Molar-tooth Carbonate Sequences and Sr Isotopes in the Neoproterozoic for Stratigraphic Correlation： Research in the JUin-Liaoning-Xuzhou-Huaiyang Area of the Sino-Korean Plate and Its Correlation with the Yangtze Plate

Based on a study of Neoproterozoic carbonates in the Jilin-Liaoning-Xuzhou-Huaiyang area, especially its cyclic sequence stratigraphy and Sr isotopes, two maximum sea flooding events (at 820 Ma and 835 Ma) have been identified. The resulting isochronous stratigraphic correlation proves that these Precambrian strata were connected between the Qingbaikou and the Nanhuan systems with a time range from 750 Ma to 850 Ma. The disappearance of microsparite carbonate and coming of a glacial stage offer important evidence for worldwide stratigraphic correlation and open a window for further correlation of the stratigraphic successions across the Sino-Korean and Yangtze Plates. A new correlation scheme is therefore provided based on our work.     

徐州—淮南地区新元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩成因探讨

臼齿碳酸盐岩是一种发育在中—新元古代，由微亮晶方解石组成的复杂褶皱构造，其成因一百多年来一直是个谜。通过对徐州-淮南地区新元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩特征、形成环境、分布时限研究，探讨了臼齿碳酸盐岩成因。该区臼齿碳酸盐岩发育在台地缓坡沉积体系中，可作为潮下浅水环境的标志，其形态在微层序中的分布反映沉积环境，具有重要的环境意义。建立了臼齿碳酸盐岩微相环境模式。快速石化作用形成均匀、等粒微亮晶方解石，是臼齿碳酸盐岩显著特征。现代类似于发育臼齿碳酸盐岩潮下环境没有这样的快速石化条件，它要求更高的超过饱和CaCO3沉淀。臼齿碳酸盐岩在本区分布时限介于850～720Ma间，在Sturtian冰期之前消失，与全球其他地区臼齿碳酸盐岩消失的时限一致，Sturtian冰期改变了海洋化学性质，是臼齿碳酸盐岩消失的根本原因。Sturtian冰期对海洋化学性质的影响，可能是揭开臼齿碳酸盐岩成因机理的一个重要新途径。     

微亮晶(臼齿)碳酸盐岩:21世纪全球地学研究的新热点

国际地质对比计划委员会批准启动了 IGCP44 7-元古代臼齿碳酸盐岩和地球演化项目 ( 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 5 )〔1〕。本文简要地回顾了臼齿碳酸盐岩的研究历史和最新进展。臼齿碳酸盐岩是一种具有类似大象臼齿的肠状褶皱构造的岩石 ,具有特殊的时限范围 (中 -新元古代 )。试图解释其成因和可能用于古大陆地层对比是本项目研究的重要课题 ,其重要意义还在于它们是解决前寒武纪生物学和地球化学事件的关键。臼齿碳酸盐岩的发育和衰退关系到地球生命起源和海洋碳酸盐岩沉积地球化学的突变。 87Sr/86 Sr年龄同位素测定证明 ,微亮晶 (臼齿 )碳酸盐消失的时限很可能为75 0 Ma。另外 ,中 -新元古代碳酸盐岩地层具有重要的生烃潜力。     

辽南与苏皖北部新元古代地层Sr和C同位素对比及年龄界定

采用Sr,C同位素地层学方法,对苏皖北部和辽南地区新元古代地层中碳酸盐岩进行了系统的采样和测试,并将其测试结果与新元古代海水Sr,C同位素组成演变曲线相比较,试图从中获得研究区有关地层自然层序、形成时限范围及其有关同位素年龄数据取舍等方面新的信息。研究结果表明,研究区的新元古代淮南群、徐淮群、宿县群和细河群、五行山群、金县群等,均形成于南沱冰期或Sturtian冰期之前,为900～700Ma。并且进一步印证了淮南生物群应该属于前伊迪卡拉期的一次重要的生物大爆发。     

Distribution of Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in theSequence Stratigraphic Framework of the Middle andUpper Proterozoic in the Ming Tombs Area, Beijing

