一个与弹性应变能相协调的脆性横观各向同性材料破坏准则

岩土材料广泛存在于自然界中,在重力沉积作用下表现出明显的横观各向同性。为了更好地研究横观各向同性材料的破坏机制,基于Christensen提出的破坏准则应与弹性应变能函数相协调的思想,推导了横观各向同性材料的弹性应变能,通过应变能的分解和整理,分析了应变能中各项所表示的物理意义,确定了级数展开的基,从而使得应变能函数和材料破坏准则在形式上具有一致性,最终提出了一个适用于脆性横观各向同性材料的破坏准则。该准则由5项能够与弹性应变能相协调的部分组成,仅包含5个独立且物理力学意义清晰的参数。基于常规试验给出了5个独立参数的确定方案。通过与Tsai-Wu准则及已发表的多组试验数据的对比,验证了准则的正确性。     

基于Hoek-Brown的岩石横观各向同性屈服准则研究

为了描述岩石强度的各向异性特征,通过引入材料的微结构张量,考虑单轴抗压强度σ_cβ随层理倾角β而变化,提出了基于微结构张量的修正Hoek-Brown屈服准则。开展不同层理倾角(0°、15°、30°、45°、60°、75°和90°)的页岩试样不同围压(0、5、10、15和20 MPa)下的三轴压缩试验,结果显示,页岩峰值强度与层理倾角β呈"U"形曲线关系,在围压较低时呈"肩"形曲线关系,弹性模量E_t和泊松比ν对围压不敏感,其平均值随层理倾角β的变化关系分别呈倒"U"形、"肩"形。页岩的微观和宏观破坏图像表明,其破坏模式受围压和层理倾角双重控制。试验值与模型预测值的对比表明,修正的Hoek-Brown屈服准则可较好地对页岩强度的各向异性进行模拟。同时,采用Koteshwar千枚岩、Koteshwar板岩、绿泥石片岩等层状结构岩石的单轴和三轴压缩试验数据,进一步验证了提出的修正Hoek-Brown屈服准则对多数具有层理结构的横观各向同性岩石峰值强度模拟具有普遍适用性,并对屈服准则在试验数据较多和较少情况下的峰值强度模拟效果进行了评价。     

水平条形均布荷载下横观各向同性弹性地基的位移分析

分析了水平条形均布荷载下横观各向同性地基位移规律,归纳了位移随弹性模量比n之不同而变化的规律,提出了水平条形均布荷载下横观各向同性地基位移的近似简化解,以供岩土工程设计人员参考。     

横观各向同性土的简明破坏机制解释

由于沉积等作用使得天然土材料内部颗粒排列表现为各向异性。土材料的各向异性使得材料内各平面滑动的内摩擦角不同。因此,在分析各向异性土的破坏问题中,除了考虑来自外部的应力分布以外,还需考虑土材料内部的强度分布。以横观各向同性土为例,阐述了同时考虑材料外部应力分布与材料内部强度分布下各向异性土的破坏机制。为说明,文中假定横观各向同性土内部各平面的内摩擦角正切值随空间方向而线性分布。外部加载进行时,横观各向同性土材料内部各处的应力不断变化,当其内部某处首次出现的应力达到该处的强度时,土材料发生破坏。进一步通过类比得出：区别于金属,各向同性土不是在最大剪应力面而是在最大剪压比面发生破坏;区别于各向同性土,各向异性土不是在最大剪压比面而是在最大剪压强比面发生破坏。     

横观各向同性地基模型的理论分析及其应用

根据横观各向同性体各向同性面水平时本构方程推导出了横观各向同性面倾斜时的本构方程并得出了横观各向同性地基在上述两种情况下的自重应力计算公式。运用本论文的理论 ,从自重应力角度能很好的解释水平应力大于竖直应力和水平应力的各向异性这些重要的实测现象     

弹性矩形板下横观各向同性多层地基分析

利用弹性矩形板与多层地基表面的竖向位移协调条件与光滑接触条件,由横观各向同性多层地基应力与位移非耦合的传递矩阵解,推导出弹性矩形板下竖向应力和位移的解析解。在此基础上,编制了相应的程序,并进行了数值计算。计算结果表明：矩形板刚度对板底竖向位移及板中心下的竖向应力有着较为显著的影响;板底竖向位移及板中心下的竖向应力随着板刚度的增加而减小,相同荷载作用下横观各向同性地基与均匀各向同性地基模型的计算结果差异较大,实际工程中很有必要采用更符合土体性质的横观各向同性地基模型     

