。     

软岩巷道中网壳锚喷结构受力监测分析

软岩巷道支护是煤炭开采中的一大难题,古汉山矿西大巷围岩工程地质条件差,巷道变形破坏严重,支护难度大,采用了网壳锚喷支护方式。通过实测在地应力及构造应力作用下,网壳锚喷支护支架主弦杆、内骨筋的应力分布情况及支架与围岩的接触应力,分析了支架应力分布及其变化规律。结果表明,网壳支架在偏载和高构造应力情况下均能保持良好的工作状态,能够很好地控制复杂地质条件下巷道围岩的变形和破坏。      

一种基于地质指标的裂隙岩体渗透系数估算模型

裂隙岩体的渗透特性受控于裂隙的发育特征、连通特性和充填情况,并与岩体的地应力水平具有显著的相关性。基于裂隙岩体渗透性的影响因素,并考虑现有渗透系数估算模型的不足,利用钻孔压水试验和钻孔电视图像资料,建立考虑埋深(Z)、岩石质量指标(RQD)以及充填物指标(FSD)等3个指标的渗透系数估算ZRF模型,并应用到牙根二级水电站及其他工程区的渗透系数估算中。结果表明,与已有的渗透系数估算模型相比,ZRF模型较好地反映了岩体渗透性的影响因素,且模型参数物理意义明确,便于获取,对分析裂隙岩体渗透性具有一定的工程参考价值。     

复合岩盐层井眼蠕变缩径的数值模拟

盐岩在深部高温高压环境下具有很强的蠕变特性,在岩盐层钻井经常出现井眼缩径、卡钻等复杂事故。目前关于岩盐层井段安全钻进泥浆密度的计算方法主要适用于均匀地应力的情况,难以在非均匀地应力条件下应用。为此研究建立了三向地应力作用下盐岩和砂泥岩相互交错的复合岩盐层井眼蠕变缩径的三维有限元模型,并以塔里木油田羊塔克地区深井为例,研究了非均匀地应力条件下,复合岩盐层井眼随时间变化的蠕变缩径规律,得出了一定泥浆密度下岩盐层井眼在不同时刻的井径值。计算结果表明,安全泥浆密度有限元模拟值与羊塔克地区岩盐层井段实际采用的安全泥浆密度非常接近,验证了所建数值模型的合理性和计算结果的可靠性,研究成果为岩盐层井段的安全钻进提供了技术支撑。