Numerical experiments on dynamic mechanism of blocking

By using a two-level quasi-geostrophic spectral model, the numerical experiments on blocking process affected by thermal forcing are conducted. The dynamic mechanisms of blocking, including the resonance between wave and forcing, the control effects of thermal forcing on the position and intensity of the highs and the instabilities of two kinds of equilibrium states are studied by controlled experiments.     

阻塞形势动力机制的数值试验

采用一个准地转两层波谱模式,进行了在热力强迫作用下阻塞的非常定演变过程的数值试验,试验结果说明了实际阻塞形成、维持及崩溃过程的一些典型特点。本文并用大量的控制性试验,探讨了波动与强迫源的非线性共振、强迫源对阻塞位相及强度的控制作用、各类平衡态稳定性等阻塞形势动力机制的问题。     

东亚地区夏季阻塞过程的研究进展

阻塞过程是一种大尺度的大气环流持续性异常现象 ,它一旦出现会造成大范围的天气和气候异常。对阻塞过程的定义多种多样 ,有根据阻塞的气候特征进行定义的 ,也有根据阻塞的天气特征进行定义的 ,研究时根据不同的情况应选择不同的定义。人们用平衡态理论、外源强迫下的共振理论、非线性孤立波理论、斜压性及波流相互作用等理论对阻塞过程进行了研究 ,得到了许多有意义的研究结果。东亚夏季的阻塞过程对中国的天气气候有重要影响 ,东北地区的夏季低温、华北地区的干旱、长江中下游和江淮地区的梅雨和洪涝灾害等都与东亚阻塞过程有关。人们对东亚夏季的阻塞过程形成原因的研究很多 ,发现乌拉尔山阻塞高压崩溃后 ,Rossby波的传播、青藏高原及其附近地区暖湿空气的传输和赤道西太平洋海温异常激发的遥相关波列等对东亚夏季阻塞过程的形成有重要影响     

Attractor sets and multiple equilibria in the resonance of topographically forced waves

The resonance of topographically forced waves is studied using a quasi-geostrophic spectral model on the rotating sphere. The use of complete spectral expansions without truncation leads to the exact solutions of the nonlinear coupling equations by means of the random phase approximation and the projection operator techniques under the dissipation-vanishing limit. The energy transfer process between topographically forced wave ensemble and zonal mean flow is described.It is shown that the dynamical system loses stability and further bifurcation takes place when the to-pographic force has occurred. There are two sorts of equilibrium point in the resonance system. The unstable equilibrium is an isolated equilibrium point and, therefore, is hardly observed to occur. The stable equilibrium is an attractor set which is related to the phenomenon of blocking.     

A STUDY ON THE EXCITATION, ESTABLISHMENT AND TRANSITION OF MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIUM STATES PRODUCED BY NEARLY RESONANT THERMAL FORCING---- PART I: ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTIONS OF MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIUM STATES

A two-layer quasi-geostrophic baroclinic model in a narrow, longitudinally periodic channel on a β-plane is used, which involves near-resonant thermal forcing, frictional dissipation and a uniformly sheared basic current. By means of the multi-scale technique, a system of simplified differential equations or disturbances due to the steady thermal-forcing waves projected on the X-T plane is derived, which contains the nonlinear interactions between forced waves and free waves. The asymptotic solutions of the equilibrium states of these equations are analytically obtained by a singular perturbation method. The results show that these mul-tiple equilibrium state (MES) solutions can exist in a wide range of the parameters used.     

热岛效应强迫下的中尺度环流的动力特征及极限风速的一种解析表达

本文采用考虑热岛造成的局地热力扭动的Boussinesq二维垂直剖面的动力方程组,利用高截断谱方法,得到一类稳定的中尺度非线性平衡态和极限风速的解析表达,证明了局地中尺度环流是热岛造成的局地热力扰动和平流非线性共同作用的结果;并进一步讨论了热岛强迫下的这类局地环流的某些动力特征。     

Stationarity of atmospheric waves and blocking over Europe—based on a reanalysis dataset and two climate scenarios

In this investigation, a circulation index was used which is capable of tracing blocked states of the hemispheric circulation which has a relevance for a mid-latitude window between 40° and 60°N and between 30°W and 30°E. Results with respect to the seasonality of blocking situations are presented. Additionally, it is shown to which degree the circulation conditions, as they are simulated by the ECHAM5-MPI/OM1 climate model, have a tendency to exhibit blocking. Finally, results are presented which indicate the developments in blocking if the index is applied to scenario runs of the model.     

