日冕物质抛射

评述了近几年来冕物抛射研究的新进展,包括Ｙｏｈｋｏｈ、ＳＯＨＯ、ＷＩＮＤ、Ｕｌｙｓｓｅｓ、Ｇｅｏｔａｉｌ和ＰＯＬＡＲ等飞船最近取得的观测结果,并由典型事件探计日冕物质抛射与太阳活动、行星际扰动和地球空间环境变化之间的关系。进而介绍日冕物质抛射形成机制和传播过程的主要理论模型和数值模拟结果,提出今后日冕物质抛射研究中一些值得注意的问题。     

基于Faster R-CNN的日冕物质抛射检测方法

日冕物质抛射(Coronal Mass Ejection,CME)是一种强烈的太阳爆发现象,对空间天气和人类生活有巨大的影响,因此,日冕物质抛射检测对预报日冕物质抛射、保障人类的生产生活安全具有重要意义。现有的日冕物质抛射检测多采用人为定义特征和界定阈值等方法。由于人为定义特征不能准确表征日冕物质抛射且具有普适性的阈值难于选择,现有的方法对日冕物质抛射的检测效果有待提高。提出一种基于Faster R-CNN(Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks)的日冕物质抛射检测算法。该方法首先结合CDAW(Coordinated Data Analysis Workshop Data Center),SEEDS(Solar Eruptive Even Detection System)和CACTus(Computer Aoded CME Tracking software package)3个著名的日冕物质抛射目录信息,人工标注了包含9113幅日冕图像的数据集,然后根据日冕物质抛射的图像特征较自然图像少、目标尺寸与自然图像有差异等特点,在特征提取和锚点选择方面对Faster R-CNN进行改进。以2007年6月的日冕物质抛射标注数据为测试集,本文算法检出了全部22个强日冕物质抛射事件和151个弱日冕物质抛射事件中的138个,对日冕物质抛射事件的中心角和角宽度等特征参数的检测误差分别在5°和10°以内。     

对地日冕物质抛射研究

日冕物质抛射，作为太阳大气中频繁发生的极为壮观的活动现象，越来越受到太阳物理学家的关注。其中一类特殊的抛射事件－－对地日冕物质抛射，通常与大的地磁暴、行星际激波和高能粒子事件相伴生，具有强烈的地球物理效应，是影响空间天气的主要因素之一。概括了对地日冕物质抛射的研究现状，重点介绍了与对土日冕物质抛射事件相联系的光球向量磁场演化的观测研究成果，并由典型事件探讨了暗条爆发、耀五等剧烈太阳活动和对地日冕物质抛射之间的密切关系，提出了尚待解决的主要问题和进一步的研究方向。     

日冕物质抛射的偏转特性研究

日冕物质抛射(CME)是巨大的、携带磁力线的泡沫状气体,在几个小时中被从太阳抛射出来的过程。日冕物质抛射伴随着大量带电粒子和辐射的释放,这些物质进入日地空间,对日地空间的磁场造成很大扰动;当它们传播到地球附近时,则严重影响地球的磁场,产生磁暴,也对空间和地面的电子设备造成干扰。日冕物质抛射在传播过程中如果发生偏转,将影响它对地有效性。因此研究日冕物质抛射的偏转特性,对预报日冕物质抛射对日地空间的影响具有重要意义。主要利用2007年10月8日STEREO卫星的日冕物质抛射观测资料,结合全日面线性无力场模型(Global Linear Force-Free Field,GLFFF)进行磁场外推,分析日冕物质抛射偏转与背景磁场能量密度分布之间的关系,并计算日冕物质抛射的运动轨迹。通过改变无力因子α,发现当α=0.15时,计算得到的日冕物质抛射运动轨迹与实际观测的日冕物质抛射运动轨迹拟合得最好。     

一个引人注目的CME事件与共生现象的分析研究

根据1991年6月15日发生的微波、分米波、米波、十米波等波段内射电爆发以及质子事件、地磁暴等进行了分析研究,认为产生各种物理过程的有效机制和动因是日冕物质抛射而非太阳耀斑。     

日冕物质抛射检测研究进展

日冕物质抛射是一种规模巨大、程度剧烈的爆发现象,是影响地球的主要太阳爆发活动。由于这种爆发现象对地球环境造成严重干扰,因此,日冕物质抛射的探测对预报灾害性空间天气具有重要意义。为了更清楚地梳理目前存在的日冕物质抛射检测方法,对典型的方法进行分析总结。首先,介绍日冕物质抛射及其特征;然后,从基于手工方法和自动检测方法两方面对日冕物质抛射检测进行概述和分析;最后,讨论目前算法存在的一些问题,进而提出未来的研究方向。     

