http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000569

A study of deep penetrating geochemistry-the surface exploration techniques for finding concealed mineral deposits-was carried out over the Spence porphyry copper deposit in Chile by Australian,Canadian and Chinese laboratories using selective weak leach methods and is briefly reviewed here.Erratic and weak copper anomalies were obtained above the Spence deposit,which is concealed below a thick piedmont gravel cover.In the literature,such patterns are common in most of the weak selective leach studies carried out over known buried deposits.During exploration in unknown area,such weak leach techniques lead to some success and many dry holes.In this paper,stronger selective leaching methods are developed for oxides and sulfides,which may be the stable end products transformed and accumulated by a mobile precursor phase carried upward through the overburden by gas or water through long spans of geological time.The data obtained by the methods developed in this paper produced more significant and consistent anomalous data than previous efforts.Consequently,the leach approaches described here may increase the effectiveness of deep penetrating geochemistry in exploration for concealed ore deposits.     

四川盆地富硫天然气与盆地周缘铅锌铜矿的成因联系

金属元素的搬运和沉淀是热液矿床成矿机理研究的重要方面。目前人们普遍认为热液矿床中金属元素主要呈硫的络合物和卤素络合物形式搬运。MVT铅锌矿床等硫化物矿床盐度较高,包裹体成分中阳离子以Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+为主,阴离子以Cl-、F-、CO2-3为主,很少有HS-、S2-,表明金属元素主要以氯的络合物形式搬运,外来硫的加入是导致铅锌成矿物质以硫化物形式沉淀成矿的关键。四川盆地天然气中富含H2S,其与周缘MVT铅锌矿床具有密切的时空关系,据此推测天然气中的H2S可能是导致铅锌硫化物沉淀形成MVT铅锌矿床的主要硫源,天然气中的H2S与铅锌成矿流体在古油藏中作用形成含沥青的铅锌矿床;当含硫化氢的天然气运移离开古油藏后与含矿流体混合时,形成不含沥青的铅锌矿床。另外,石油热裂解产生的不含H2S的天然气使得含铜热液中的铜还原,以自然铜形式沉淀形成含沥青的玄武岩铜矿;石油热化学硫酸盐还原(TSR)过程中,还会发生溶蚀作用,扩大碳酸盐岩孔隙,为成矿提供空间。     

石岭沟-拐道沟铜-铅-锌多金属成矿带成矿地质条件分析

成矿带位于北秦岭北部晚元古代-早古生代裂谷带南缘的变质火山岩区，受油房-皇台断裂的次级分支断裂及燕山-印支期的侵入岩体及次火山岩脉的联合控制，成矿地质条件与甘肃白银厂铜-铅-锌矿田相类似，成矿带内地表已发现多条铜-铅-锌矿(化蚀变)体，找矿潜力较大，只要进一步深入开展工作，有望找到与白银厂铜-铅-锌矿田相类似的大型一超大型铜-铅-锌多金属矿床。     

Metallogenic portfolio of the West Africa craton

The West African Craton hosts major resources of gold, iron ore, aluminium ore, diamonds, phosphates and manganese. This portfolio of ore deposits is linked to the formation of Archean–Paleoproterozoic greenstone belts, Jurassic rifting and extended periods of Mesozoic to Cenozoic weathering and erosion. We give a brief overview of the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of West African ore deposits with emphasis on the main commodity types. The oldest ore forming processes generated major resources in iron ore and gold in the Kénéma–Man and Reguibat Shields during the Neo-Archean. The majority of gold, porphyry copper, lead–zinc and sedimentary manganese deposits formed during the Paleoproterozoic, dominantly within the Baoulé-Mossi domain. At the same time diamond-bearing kimberlites developed in Ghana. Another distinct diamond event has been recognized in the Mesozoic of the Kénéma–Man shield. Isolated occurrences of IOCG's as well as copper–gold and gold formed in Pan-African/Variscan belts. During the Neoproterozoic, the majority of mineralization consists of sedimentary iron ore and phosphate deposits located within intracratonic basins. During the Phanerozoic aluminium ore, phosphates and mineral sands concentrated along the margins of the coastal and intracratonic basins.     