This paper discusses the distribution pattern and geological significance of the carbon and oxygen isotopes (δ13C and δ18O) in the depositional sequences of Gaoyuzhuangian, Yangzhuangian and Wumishanian ages of the established Middle and Upper Proterozoic sequence stratigraphic framework in the Ming Tombs area lying in western Yanshan Mountain of Beijing. Besides, sketchy determination of δ13C and δ18O was also performed for other formations and members. The analytical results show the following: under the condition of clear-water carbonate sediments, δ13C and δ18O, featuring smaller variation of δ13C but larger variation of δ18O, can well delineate the relative change of sea level, which reflects the difference of primary sedimentary settings; in the presence of terrigenous substances, δ13C values vary greatly while δ18O slightly; the carbon and oxygen isotopes show marked changes at sequence boundaries. Besides, particular patterns can be found in regard to the distribution of carbon and oxy     

Calcium Carbonate and Phosphate Reference Materials for Monitoring Bulk and Microanalytical Determination of Sr Isotopes

In situ laser ablation analyses rely on the microanalytical homogeneity of reference materials (RMs) and a similar matrix and mass fraction between unknown samples and RMs to obtain reliable results. Suitable carbonate and phosphate RMs for determination of Sr isotope ratios in such materials are limited. Thus, we determined ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of several carbonate (JCt‐1, JCp‐1, MACS‐1, MACS‐3) and phosphate (MAPS‐4, MAPS‐5, NIST SRM 1400, NIST SRM 1486) international RMs using dissolved samples and two different multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometers (MC‐ICP‐MS). Our Sr isotope data are in agreement with published data and have an improved measurement precision for some RMs. For MACS‐1, we present the first ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr value. We tested the suitability of these materials for microanalytical analyses by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS, with two different laser ablation systems: a conventional nanosecond laser and a state‐of‐the‐art femtosecond laser. We investigated the RMs micro‐homogeneity and compared the data with our solution data. Both laser ablation systems yielded identical ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios within uncertainty to the solution data for RMs with low interferences of REEs. Therefore, these carbonate and phosphate RMs can be used to achieve accurate and precise results for in situ Sr isotope investigations by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS of similar materials.     

Cyclic Sequences, Events and Evolution of the Sino-Korean Plate, with a Discussion on the Evolution of Molar-tooth Carbonates, Phosphorites and Source Rocks

This paper gives an account of the research that the authors conducted on the cyclic sequences, events and evolutionary history from Proterozoic to Meso-Cenozoic in the Sino-Korean plate based on the principle of the Cosmos-Earth System. The authors divided this plate into 20 super-cyclic or super-mega-cyclic periods and more than 100 Oort periods. The research focused on important sea flooding events, uplift interruption events, tilting movement events, molar-tooth carbonate events, thermal events, polarity reversal events, karst events, volcanic explosion events and storm events, as well as types of resource areas and paleotectonic evolution. By means of the isochronous theory of the Cosmos-Earth System periodicity and based on long-excentricity and periodicity, the authors elaborately studied the paleogeographic evolution of the aulacogen of the Sino-Korean plate, the oolitic beach platform formation, the development of foreland basin and continental rift valley basin, and reconstructed the evolution     

格宗、东谷岩体Nd、Sr、Pb、O同位素特征及其与扬子板块边缘其它晋宁期花岗岩对比

扬子板块西缘晋宁期格宗、东谷花岗岩体具有较高的εＮｄ（ｔ）值（－０．８２～＋２．５４）,较低的８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ初始比值（０．７０３５～０．７０４５）,２０６Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ,２０７Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ,２０８Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ分别为１７．４４４～１７．６９５,１５．４０３～１５．５６６,３６．６７１～３７．１８１,δ１８Ｏ值为９．０１‰～１０．１１‰。它们与扬子板块其它边缘（北缘、东缘、东南缘）晋宁期花岗岩的同位素组成特征相类似,都是扬子古大陆板块之古岛孤或古活动大陆边缘非成熟地壳的产物。从扬子板块东缘、西缘、北缘到东南缘,晋宁期花岗岩同位素组成的微小差异显示其物质来源中幔源组分含量依次减少,壳源组分含量依次增加。扬子东南缘西南端的广西摩天岭花岗岩则是古大陆边缘相对较古老成熟地壳的产物。     