一种横观各向同性岩体蠕变模型

层状岩体由于层理面或者结构面的存在,在力学上具有横观各向同性的特点,现有的各向同性蠕变模型难以全面反映横观各向同性岩体的蠕变力学特性。为构建能够反映横观各向同性岩体的三维蠕变模型,以能反映瞬时应变、减速蠕变和稳态蠕变特征的黏弹性Burgers模型为基础,基于常泊松比假定,在三维各向同性蠕变本构方程的基础上,按照算子替换的方法,将横观各向同性柔度矩阵代替各向同性柔度矩阵,并考虑了平行和垂直层理方向岩体蠕变力学行为的差异性,推导了横观各向同性岩体的三维蠕变本构方程。根据本构方程的特点,提出了根据平行和垂直方向岩体蠕变试验结果进行三维蠕变本构模型中蠕变参数的辨识方法。将提出的模型应用于三轴蠕变试验参数辨识,从而获得了一套完整的三维蠕变参数,并与试验结果进行对比分析,从而验证了所提模型与方法的合理性和有效性。进一步,指出了传统蠕变试验设计方案的局限性,给出了横观各向同性材料蠕变试验设计建议。研究成果为研究岩体三维蠕变机制提供了新思路,可对岩体蠕变试验设计提供相应的科研支撑。     

列车荷载下上覆弹性层横观各向同性饱和地基的动力响应

基于Biot多孔弹性介质的波动理论,构造了轨道、道碴、枕木及弹性层的横观各向同性饱和地基在列车荷载下的动力计算模型。利用Fourier变换,得到了列车荷载作用下横观各向同性软土地基上弹性层动力响应的解析结果。利用离散Fourier逆变换得到数值计算结果,分析了荷载速度、地基的各向异性参数、弹性层刚度系数及厚度对位移和孔压响应的影响。分析结果表明：弹性层对控制地基振动作用显著,地表振动幅值随荷载速度的增加而增大,软土的横向弹性模量对地表振动及土中孔压有较大影响。     

横观各向同性饱和地基三维瞬态Lamb问题

研究了横观各向同性饱和土地基在地表动力荷载作用下的三维瞬态响应。基于饱和多孔介质的三维Biot波动理论,利用Laplace变换,建立圆柱坐标系下横观各向同性饱和土的波动方程;解耦波动方程后,根据算子理论,并借助Fourier展开和Hankel变换技术,得到瞬态荷载作用下,饱和土介质的土骨架位移和应力、孔隙水相对位移和孔隙水压力的一般解;利用一般解,给出横观各向同性饱和地基在地表集中荷载激励下的瞬态Lamb问题的解答。数值算例结果表明,采用各向同性饱和介质的动力学模型,不能准确描述具有明显各向异性特性的饱和土地基的瞬态动力特性。     

Long-term strength attenuation characteristics and yield criterion of frozen soil北大核心CSCD

Frozen soil is generally regarded as a strongly rheological geomaterial. The strength attenuation of frozen soil is an important inducement for disease and instability in subgrade engineering, pile engineering and artificial freezing construction. Few efforts have been made to investigate the attenuation characteristics of strength envelope surface for frozen soil under complex stress states experimentally and theoretically. Considering this, at a temperature of -6 ℃, a series of triaxial stress relaxation tests under various confining pressures were carried out on the frozen subgrade soil specimens at strength points. The degeneration of strength parameters and stress attenuation process of frozen soil under complex stress states were systematically studied. The degradation law and mechanism of cohesion and internal friction angle are synchronously revealed in the stress relaxation process. Testing results indicate that the stress relaxation process of compacted frozen soil is significantly influenced by confining pressure. The stress relaxation ratio is increasing linearly with the rise of confining pressure if the confining pressure is beyond 1. 5 MPa. The anti-relaxation ability of frozen soil is greatly reduced during high confining pressure conditions:the stress relaxation ratio of frozen soil is only 41. 94% under 1. 5 MPa, but exceeds 90. 30% under 16 MPa. The strength of frozen soil attenuates linearly with time in the semi-logarithmic coordinate system. When the confining pressure is higher than 1. 5 MPa, the strength attenuation rate of frozen soil increases with the rise of confining pressure. As the development of stress relaxation of frozen soil, cohesion decreases linearly but internal friction angle increases linearly with time in the semi-logarithmic coordinate system. It manifested that the cementation in frozen soil shows evident rheological features and it is a key inducement for strength attenuation. Moreover, the attenuation law and value of cohesion in frozen soil which is measured by triaxial stress relaxation test are similar to the spherical template indenter test results. This may provide a new test method for obtaining the long-term strength and cohesion of frozen soil. On the basis of test results, the stress states of frozen soil in all stress relaxation curves at 12 relaxation durations were captured, and the rate-dependent variation characteristics of strength envelope in p-q stress space were analyzed in detail. Under high confining pressures, the strength envelope of frozen soil shows different geometric features as time goes on. In addition to the decline of level, the strength surface exhibits clockwise rotation with time, and the third stage sharply decreases at first and then becomes flat. Based on the analysis of characteristics of experimental strength surface and evolution law of strength parameters during the stress relaxation process, a rate-dependent strength theory for frozen soil considering the stress relaxation effect is established in this paper. © 2022 Science Press (China). All rights reserved.     