广西热水沉积成矿作用的基本特征

详细叙述了广西热水沉积型矿床的成矿时代、空间分布和控矿环境，指出主要的矿产种类有锡、铅、锌、锑、汞、金、铜、钨、锰、铁、磷、重晶石及黄铁矿。其成矿时代为早元古代、晚元古代、早古生代、晚古生代及中生代，以泥盆纪为最重要的成矿时代；矿床在空间上主要分为桂北晚古生代裂陷锡-多金属成矿带及桂西南泥盆纪裂陷锰-重晶石-黄铁矿成矿带，次为桂东南早古生代裂陷铅-锌-多金属成矿带、桂中-桂北泥盆纪走滑断陷铅-锌-重晶石黄铁矿成矿带及桂西北早中三叠世裂陷金矿成矿带，此外还有桂北-桂东元古宙裂陷铁-锡-重晶石成矿带；控矿构造环境为裂谷构造，成矿受裂陷槽及区域性同沉积断裂控制；控矿沉积环境主要为台沟相带，次为局限-半局限台地相带、开阔台地相带、生物礁相带及海槽相带。并指出广西的热水沉积岩主要有硅质岩、电气石岩、层状矽卡岩及重晶石岩。     

内蒙古克什克腾旗油房西矿区钼矿找矿潜力分析

内蒙古克什克腾旗油房西矿区为中型银多金属矿床,伴生的铅锌、铜、钼可形成独立矿体。银铅锌与铜、钼矿化在水平和垂直方向都呈现出较明显的分带现象,即银、铅锌遍布全区且主要集中在浅部,钼、铜主要赋存在矿区中部和深部。通过2个较深钻孔的探索,在深部出现较普遍的与斑岩型矿床蚀变、矿化特征类似的钼(铜)矿化,且矿(化)体形态呈层状-似层状产出趋势明显。在位于西拉木伦河断裂以南的小东沟—库里吐地区,通过分析矿区成矿地质条件和矿化特征,初步认为本区钼矿化范围较大,矿床成因类型好,矿化空间保存完整,因而具有中型以上钼矿床的找矿潜力。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定铜铅锌矿石中铜铅锌钴镍等元素方法确认

文章在修订GB/T 14353—1993《铜矿石、铅矿石和锌矿石化学分析方法》研究工作中,建立了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱同时测定铜铅锌矿石中铜铅锌钴镍等元素的标准分析方法。通过控制试样量和制备试样溶液的体积,可实现主量元素铜、铅、锌与次量元素钴、镍的同时测定。测定范围为铜0.002%~8.5%,铅0.01%~5%,锌0.005%~3%,钴0.001 5%~0.5%,镍0.003%~0.5%。按照相关国家标准对测量方法与结果的准确度进行8个实验室协同参加的准确度试验,统计参数结果表明在限定水平范围内方法偏倚不显著;利用方法重复性限参数,计算可能产生的最大相对偏差。分析方法精密度满足《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》的要求。     

云南西畴红石岩铅锌铜矿床喷流沉积成因的地球化学特征

西畴红石岩铅锌铜矿床是滇东南地区首次在远离岩体外围田蓬组中发现的一处大型矿床,根据矿床地质背景,系统分析了红石岩铅锌铜矿床的地球化学特征,认为红石岩铅锌铜矿床的成矿元素具有明显的垂直和水平分带,容矿围岩的常量元素数据投影落入到热水沉积岩区域内,微量元素变化规律反映出与现代大洋热水沉积物相似的特点,稀土元素具有轻稀土富集的右倾特征,总量变化较大,但铅锌铜矿层中的稀土元素总量明显低于围岩,平均为66.16,与产于加拿大沙利文矿山的条带状富电气石热液沉积岩（57.85）相近,由此认为红石岩铅锌铜矿床是在特定的古构造古地理环境内形成的喷流沉积型矿床。     

The Carpatho-Balkanides and adjacent area: a sector of the Tethyan Eurasian metallogenic belt