南亚季风活跃和中断的物理机制

采用由赤道平衡模式导出的低阶谱模式,考虑了积云对流加热和辐射冷却的作用,用多平衡态理论解释南亚季风活跃和中断的物理可能机制。结果表明,当积云对流加强时,南亚季风活跃;当积云对流减弱时南亚季风中断,这与Ｋｒｉｓｈｎａｍｕｒｔｉ等提出的云－辐射假说一致。     

Nonlinear stability of plane rotating shear flow under three—dimensional nondivergence disturbances

Nonlinear stability criterion for plane rotating shear flow under three-dimensional nondivergence disturbances was obtained by using both variational principle and convexity estimate introduced by Arnold (1965) and Holm et al. (1985). The results obtained in this paper show that the effect of Coriolis force plays an important role in the nonlinear stability criterion, and the nonlinear stability property of the basic flow depends on both the distribution of basic states and the way the external disturbance acts on the states. The upper bound of the gradient of the mass density displacement from the equilibrium k2 = is determined by the basic states and one example was given to show the exact upper value of k. The remarks on Blumen's paper were also given at Section 4 of this paper.     

用三维大气-土壤耦合模式进行山地小气候模拟

本文在地形坐标系中建立了一个准静力平衡的三维大气-土壤耦合模式,模式中大气、土壤的耦合通过山地的能量平衡方程来实现,其中考虑了坡地对日照以及日出日没时角的影响。为了增加模式的稳定性,上边界采用了海绵边界条件,侧边界输入端采用了海绵辐射边界条件,输出端采用辐射边界条件。为了提高模拟精度,模式中还采用了静力扣除法。 用本模式对南京方山小气候进行模拟,各坡向的地表温度、1.5m高空气温度模拟结果与观测值吻合良好。此外,还对方山进行了阻塞、冷迳流、山谷环流现象的一系列数值试验,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

阻塞动力学研究进展与展望

简介了大气阻塞动力学在多平衡态理论和外源强迫的共振理论、孤立子及偶极子理论、强迫耗散ＫＤＶ动力学以及天气扰动的激发等几方面理论研究的进展。并对阻塞动力学的研究进行了展望。     

Low-Order Point Vortex Models of Atmospheric Blocking

Summary Conceptual models of blocking structures are constructed by reducing the two-dimensional atmospheric vorticity field to a few point vortices. The flow is assumed to be barotropic and divergence-free, and a blocking event is represented by a point vortex dipole. The focus is here on the motion of the blocking dipole under the influence of the zonal mean flow. This is modelled in three different ways: A dipole embedded in a latitude-dependent zonal mean flow exhibits neutrally stable oscillations; their period is estimated analytically. A cyclonic point vortex approaching from upstream can either pass the dipole or break it up, so that an Ω-shaped pattern of three vortices emerges. The stationarity of a blocking between two troughs is modelled by four point vortices. These low-order point vortex models are compared with the dynamics of real blockings in case studies. Despite their high degree of simplification, those models reproduce the kinematics of blocking events properly. This results from the discretization of the flow to its actual physical states, the vortices, in contrast to the common, purely mathematical discretization to grid points. Thus, point vortex dynamics are proposed to be a powerful completion of continuous fluid dynamics in explaining blocking events. Received August 30, 1999 Revised December 22, 1999     

大气中局地阻高和偶极子阻塞的动力学特征

在局地阻塞形成前期的原地一般有比较弱的高压脊存在，在这个高压脊上可以逐形成局地阻塞高压或偶极子阻塞。本文将局地阻塞形成前期的弱高压脊环流看成是具有反气旋式切变的带状基本西风，在此基础上用Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ孤立波理论研究了局地阻高和偶极子阻塞的动力学特征及其区别，得到了一些结果。     