含硫酸钠盐冻结粉砂强度与变形指标的试验研究

对硫酸钠盐含量为0.5%的冻结粉砂在-2℃的温度下和0.3～17 MPa围压范围内进行了三轴压缩试验.试验结果表明,含硫酸钠冻结粉砂强度随围压的增大呈先增大后降低的规律,强度的增大阶段可分为两个阶段,第一阶段为0.3～4 MPa,增大速率为1.775;第二阶段为4～8 MPa,增大速率为0.753,围压8 MPa时强度最大,其值为13.10 MPa,与0.3 MPa围压处的最小强度值3.52 MPa相差9.58 MPa;在8～17 MPa的围压范围内,强度整体呈现下降趋势,强度在13.10～12.19 MPa波动.为在冻土工程计算中选取合理的变形指标,对比分析了初始切线模量E₀与0.5倍强度处割线模量E_0.5、初始切线泊松比μ₀和0.5倍强度处割线泊松比μ_0.5随围压的变化规律.分析结果表明,两种方式确定的弹性模量和泊松比的变化规律均可按围压分为0.3～4 MPa、4～10 MPa和10～17 MPa三个阶段,弹性模量E₀与E_0.5在第一阶段和第二阶段均随围压的增大而增大,但第二阶段的增加速率比第一阶段低,在第三阶段E₀随围压的增加呈现明显的减低趋势,从最大值1 022.39 MPa降低到490.27 MPa,而E_0.5在在该阶段受围压影响不大;泊松比μ₀与μ_0.5在第一阶段与第二阶段均随围压的增大而减小,但第二阶段的降低速率比第一阶段小,在第三阶段μ₀与μ_0.5随围压的增大而增大.对变形指标随围压的变化规律分析表明,冻土初始变形行为对围压敏感,数据离散性大,在工程计算中选取0.5倍强度处对应的割线变形指标在数据上更为稳定、可靠.     

冻结盐渍砂土单轴强度特性研究

通过对兰州盐渍砂土重塑土添加不同量的盐分来模拟不同含盐量的盐渍土, 并对其进行单轴抗压试验, 分析其在不同含盐量、不同温度及不同速率的应变加载情况下, 冻结盐渍砂土的单轴抗压强度的变化规律, 重点讨论了盐分对土体力学参数的影响以及弹性模量与含盐量、温度的关系. 结果表明: 易溶盐含量的增加会导致单轴抗压强度逐渐降低, 试验温度越低抗压强度会越大; 应变加载速率的增加会增大土体的单轴抗压强度, 同时会缩短土体达到应力峰值的时间; 土体含盐量越大弹性模量越小, 温度越低弹性模量越大.     

冻结粉土强度准则探讨

冻土的强度随围压的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,通过修正子午面内q-p曲线的斜率M*来探讨冻土强度变化规律。基于摩尔圆和包络线定理,推导了冻土内摩擦角随平均正应力的变化规律。假定偏应力的大小采用Mohr-Coulomb和Von-Mises强度准则的组合形式表示,将内摩擦角引入到偏平面中获得了偏平面内的强度准则。在不同温度（-6、-10、-15 ℃）和0.3～15.0 MPa围压下对冻结粉土进行了一系列低温三轴压缩试验,根据试验结果确定了子午面和偏平面的相关强度参数。结果表明：（1）子午面内的强度准则能较好模拟冻土在低围压下的强化效应和高围压下的弱化效应;（2）内摩擦角随平均正应力增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;（3）随控制参数s的增加,在偏平面内偏应力由Mohr-Coulomb包络线逐渐向Von-Mises包络线转化,其形状大小与极限强度值呈一一对应关系。最后通过试验结果与已有的强度准则对比表明：修正的强度准则具有一定的适用性。     

On the strength of transversely isotropic rocks

Accurate prediction of strength in rocks with distinct bedding planes requires knowledge of the bedding plane orientation relative to the load direction. Thermal softening adds complexity to the problem since it is known to have significant influence on the strength and strain localization properties of rocks. In this paper, we use a recently proposed thermoplastic constitutive model appropriate for rocks exhibiting transverse isotropy in both the elastic and plastic responses to predict their strength and strain localization properties. Recognizing that laboratory‐derived strengths can be influenced by material and geometric inhomogeneities of the rock samples, we consider both stress‐point and boundary‐value problem simulations of rock strength behavior. Both plane strain and 3D loading conditions are considered. Results of the simulations of the strength of a natural Tournemire shale and a synthetic transversely isotropic rock suggest that the mechanical model can reproduce the general U‐shaped variation of rock strength with bedding plane orientation quite well. We show that this variation could depend on many factors, including the stress loading condition (plane strain versus 3D), degree of anisotropy, temperature, shear‐induced dilation versus shear‐induced compaction, specimen imperfections, and boundary restraints.     