The Tethyan Eurasian metallogenic belt (TEMB) was formed during Mesozoic and post-Mesozoic times in the area of the former Tethyan ocean on the southern margin of Eurasia, with the Afro-Arabian and Indian plates to the south. It extends from western Mediterranean via the Alps and southeastern Europe through the Lesser Caucasus, the Hindu Kush, and the Tibet Plateau to Burma and SW Indonesia, linking with the West Pacific metallogenic belt. The Carpatho-Balkan region is one of the sectors of the TEMB, characterized by some specific features. The emplacement of ore deposits is related to a definite time interval, and to specific tectonic settings such as: 1. Late Permian-Triassic intracontinental rifting along the northern margin of Gondwanaland and/or fragments already separated. This setting involves volcanogenic and volcano-sedimentary deposits (iron, lead/zinc, manganese, antimony, mercury, barite), skarn deposits associated with volcano-plutonic complexes of bimodal magmatism, and low temperature carbonate-hosted lead/zinc deposits. 2. Jurassic intraoceanic rifting – ophiolite complexes: This setting hosts major magmatic (particularly podiform chrome deposits) and volcano-sedimentary deposits, mainly of the Cyprus type. 3. Subduction-related setting involves porphyry copper deposits, lesser skarn deposits (iron, locally Pb-Zn), massive sulphide Cu (e.g. Bor) accompanied locally by Pb-Zn of replacement type, epithermal gold deposits, associated with calc-alkaline igneous complexes of the Early Tertiary-Late Cretaceous, and the Neogene gold/silver and base metals deposits. 4. Post-collision continent-continent setting includes deposits of Pb-Zn, Sb, As, Au-Cu associated with volcano-plutonic complexes of calc-alkaline affinity. Several major Alpine metallogenic units are developed in the Carpatho-Balkanides and adjacent area, each characterized by specific development, mineral associations, and types of ore deposits. Received: 3 June 1996 / Accepted: 10 January 1997     

云南大平掌铜-多金属矿床成矿金属来源初探

大平掌铜-多金属矿床是我国西南“三江”地区新发现的火山岩型块状硫化物矿床,微量元素、稀土元素及铅同位素地球化学研究表明,成矿金属元素主要来源于对流循环的海底热卤水对火山岩围岩的淋滤作用。成矿过程中细碧岩、角斑岩、石英角斑岩均可能提供较多的Cu、Au,角斑岩、石英角斑岩可能贡献较多的Pb,而角斑岩则可能提供较多的Zn。     

内蒙古小西沟铅锌矿床矿石特征及可选性试验研究

小西沟锌铅矿床属于低温热液型矿床,矿石组成复杂,伴生铜和银,研究表明,该矿床矿石中的铅、锌、铜和银主要矿化元素以独立矿物产出,但部分黄铜矿与闪锌矿呈固溶体交生。根据矿石性质确定,该矿床矿石可采用混合浮选铜铅(铜、铅分离)—再浮选锌的工艺流程,通过试验获得符合标准的铜精矿、铅精矿和锌精矿,所用药剂没有环境污染,符合当前技术条件,可以开发利用。     

The use of fluorine as a pathfinder for volcanic-hosted massive sulfide ore deposits

A multi-element geochemical study of the wall rocks of intermediate to felsic volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits was carried out to identify pathfinder elements which significantly enlarge the size of exploration targets. Drill core samples from the Crandon massive sulfide deposit in Wisconsin, and outcrop samples from the United Verde and Iron King deposits in Arizona, and from the Captains Flat, Mt. Costigan, and Wiseman Creek deposits in New South Wales, Australia were analyzed. Because anomalously high fluorine values have been described in several volcanic-hosted ore systems, fluorine was included in the study.All of the above deposits have patterns of fluorine enrichment around ore. Drill core samples from two noneconomic prospects within ten miles of the Crandon deposit contain background to only weakly anomalous fluorine values.At the large Crandon deposit (> 50 million tons of zinc, copper ore), fluorine enrichment extends approximately 320 m into the footwall rocks and at least 220 m into the hanging wall rocks. At the large United Verde deposit (> 50 million tons of copper, zinc ore), fluorine enrichment is recognizable in the footwall rocks at least 650 m from the ore. At the smaller Iron King deposit (five million tons production of zinc, lead, copper ore), fluorine enrichment extends for a distance of approximately 60 m into the footwall rocks. At the small deposits in New South Wales (< five million tons production of zinc, lead, copper ore), fluorine enrichment is easily recognizable, but with the samples collected, the limits of the anomalous patterns cannot be defined.Fluorine occurs in some hydrothermal systems unassociated with mineralization and is therefore not a specific signature of ore-forming processes. From the work completed, many massive sulfide deposits in volcanic rocks occur in hydrothermal systems which contain fluorine. On the basis of the data presented, if anomalously high fluorine values do exist in an exploration search area, the chances of finding a massive sulfide ore deposit are improved.Genetic models for volcanic-hosted massive sulfide ore deposits have concentrated on rock textures, alteration mineralogy, and geochemistry of the ore metals. From the data presented, fluorine should be considered as a component of massive sulfide systems in intermediate to felsic volcanic rocks, and should be considered as a possible complexing agent for the ore metals.     