太阳风扰动传输模式研究进展

随着观测手段、理论模型和数值方法的发展,人们对各种太阳风扰动如日冕物质抛射,以及相关的空间天气效应的认识和理解越来越深入。为获取行星际背景磁场、背景太阳风参数和日冕物质抛射、激波等太阳风扰动的传播参数,人们建立发展了各种模式;在这些获取的参数基础上,建立了各种太阳风扰动的传播模式,从而为空间天气预报提供了必要的经验和理论模型支持。根据这些模式所研究和描述物理量的不同,将这些参数获取模式和传播预报模式分为背景磁场获取模式、背景太阳风参数获取模式、日冕物质抛射传播参数获取模式、日冕物质抛射偏转模式、日冕物质抛射(激波)传播模式以及基于三维磁流体力学的数值模拟方法,并分别概述性地总结了各种模式的特点及其用途。     

一个引人注目的CME事件与共生现象的分析研究

根据1991年6月15日发生的微波、分米波、米波、十米波等波段内射电爆发以及质子事件，地磁暴等进行了分析研究，认为产生各种物理过程的有效机制和动因是日冕物质抛射而非太阳耀斑。     

爆发日珥与日冕物质抛射的观测研究

本文比较了1982年2月9日同时观测到的两个爆发日珥及一次白光日冕物质抛射事件。比较表明,在研究日冕物质抛射事件与爆发日珥的关系时,爆发日珥的形状可能是一个重要的因素,它体现了局部区域磁场结构的变化。作者提出了一种可能的磁场结构模型,对观测结果给以解释。     

日冕磁场重建方法在研究太阳爆发活动中的应用

太阳是与地球关系最为密切的天体.发生在日面上的剧烈爆发性活动可能对人类的生存环境产生巨大影响甚至是灾难性后果.包含太阳耀斑、暗条爆发和日冕物质抛射在内的太阳爆发活动是同一物理过程的不同表现形式,其能量来源于爆发前储存在日冕中的磁场自由能.因此,了解日冕磁场的3维结构是理解太阳爆发的触发机制以及活动区的稳定性等现象的前提.由于观测技术限制,目前尚无法对日冕磁场进行常规观测,因此发展了多种利用可常规观测的光球磁场来重建日冕磁场的方法.主要评述近10 yr来各种日冕磁场重建方法在研究太阳爆发活动中的应用.     

Observing the reconnection region in a transequatorial loop system

A vertical current sheet is a crucial element in many flare/coronal mass ejection (CME) models. For the first time, Liu et al. reported a vertical current sheet directly imaged during the flare rising phase with the EUV Imaging Telescope (EIT) onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). As a follow-up study, here we present the comprehensive analysis and detailed physical interpretation of the observation. The current sheet formed due to the gradual rise of a transequatorial loop system. As the l...     

Multiscale Edge Detection in the Corona

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are challenging objects to detect using automated techniques, due to their high velocity and diffuse, irregular morphology. A necessary step to automating the detection process is to first remove the subjectivity introduced by the observer used in the current, standard, CME detection and tracking method. Here we describe and demonstrate a multiscale edge detection technique that addresses this step and could serve as one part of an automated CME detection system. This method provides a way to objectively define a CME front with associated error estimates. These fronts can then be used to extract CME morphology and kinematics. We apply this technique to a CME observed on 18 April 2000 by the Large Angle Solar COronagraph experiment (LASCO) C2/C3 and a CME observed on 21 April 2002 by LASCO C2/C3 and the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE). For the two examples in this work, the heights determined by the standard manual method are larger than those determined with the multiscale method by ≈10% using LASCO data and ≈20% using TRACE data.     

Common characteristics of CMEs and BLOBs: a new view of their possible origin

An analysis of the LASCO/SOHO data has shown that blobs are similar, in their basic characteristics, to CMEs, having a relatively small size and relatively low velocities. The formation of blobs and CMEs is usually accompanied by the process where a separate ray (or rays) of the streamer belt becomes occupied by additional anti-sunward traveling plasma of increased density. Generally the size of a CME in the plane of the streamer belt can exceed the CME size in the direction normal to the belt. Conceivably the formation mechanism of CMEs and their energetics might be associated with the energy of additional anti-sunward traveling plasma. This should be taken into account when constructing theoretical models of CMEs.     

日冕物质抛射的观测性质

综述日冕物质抛射的观测和持性，简短的前言之后，给出ＣＭＥ的发现经过及统计特性，着重介绍ＣＭＥ与其他种类太阳活动的相关。然后介绍ＣＭＥ的一般特性，包括可能与ＣＭＥ相关的一些物理过程的观测特性。初步结论是：ＣＭＥ是一种演变中的磁结构现象。     

A Statistical Study on the Filament Eruption Caused by New Emerging Flux

Observations indicated that solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are closely asociated with reconnection-favored new flux emergence. By means of numerial simulations, a physical model of the emerging flux trigger mechanism for CMEs is proposed and explained well the observational results. Based upon this model, leaving the gravity and heat conduction out of consideration, the theoretical results of 2.5 dimensional numerical simulations indicate that whether a CME can be triggered depends on both the amount and the location of an emerging flux, besides its polarity orientation. Furthermore, the eruption and non-eruption regimes are presented in parameter space. By use of 15 filament eruption events in 2002 and 2003 and 44 non-eruption events in 2002, the results of a statistical study on the properties of emerging flux including its polarity orientation, its location and the amount of flux show that not all the emerging flux can make a filament to lose equilibrium and trigger the onset of a CME, The statistic results basically support the theoretical results of numerical simulations. This research provides useful information for the space weather forecast.     