近40年5—6月东北亚和北半球其他区域阻塞高压活动特征及其联系

基于美国环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心（NCEP/NCAR-Ⅰ）再分析资料,按照国际通行的阻塞高压（阻高）定义,采用计算机自动识别和天气图人工主、客观相结合的检测方法,获得了1979—2018年5月和6月逐日北半球中高纬度阻高活动的无缝隙分布;并利用线性相关和信息流因果关系等统计方法,研究了东北亚（鄂霍次克海）阻高与北半球其他阻高活动区特征及其联系。根据阻高活动集中程度与占北半球活动总天数的百分比,选定8个5月阻高主要活动区和10个6月阻高主要活动区。从统计结果来看,5月北太平洋、北美和乌拉尔山阻高活动占前3位,6月东北亚阻高活动天数跃升第1位。值得注意的是,初夏在贝加尔湖以南、青藏高原以北地区出现了明显的阻塞形势,称为青藏高原北阻高。5月和6月北半球各阻高活动中心集中的纬度分布,自西向东具有“正弦波”特征,其主要活动区引起的同期北半球500 hPa高度场的异常虽不尽相同,但均具有一定的遥相关特征;5月和6月东北亚阻高活动天数的年际变化分量具有明显的相对独立性。5月东北亚阻高是6月贝加尔湖阻高活动年际变化的稳定影响源,是6月青藏高原北阻高活动年际变化的不稳定影响源;唯有5月北太平洋阻高是6月东北亚阻高年际变化的稳定影响源。2019年6月北半球阻高活动异常的区域位于欧洲,达19 d,为气候平均值（7 d）的2.7倍,也是导致欧洲大陆初夏高温的主要影响系统。      

天气尺度波激发的阻塞流的生命循环:观测结果和数值试验

通过观测研究证实了天气尺度波激发的阻塞流的生命循环是频散和非频散之间的转换过程。除此之外，进行了一个数值试验，发现天气尺度波似乎对阻塞的形成和支配作用，而地形似乎起位相锁相的作用。同时可以发现天气尺度波在阻塞的产生过程中分裂成两支。这些结果支持了我们所得到的观测结果。     

Effect of nonlinear dynamic process on formation and breakdown of blocking

With the L-P approximate method (variation of parameter method), a barotropic channel model in β-plane is used to study the effect of nonlinear interaction between two waves with different scales on the formation of blocking. The approximate analytical solution, which can describe the process of the blocking formation, maintenance and breakdown, has been obtained by using the method of approximate expansion. The importance of nonlinear interaction between two waves with different scales is stressed in the solution. The result suggests that the nonlinear interaction is the main dynamic process of the blocking formation. Some required conditions of blocking formation are also discussed.     

非局地闭合模式模拟海风环流

利用具有热力强迫和耗散作用的正压涡度方程，讨论了不同低谱模式下的大气平衡态。结果显示，平衡态的特性严重地依赖于谱的截断，显示出低谱模式在球解非线性方程中的缺陷，说明高载断的低谱模式去近似偏微分方程需要特别小心。     

Study of the Optimal Precursors for Blocking Events

The precursors of dipole blocking are obtained by a numerical approach based upon a quasi-geostrophic barotropie planetary- to synoptic-scale interaction model without topography and with a localized synopticscale wave-maker. The optimization problem related to the precursors of blocking is formulated and the nonlinear optimization method is used to examine the optimal synoptic-scale initial field successfully. The results show that the prominent characteristics of the optimal synoptic-scale initial field are that the synoptic-scale wave train structures exist upstream of the incipient blocking. In addition, the large-scale low/high eddy-forcing pattern upstream of the incipient blocking is an essential precondition for the onset of dipole blocking.     

副热带流型多平衡态的转换与加热场变动的两重性

中高纬度高低指数环流多平衡态与副热带流型双稳态两者形成的原因不同。前者由地形强迫下基波与谐波及谐波之间的平流非线性所引起,后者归因于加热场分布与非线性平流之间的相互作用。 大范围加热场分布的变动可以激发副热带稳态流型的转换。但是,这种变动的持续时间,必须大于某个临界值;否则,该变动将被原稳态作为扰动所吸收,这就显示出加热变动的两重性。