Geological Characteristics of Copper Mineralization,Jiujiang—Ruichang Area,Jiangxi Province,China

The Jiujiang-Ruichang area in northwestern Jiangxi extends along the western part of the minerogenic belt of the middle-lower Yangtze Valley in a terrain of sediments ranging from Ordovician to Triassic in age with NEE-folda,and NW-compressive,NNW-tensile and NEE-compressive-shearing faults as the major structures .Igneous rocks are mostly intermediate-acid epizonal intrusive bodies.Typical copper mineralizations in this area include the skarn-type and stratiform Cu-bearing pyrite-type deposits at Wushan and the porphyry and breccia-pipe type copper-molybdenum deposits at Chengmenshan.Silurian strata,with a great thickness and an average copper content of 51 ppm,are considered to be the source bed of copper mineralization,as is evidenced,among other things,by the presence of an envelope which is notably impoverished in Cu aroud most of the deposits.Magmatic rocks which intruded into the Silurian strata often have relatively high alkali contents and K2O/Na2O ratios ,with extensive potash alteration.Magmatic rocks in the area are of co-melting type or mixed type.The magma assimilated a large quanity of country rocks while ascending.They are characterized by high REE contents,absence of Eu anomalies and high LREE/HREE ratios.Ancient lead and strontium isotopes were detected in feldspar megaphenocrysts from the granodiorite porphyry.Hydrothermal convective circulation systems of magmatic water of magmatic water and supergenic water was extensively developed in the magmatic and country rocks,in which copper,potassium and other ore-forming components were extracted from the country rocks and concentrated through heating,boiling and evaporating.When the ore-forming fluids found their way into the skarn zone or the unconformity between the Wutong Formation and the Huanglong Formation,ore precipitation would have occurred as a result of changing media,If the concentration of KCl exceeded 9%,copper and other ore-forming components might have been deposited in magmatic rocks,forming the porphyry-type ore deposits.     

川西呷村黑矿型矿床含矿火山岩系热液蚀变与物质-化学变化

川西呷村黑矿型矿床产于酸性流纹质火山岩系上部。矿区蚀变可分为矿化热液蚀变和区域低温蚀变，后者广布矿区；前者绕网脉矿（硅矿）形成蚀变岩筒，并具明显的蚀变分带：自内而外由石英－钡冰长石带向绢云母－石英带递变，自下而上由绿泥石带向石英－绢云母带递进。采用“惰性”微量元素方法恢复了含矿岩系原岩成分，定量估算了蚀变引起的物质－化学变化。在蚀变岩筒中，Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ强烈富集，远离蚀变岩筒，Ｃｕ略有亏损，Ｐｂ     

The Processing Mineralogy for Lead and Zinc Oxide Ore in Sichuan

Using variety of modern testing methods, the processing mineralogical characteristics for a lead and zinc oxide ore in Sichuan were studied systematically. The chemical analysis result shows that the lead and zinc oxide content exceeding the minimum industrial grade and iron ore, total iron content reaches a minimum industrial grade and associated with gold and silver; The mineralogical analysis result shows that lead and zinc mineral composition and configuration are very complexity. The zinc minerals and zinciferous minerals are sphalerite, hemimorphite, Smithsonite, Hydrozincite, zinc chlorite, limonite, zinc dolomite and zincocalcite; lead minerals and plumbiferous minerals are mainly galena, cerussite, anglesite, limonite and Coronadite; The minerals disseminated grain size are very fine and mineral dissemination characteristics are very complex ; expected theoretical recoveries for lead and zinc were 72% and 67% respectively. The results of this study provide basic data and theoretical basis for ore dressing.     

