高速岩质滑坡碰撞碎裂机理物理实验研究

大型高速岩质滑坡的碰撞碎裂解体对其运动特性有显著控制效应,进而影响堆积体的地质结构和稳定性。本文以唐家山高速滑坡为研究对象,基于地质分析原理,解译了滑体碰撞碎裂过程和特征。通过岩石坠落碰撞试验,量化了碎屑物粒径,岩块质量损失与碰撞速度的关系,得出碰撞速度增加会使碰撞块体质量损失增大,碎裂物粒径更小,从而降低滑体摩擦系数。开展碰撞前后岩块的岩石常规力学实验,发现碰撞后岩石的力学参数指标会降低。最后借助岩石滑槽碰撞模型试验,获取岩块撞击方式和撞击速度等对滑距和堆积形态的控制效应。研究可为高速岩石滑坡成灾范围的预测提供借鉴。     

高速滑坡岩体碰撞效应的试验研究

应用力学原理从理论上分析了大型高速滑坡岩体与阻挡山体的碰撞过程,得出了碰撞后滑坡岩体的平均运动速度和运动方向的关系式;通过碰撞试验研究了滑坡岩体碰撞解体后的加速运动效应,得出了不同速度段岩体体积的分布规律,为进一步研究远程活动阶段碎屑流的形成奠定了基础,对防灾减灾具有重要意义。     

重庆武隆鸡尾山滑坡视向滑动机制分析

重庆武隆鸡尾山山体为典型的斜倾厚层灰岩山体,其破坏模式不同于常见侧向崩塌-堆积层滑坡,属于真倾向滑移变形转为视向整体滑动的特殊失稳模式。在现场地质调查的基础上,从地层岩性、岩体结构、岩溶及地下水作用、软弱夹层等影响因素分析重庆武隆鸡尾山滑坡形成原因;根据滑坡破坏机制,基于关键块体控制理论,对鸡尾山滑坡进行三维稳定性极限平衡分析;利用三维离散元软件模拟鸡尾山滑坡的初始变形破坏过程,分析了鸡尾山滑坡不同影响因素条件下的视向滑动形成机制和变形破坏特征,并探讨了节理化和溶蚀岩体的参数取值。结果分析认为,在重力的长期作用下,鸡尾山山体初始沿真倾向方向滑移,沿岩溶发育的陡倾节理裂隙逐渐产生后缘及侧向裂缝,形成块状后部驱动块体,由于地下水等因素使软弱夹层软化,驱动块体下滑力增大,前缘阻滑关键块体内部应力积累,并最终沿强度较低的岩溶发育带发生剪切破坏,从而导致整体滑动;在进行滑坡稳定性极限平衡分析时,考虑实际的滑坡机制,将滑体分为驱动块体和关键块体分别进行力的解析,并以关键块体的安全系数代表滑坡的安全系数更加合理。数值模拟显示,软弱夹层强度降低、岩溶发育带剪切破坏后,滑体进入大变形阶段,表明关键块体控制和阻滑作用明显,软弱夹层强度降低是滑坡发生的关键因素。采矿形成的采空区对山体的影响主要是使上覆岩体压应力增大,但对滑体的变形无影响。     

汶川地震引发高速远程滑坡运动机理数值模拟研究——以谢家店子滑坡为例

针对汶川地震引发的谢家店子滑坡,在现场调查分析的基础上,建立了二维离散元数值模拟模型,采用2D-Block软件对其进行了全过程的数值模拟研究,并通过对跟踪块体的深入分析,研究了相应地质体在不同阶段下的运动特征。模拟结果表明,谢家店子滑坡经历了剧动启程抛掷阶段、快速撞击飞行阶段、铲刮减速碎屑流阶段及堆积掩埋阶段。为了揭示地震引发高速滑坡的发生规律,分别研究了地震震级、斜坡地形和斜坡上岩块的尺寸对高速滑坡启动和运动过程的影响规律。地震震级对边坡的启动、变形、破坏和运动有很大的影响,地震震级越大,滑体启动的加速度和速度也就越大,从而易形成高速远程滑坡。斜坡体本身的地形地貌对滑体运动也有较大影响。在震级和岩石力学参数一定的条件下,斜坡上岩块的大小对其启动、变形和运动过程有一定影响,随着岩块的增大,滑体运动的每个阶段历时都在减小,但当岩体十分破碎时,滑体虽然能够运动,但是很难发生抛掷。将地震滑坡的启动机理概括为积累变形效应、振荡启程效应和振荡加速效应。     

散粒体滑坡涌浪运动特征与能量转化规律研究

滑坡涌浪灾害造成的伤亡和损失一般远超滑坡灾害本身,已引起广泛关注。针对该类灾害的预测评价一直是研究的难点,精细刻画滑坡涌浪运动特征和能量转化规律是解决问题的关键和前提。因此,以天然碎石模拟散粒体滑坡,建立缩尺的矩形水槽滑坡涌浪三维物理试验模型,研究滑坡体积、速度和水深对堆积体形态和涌浪特征的影响以及滑体与水体能量转化规律。研究结论包括：（1）滑体通过冲击、挤压和抬升水体形成涌浪的特征受滑体规模和形态影响显著;厚度大且速度快的滑体趋向产生非线性过渡波,厚度小且速度低的滑体一般产生非线性震荡波;（2）基于试验提出的体积效应和速度效应揭示了一定水深的涌浪规模与滑坡体积和速度呈正相关规律,水深效应则解释了一定波能的涌浪在波形和速度上的分布差异,结果表明浅水比深水工况涌浪高度平均高出67%、波速平均高出51.17%;(3)基于试验的数值反演总结了滑体势能与波能转化率为1.00%～3.07%,由于三维试验中滑体与水体在水平和环向的扩散造成更多能量耗散,相较二维试验转化率较低。通过探讨散粒体滑坡运动过程和首浪产生、传播及爬高特征,揭示滑体-水体能量转化基本规律,研究成果对滑坡涌浪防灾减灾工作具有一定...     