A New Model for Propagating Parts of EIT Waves: A Current Shell in a CME

EIT waves are observed in EUV as bright fronts. Some of these bright fronts propagate across the solar disk. EIT waves are all associated with a flare and a CME and are commonly interpreted as fast-mode magnetosonic waves. Propagating EIT waves could also be the direct signature of the gradual opening of magnetic field lines during a CME. We quantitatively addressed this alternative interpretation. Using two independent 3D MHD codes, we performed nondimensional numerical simulations of a slowly rotating magnetic bipole, which progressively result in the formation of a twisted magnetic flux tube and its fast expansion, as during a CME. We analyse the origins, the development, and the observability in EUV of the narrow electric currents sheets that appear in the simulations. Both codes give similar results, which we confront with two well-known SOHO/EIT observations of propagating EIT waves (7 April and 12 May 1997), by scaling the vertical magnetic field components of the simulated bipole to the line of sight magnetic field observed by SOHO/MDI and the sign of helicity to the orientation of the soft X-ray sigmoids observed by Yohkoh/SXT. A large-scale and narrow current shell appears around the twisted flux tube in the dynamic phase of its expansion. This current shell is formed by the return currents of the system, which separate the twisted flux tube from the surrounding fields. It intensifies as the flux tube accelerates and it is co-spatial with weak plasma compression. The current density integrated over the altitude has the shape of an ellipse, which expands and rotates when viewed from above, reproducing the generic properties of propagating EIT waves. The timing, orientation, and location of bright and faint patches observed in the two EIT waves are remarkably well reproduced. We conjecture that propagating EIT waves are the observational signature of Joule heating in electric current shells, which separate expanding flux tubes from their surrounding fields during CMEs or plasma compression inside this current shell. We also conjecture that the bright edges of halo CMEs show the plasma compression in these current shells.     

基于机器学习的日冕仪图像分类方法研究

日冕物质抛射(Coronal Mass Ejection, CME)的检测是建立CME事件库和实现对CME在行星际传播的预报的重要前提. 通过Visual Geometry Group (VGG) 16卷积神经网络方法对日冕仪图像进行自动分类. 基于大角度光谱日冕仪(Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph Experiment, LASCO) C2的白光日冕仪图像, 根据是否观测到CME对图像进行标记. 将标记分类的数据集用于VGG模型的训练, 该模型在测试集分类的准确率达到92.5%. 根据检测得到的标签结果, 结合时空连续性规则, 消除了误判区域, 有效分类出CME图像序列. 与Coordinated Data Analysis Workshops (CDAW)人工事件库比较, 分类出的CME图像序列能够较完整地包含CME事件, 且对弱CME结构有较高的检测灵敏度. 未来先进天基太阳天文台(Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory, ASO-S)卫星的莱曼阿尔法太阳望远镜将搭载有白光日冕仪(Solar Corona Imager, SCI), 使用此分类方法将该仪器产生的日冕图像按有无CME分类. 含CME标签的图像将推送给中国的各空间天气预报中心, 对CME进行预警.     

Evolution of morphological features of CMEs deduced from catastrophe model of solar eruptions

We describe the evolution of morphological features of the magnetic configuration of CME according to the catastrophe model developed previously. For the parameters chosen for the present work, roughly half of the total mass is nominally contained in the initial flux rope, while the remaining plasma is brought by magnetic reconnection from the corona into the current sheet and from there into the CME bubble. The physical attributes of the difference in the observable features between CME bubble and flare loop system were studied. We tentatively identified distinguishable evolutionary features like the outer shell, the expanding bubble and the flux rope with the leading edge, void and core of the 3-component CME structure. The role of magnetic reconnection is discussed as a possible mechanism for the heating of the prominence material during eruptions. Several aspects of this explanation that need improvement are outlined.     

Velocity Distribution of CMEs After Projection Correction

The observed CME (coronal mass ejection) is its projection on the sky plane, and this leads to certain discrepancies between the observational and true parameters of the CME. For example, the observed velocity is generally smaller than the true velocity. The method of making projection correction for the CME velocity based on the conical model is utilized to analyze the velocity distributions of the 1691 CMEs which are only correlated to flares (called the class FL CMEs for short) and the 610 CMEs which are only correlated to filament eruptions (called the class FE CMEs for short) before and after the projection correction. These CMEs were observed with the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronograph on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory from September 1996 to September 2007 (close to a solar cycle). The obtained results are as follows: (1) before and after the projection correction the velocity distribution of FL CMEs is quite similar to that of FE CMEs, and before and after the projection correction the mean velocities of the two classes of CMEs are almost the same; (2) before and after the projection correction, the natural logarithm distribution of the FL CME velocities is also very similar to that of the FE CME velocities.