辽南新元古代营城子组臼齿灰岩的沉积环境

臼齿(Molar—Toom)灰岩是发育于中新元古代碳酸盐台地的一种特殊灰岩类型。辽东半岛南部大连地区震旦系营城子组中部臼齿灰岩十分发育，野外观测、室内薄片以及比较沉积学研究表明，臼齿灰岩的出现与环境密切相关。通过米级旋回研究发现，该岩相段以发育浅水碳酸盐岩米级旋回层序为主，臼齿构造主要产出在微旋回中下部的中薄层泥晶灰岩和粉屑灰岩中，形成环境为潮下浅水环境。     

锶、碳同位素演化在新元古代地层定年中的应用——以胶辽徐淮地层分区为例

根据Sr、C同位素地层学原理，利用胶辽徐淮地区晚前寒武纪地层Sr、C同位素数据，与国际上已有的Sr、C同位素演化曲线对比，结果表明，胶辽徐淮地区晚前寒武纪地层是同一时期的沉积物，沉积主体之间Sr、C同位素比值的对比性很好，沉积时限约在750-860Ma之间，并延续到震旦纪，为北方青白口纪及其后的沉积。同时也表明，Sr、C同位素演化相结合是解决缺乏大化石的晚前寒武纪地层对比的有效方法。     

碳、氧、锶同位素在羌塘盆地龙尾错地区层序地层研究中的应用

结合野外露头层序地层研究,探讨了羌塘盆地龙尾错地区中上侏罗统地层层序地层划分及其C、O、Sr同位素响应.认为自中侏罗统布曲组(J2b)-上侏罗统雪山组一段(J3xs1)可划分出三个三级层序.其中布曲组-索瓦组二段下部,C、O、Sr同位素在同一层序内呈有规律变化:在TST体系域内δ13C、δ18O、87Sr/86Sr均值较高,在纵向变化曲线上表现为正偏,而在HST体系域内表现为相对的负偏.其纵向上的三次明显正偏与负偏可分别对应于三次海底的停滞与扩张.文章同时分析了个别异常样品的数据特征及其成因.     

Tectonic significance of Late Neoproterozoic granites from the Tibesti massif in southern Libya inferred from Sr and Nd isotopes and U–Pb zircon data

The Neoproterozoic crust of the Tibesti massif was stabilized by magmatism that included subduction-generated batholithic suites and post-orogenic granite plutons. All of the magmatism occurred in a period of about 20 million years centered around 550 Ma, and nearly all of the granites have initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of about 0.706. The Wadi Yebigue pluton has U–Pb zircon ages of 563 Ma and 558 Ma on two different phases and ε_Nd at 550 Ma from −0.5 to −2.2. These isotopic data and the geologic history of the massif suggest that granites in the Tibesti massif developed during and shortly after closure of a short-lived ocean basin that developed by fragmentation of pre-existing continental crust of the Saharan region.     

珠江口外海域与珠江三角洲晚更新世以来的地层层序对比

本文综合运用珠江三角洲外南海北部陆架的地震测线和三角洲地区的钻孔资料进行联合解译,获得由浅海至陆地的层序地层剖面,辨识出三角洲地区4套地层层序和南海北部陆架6套地层层序及体系域,前者仅记录了2个沉积旋回和相应的2次海面变化,而后者记录了更多沉积旋回及相应的海平面波动.在海、陆层序对接和对比的基础上,文章重点把南海北部陆架6套地层层序与深海氧同位素阶段MIS6~MIS1进行了对比分析,认为珠江三角洲下旋回与南海北部陆架层序D相当,珠江三角洲下旋回对应着南海北部陆架MIS6~MIS5(距今15万年~8万年)时代的层序地层,MIS4~MIS2末次冰期低海面时期的三角洲沉积位于现今南海北部陆架之上,并未向北延伸到现代珠江三角洲地区.珠江三角洲和南海北部陆架的下沉都是南海陆缘扩张的表现.     