湖南铜山岭矿田控矿因素及成矿模式探讨

湖南铜山岭矿田是以铜、铅、锌、银为主的多金属成矿区，详细分析了其控矿因素，在此基础上总结出了矿田成矿模式，指明了找矿方向，对指导进一步工作具有重要意义．     

内蒙古阿勒特高勒金多金属矿地质特征及找矿前景

内蒙古乌拉特后旗阿勒特高勒金多金属矿位于内蒙古中部狼山—白云鄂博铜、铅、金、锌、铁、铂、镍多金属成矿带西段,该矿是在完成1∶5万区域矿产远景调查中通过化探异常查证发现的,金矿赋存于中元古界渣尔泰山群阿古鲁沟组,主要为一套浅变质碎屑岩建造,受NEE断裂构造控制,该金矿主要矿体赋存于地表长约1 km,宽约3~50m的褐铁矿化蚀变带中,蚀变带内石英脉发育。勘查区内圈定金矿体4条,深部钻探验证表明,矿体延深稳定。本文分析了阿勒特高勒金等多金属矿的矿床特征、控矿因素,总结了找矿标志,指出该区成矿潜力较大。     

新疆新源县塔尔塔夏勘查区控矿地质条件、地球化学特征及找矿方向

新疆新源县塔尔塔夏地区位处西天山阿吾拉勒铜、铅、锌等多金属矿成矿有利地段,通过对该区控矿地质条件、1∶1万土壤测量异常的总结,分析导致该区化探异常的地质因素,提出了下一步找矿工作的重点地段,即在该区南部近EW向弧形断裂一带寻找隐伏热液充填交代型铜铅锌矿床。     

Mesozoic and cenozoic sandstone-hosted copper deposits in south China

Mesozoic and Cenozoic sandstone-hosted copper deposits in South China are confined to the variegated rock formation of the faulted basins, the intermontane basins and piedmont basins around a copper-bearing old land. The variegated rock formation is generally of fluviolacustrine delta facies, shore facies and shore-cauce facies. The ore bodies are stratiform, occurring in the light-coloured beds of the variegated rock formation. The mineralization comprises chalcocite, bornite, chalcopyrite, native copper, covellite, pyrite and hematite, showing obvious zonation. The associated profitable elements in the ore are mainly silver, lead, zinc, molybdenum, selenium and uranium. The copper deposits are believed to have been formed through three processes of enrichment, i.e. weathering (copper-bearing weathered crust was formed as a result), deposition (source bed formed) and diagenesis (ore body formed). The variegated rocks with Cu, Ag, Pb, Zn, U, Mo, Cl and organic carbon anormalies and a great deal of pyrite, distributed in the faulted basins around the Cu-bearing old land, are recognized as the most favourable area for copper ore exploration.     

新疆和静县查岗诺尔铁矿床FeⅠ矿体围岩蚀变特征

新疆和静县查岗诺尔铁矿床位于伊犁微板块北缘之博洛科努早古生代岛弧带,属于阿吾拉勒金、铜、铅、锌、铁成矿带东段。矿区出露地层主要为下石炭统大哈拉军山组火山岩和上石炭统伊什基里克组火山岩,两者为断层接触关系。由于成矿矿浆的多期次活动,查岗诺尔铁矿广泛发育围岩蚀变,形成沿断裂带分布的带状蚀变带。通过研究发现,矿床主矿体FeⅠ号主矿体的围岩蚀变情况,按不同蚀变矿物组合,自东向西可分出石榴石带、绿帘石-阳起石带、阳起石-磁铁矿带、蚀变大理岩带和阳起石带,对应三期蚀变作用。各阶段的矿物共生组合分别为：磁铁矿＋透辉石＋石榴石、磁铁矿＋阳起石＋绿帘石、磁铁矿-石榴石-阳起石-绿帘石-石英-碳酸盐。矿区蚀变是由高、中温火山热液交代中酸性火山碎屑岩而形成。