水库库岸滑坡引起的初始涌浪计算

为了解决水库库岸滑坡引起的初始涌浪高度问题,从滑坡涌浪的形成机制着手,把滑坡引起的涌浪分为体积涌浪和冲击涌浪两部分,并根据体积守恒原理、明槽中扰动波的传播速度及块体水下运动的位移公式求出了两者的计算式,体积守恒原理用于解决滑坡的入水体积与涌浪高度的关系,水流连续性原理用于解决传播的波速与波高的关系,黏滞力公式用于解决块体水下运动的位移与速度的关系。文章以新滩滑坡为例对初始涌浪高度进行了计算,得出了滑坡入水过程中初始涌浪高度先增后减以及它与滑坡速度的变化不一致的规律。     

“8.12”山阳滑坡视向滑动成因机理

笔者在对"8.12"山阳滑坡分离界面特征、滑坡结构特征与剪出口特征分析的基础上,通过与重庆武隆鸡尾山滑坡成因机理的对比分析,从滑坡的陡倾层状斜向结构、滑坡体倾向阻挡、视向临空条件、驱动块体下滑以及前部相对稳定块体阻滑等5个方面总结了山阳滑坡产生视向滑动的成因机理。在此基础上,结合山阳滑坡视向滑动剪出后的高速远程运动特征与滑体结构分布特征,将滑坡的整个运动过程划分为视向剪切滑动区、整体滑动堆积区、碰撞折返堆积区以及前部碎屑抛洒区。     

三峡库区黄土坡滑坡体原岩结构特征及演化模式研究

三峡库区黄土坡滑坡是一个大型复合变形体,地质条件非常复杂,其演化过程还需要进一步研究。本文对黄土坡滑坡勘察及白土坡库岸深部监测钻孔岩芯资料进行了综合对比研究,结果表明巴东组第三段上亚段岩体相对下亚段岩体夹层发育密集,黄土坡滑坡滑床中可能仍有贯通性夹层发育,取样夹层已泥化为砾类土。根据巴东组第三段岩体中软弱夹层发育特点恢复了黄土坡滑坡体的原岩结构,滑体分布特征与原岩结构对比研究表明黄土坡滑坡体是复合牵引式滑坡多次滑动的产物。黄土坡斜坡前缘巴东组第三段上亚段岩体中夹层密集,易泥化为滑坡滑带发生深层蠕变,并且受F3断层切割和次级褶皱发育影响岩体破碎,先期发生了滑坡。继而引发斜坡中部巴东组第三段下亚段表层风化破碎岩体坠覆或滑动并超覆于前缘崩滑体之上,最后引发园艺场滑坡使斜坡后部巴东组第二段表层风化破碎岩体滑动超覆于中部岩体之上,受三峡水库蓄水影响黄土坡滑坡崩滑体深部滑带及滑床夹层蠕滑将进一步加剧。这种演化模式能较好地解释黄土坡滑坡复杂滑体结构的成因及变化特征。     

强震触发大光包巨型滑坡运动特征研究

文章主要研究了在强震触发下大光包滑坡在不同下滑阶段的运动特征以及响应速度问题。强震作用触发大光包滑坡体启程剧冲,继而在重力作用下沿滑面加速下滑,而后又与山体碰撞转化为碎屑流,整个运动过程中有明显的岩体抛射、前缘岩体反翘超覆以及岩块"推挤出槽"等现象。根据其运动特征,将滑体运动过程分为三个阶段,分别为主体滑动阶段、次级滑动阶段、碎屑流运动阶段,并运用静力分析法、能量法、碎屑流运动理论等对各个运动阶段的速度进行了研究。理论计算得到滑体剧冲速度为8.9m/s,主体滑动段末速度为37.0m/s,最大速度大于96.3m/s,碎屑流沿黄洞子沟和川林沟流动,分别运移了1.6km和1.3km后停止。     

高速远程滑坡运动堆积过程中的能量传递机制

高速远程滑坡往往引发灾难性事故,开展运动堆积过程定量研究,对于探究滑坡发生机理及预测致灾范围具有重要意义.基于室内物理模型试验,通过PIV技术分析高速摄像机在试验过程中拍摄的照片,获取了运动过程中滑体颗粒的水平速度、竖直速度与位移等运动参数.从滑体颗粒群和不同位置处单体颗粒角度,分析高速远程滑坡的运动演化规律.结果显示:（1）滑体颗粒前端出现高速区,该高速区随着滑坡停止具有一定的保持性.颗粒间存在明显的碰撞现象;（2）从不同位置单体颗粒来看,前部颗粒位移量最大,速度波动频繁,碰撞频次最高,能量多次补充;中部颗粒位移量其次,速度有波动过程,但不及前部频繁;后部颗粒位移量最小,速度基本呈递降趋势,能量逐渐减小.结合重庆鸡尾山滑坡以及Black Rapids Glacier滑坡实例分析,揭示了高速远程滑坡运动堆积过程中滑体颗粒间存在碰撞及能量传递现象,从而进一步探究高速远程滑坡形成机制,在监测预防、灾害治理等方面具有现实指导意义.      

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of