Rb and Sr Geochemical Characterization of the Chinese Loess Stratigraphy and Its Implications for Palaeomonsoon Climate

Concentrations and distributions of Rb and Sr in loess and palaeosol samples from the Luochuan profile have been studied, in grain-size fractions and chemical forms. Results show that Rb is quite rich in the fraction of less than 2μm, and exits only in the residual phase, while Sr is distributed in sand and silt fractions, occurring in the residual and carbonate phases. Therefore, variations of the concentrations of Rb and Sr in loess and palaeosols are closely related not only to dustfall compositions depending on winter monsoon wind strength but also to summer monsoon-induced pedogenic intensity. This indicates that variations of Rb/Sr ratio in Chinese loess sequences represent cyclic alternations of East Asian summer and winter monsoon climates on the orbital time-scale. Variations in Sr concentrations along the sequence bear a high similarity to the oxygen isotope record of the deep sea sediments over the past 2.5 Ma, whereas variations in Rb concentrations are in good agreement with the record of     

Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of sediments from the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers: Implications for partitioning tectonic terranes and crust weathering of the Central and Southeast China

New Nd and Sr isotope data are presented in this paper for sediments from the Yellow and Yangtze River drainage basins. The average ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd isotope compositions of fine-grained sediments from two drainage basins seem similar. The T _DM^Nd ages of sediments from the two drainage basins are relatively uniform but exhibit subtle differences. This reflects the different underlying bedrocks, in association with the unique tectonic terranes that comprise central and southeastern China, including the North China Block, the Yangtze Block, the South China Block, the Tibet Plateau and the Qinling-Dabie Orogenic Belt. In contrast, there is an obvious difference in the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios between fine-grained sediments of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, which actually reflects an increase in chemical weathering intensity from northwestern to southeastern China.     

长江源各拉丹冬地区晚三叠世火山岩锶、钕同位素地球化学特征及其意义

对各拉丹冬地区晚三叠世火山岩进行了颗粒锆石U-Pb测年和Sr、Nd同位素分析,颗粒锆石的U-Pb年龄值为(212±1.7)Ma,全岩样品的ISr、εNd(t)和Nd模式年龄tDM变化在0.70325~0.70917、-0.8~-4.6和1064~1379Ma之间。分析结果表明,形成晚三叠世火山岩的原始岩浆是壳幔混合型。结合岩石化学、稀土元素、微量元素等特征,该套火山岩的形成与岛弧-活动陆缘环境有关。     

碳酸盐岩层序地层格架对岩溶储层的控制作用——以渤海西南海域下古生界为例

以钻井、测井、地震以及岩心、薄片资料为基础,在划分三级层序的基础上,探讨了渤海西南海域下古生界层序地层特征及其对岩溶储层的控制作用。结果表明：1）三级层序界面附近发育碳、氧同位素负异常以及自然能谱Th/K正异常,基于此特征将下古生界划分为21个三级层序;2）白云岩是研究区主要的储集岩性,层序通过控制垂向岩性的变化进而控制了优质储层的发育;3）将白云岩发育的12个三级层序定义为"优势储集层序",加里东期构造不整合与12个"优势储集层序"耦合控制了潜山型储层规模及其产能高低;寒武系内发育以溶蚀孔隙为主的内幕型岩溶储层,亦限定发育于"优势储集层序"之中。实际勘探中,优选风化界面与"优势储集层序"耦合区域优先钻探,同时兼顾内幕型储层,其是今后该区高效勘探的关键。     