Research status and prospect of tensile strength of frozen soil北大核心CSCD

A comprehensive grasp of the research status of tensile strength of frozen soil is the basis for further research. Firstly,the typical methods that can be used to test the tensile strength of frozen soil are introduced,and the test conditions,sample forms and stress mechanism of different test methods are described in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of typical tensile strength test methods are compared and listed. Secondly,the research work and shortcomings based on different test methods are summarized. Then,the latest research progress of the influence of temperature,water content,loading（deformation）rate,soil quality and sample size on the change law of frozen soil tensile strength is comprehensively analyzed. Finally,it is proposed to develop and improve the research method and system of frozen soil tensile strength,and increase the testing research of warm frozen soil tensile strength,so as to obtain the prospect of more accurately simulating the tensile failure behavior of frozen soil. It is pointed out that the internal cause of the formation of the tensile strength and the tensile failure mechanism of frozen soil should be thoroughly revealed by combining the research methods of microstructure and digital image technology of frozen soil. Based on the multi-factor test,a more perfect prediction method of frozen soil tensile strength is explored. Meanwhile,expand the in-situ test research on the tensile strength of frozen soil,and strengthen the parallel research ideas of indoor and outdoor double tracks. Through the analysis of the research status and development trend at home and abroad,it provides reference and guidance for the experimental study of frozen soil tensile strength,the improvement of theoretical model of frost heave,geotechnical engineering design in cold regions and artificial freezing reinforcement engineering. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

冻土动力学参数研究的成果综述与展望

通过对前人的试验成果进行整理, 得到冻土动力学参数随温度、频率、应变幅、含水量和围压等因素的整体变化规律. 整体上看, 冻土的动弹性模量和动剪切模量随温度的降低而增大、随荷载振动频率的增加而增大、随动应变幅的增加而减小、随含水量的增加先增大后减小、随围压的增加而增大; 冻土的泊松比随温度的降低而增大; 冻土的阻尼比随温度的降低而减小, 随频率、应变幅、含水量、围压的变化规律性不强. 通过对试验条件和数值模拟时的实际工况对比分析, 给出如下建议: 动弹性模量和动剪切模量的预估适合用两段式线性模型, -5℃可以作为两段式的分界点; 列车荷载作用下冻土的动力响应属于小应变幅的振动, 冻土动力学参数应选择波速法的试验结果.     

纳米硅对冻结黏性砂土强度影响试验研究

对加入1%纳米硅的黏性砂土进行温度-2℃、围压0.3~18 MPa的常规三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：掺入纳米硅的冻结黏性砂土强度明显提高,在σ₃=3 MPa时强度提高甚至达到130%。将强度随围压的变化分成三个阶段：强化阶段,压融阶段,残余阶段。试验应力-应变曲线具有应变软化特性,修正的Duncan-Chang双曲线模型与其吻合良好。通过对修正的Duncan-Chang双曲线模型进行微分,分析得到初始切线模量随围压的变化可分成强化、压融和残余三个阶段。     

冻土与结构接触面冻结强度研究现状与展望

全面掌握冻土与结构接触面冻结强度研究进展,是进一步深入开展冻土与结构接触面冻结强度研究的前提。首先,从接触面冻结强度定义、接触面冻结强度剪切试验仪器研发、动静荷载作用下接触面冻结强度试验、接触面冻结强度数值模拟等多个角度系统归纳接触面冻结强度方面的最新研究成果。其次,通过对比不同接触面冻结强度剪切仪,指出现有试验仪器的不足,提出接触面冻结强度成因及破坏机理缺乏深入揭示的原因,讨论现有冻土与结构接触面单元模型、接触面冻结强度预测方法等方面存在的问题。最后,提出研发改进冻土接触面冻结强度试验仪器以更好模拟实际工况的展望,指出应当运用冻土微观结构研究手段深入揭示接触面冻结强度成因及破坏机理,建议结合试验和理论推导构建更为合理的冻土与结构接触面单元模型,阐述以多影响因素试验为基础探寻更为完善的接触面冻结强度预测方法。通过国内外研究现状、存在问题及其发展趋势分析,为冻土与结构接触面冻结强度研究以及冻土区地下工程设计和隧道工程人工冻结加固等方面提供参考和指导。