塔河地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞充填物的地球化学特征及其形成流体分析

塔河地区奥陶系方解石脉和胶结物~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值多高于围岩与同期海水,显示具有外来的、富~(87)Sr的流体的贡献.富~(87)Sr的流体可来自奥陶系抬升时期淡水对碎屑岩的淋滤作用,但也可来自深部的热液流体.不同成因的流体所沉淀的方解石Sr含量具有明显的差异.地层水δD-δ~(18O) 关系证实了存在淡水的混合作用.淡水的混合导致了原油的厌氧生物降解,产生低δ~(34)S的黄铁矿与有机酸;有机酸促进了不整合面附近的岩溶作用.而方解石的均一化温度可达150～190℃,有意义地高于地层所经历的最高温度,支持了存在深部热液流体的活动,说明Sr很可能都来自寒武系或前寒武碎屑岩地层;该热液流体促进了寒武系碳酸盐岩发生热化学硫酸盐还原作用(TSR),产生H_2S气体和黄铁矿,其δ~(34)S值为18‰～22‰.热液流体的活动,导致了碳酸盐矿物的溶解-再沉淀作用.     

Silicate and carbonate weathering in the drainage basins of the Ganga-Ghaghara-Indus head waters: Contributions to major ion and Sr isotope geochemistry

The role of silicate and carbonate weathering in contributing to the major cation and Sr isotope geochemistry of the headwaters of the Ganga-Ghaghara-Indus system is investigated from the available data. The contributions from silicate weathering are determined from the composition of granites/ gneisses, soil profiles developed from them and from the chemistry of rivers flowing predominantly through silicate terrains. The chemistry of Precambrian carbonate outcrops of the Lesser Himalaya provided the data base to assess the supply from carbonate weathering. Mass balance calculations indicate that on an average ∼ 77% (Na + K) and ∼ 17% (Ca + Mg) in these rivers is of silicate origin. The silicate Sr component in these waters average ∼40% and in most cases it exceeds the carbonate Sr. The observations that (i) the⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and Sr/Ca in the granites/gneisses bracket the values measured in the head waters; (ii) there is a strong positive correlation between⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of the rivers and the silicate derived cations in them, suggest that silicate weathering is a major source for the highly radiogenic Sr isotope composition of these source waters. The generally low⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (< 0.720) and Sr/Ca (∼ 0.2 nM/ μM) in the Precambrian carbonate outcrops rules them out as a major source of Sr and⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in the headwaters on a basin-wide scale, however, the high⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (∼ 0.85) in a few of these carbonates suggests that they can be important for particular streams. The analysis of⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and Ca/Sr data of the source waters show that they diverge from a low⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and low Ca/Sr end member. The high Ca/Sr of the Precambrian carbonates precludes them from being this end member, other possible candidates being Tethyan carbonates and Sr rich evaporite phases such as gypsum and celestite. The results of this study should find application in estimating the present-day silicate and carbonate weathering rates in the Himalaya and associated CO₂ consumption rates and their global significance.     

阿拉善断块富碱侵入岩岩石地球化学和Nd、Sr、Pb同位素特征及其意义

阿拉善断块富碱侵入岩具有硅过饱和(出现石英,w(SiO2)=62.01%~67.28%)、准铝(w(Al2O3)=12.20%~16.83%)、富碱(w(Na2O) +w(K2O) = 11. 14% ~ 14. 18%,里特曼指数σ= 6. 40 ~ 8. 65)、富钾(w(K2O)/w(Na2O)=1.01~1.79)和低铁、镁的特征。总稀土较高,稀土配分曲线呈陡右倾模式。微量元素强烈富集LILE和LREE,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti 和P。上述特征以及低钕(ε(Nd,t) = - 7. 3 ~ - 9. 4)高锶(ε(Sr,t)=+53.9~+99.9)的同位素特征反映物质来源主要与富集型上地幔有关,但受到不同程度壳源物质的混染作用。Nd、Sr、Pb联合示踪表明阿拉善断块富碱侵入岩与华北断块北缘印支期富碱侵入岩带具有相似性,但不同于塔里木北缘富碱侵入岩。结合时空分布、同位素组成以及所处的构造动力学体系等因素将阿拉善断块富碱侵入岩和燕辽—阴山印支期富碱性侵入岩带划归为同一印支期富碱性侵入岩带。指出至少到晚古生代—印支期时阿拉善断块已经与华北断块构成了一个整体。