三峡库区岸坡消落带岩体劣化分形特征与演化预测研究

三峡库区岸坡岩体劣化的关键在于岩体节理的持续扩展。本文采用分形理论对消落带上下岸坡测窗岩体劣化程度、劣化破碎相变时间及发展趋势进行了分析。研究表明：岩体节理劣化分布具有分形属性,可将缺项值Λ(r)曲线陡缓转折点视为REV(表征单元)岩体尺寸下限;整体来看,劣化使得岩体节理生长向更加均匀、密布的趋势发展,呈现升维特征;进一步利用节理升维值ΔDb建立了劣化程度分级标准,升维值ΔDb与面积节理数增量ΔJov、地质强度指标变化值ΔGSI满足指数函数关系;最后探讨并提出了2种节理分维数劣化演变模式,采用岩体劣化破碎相变时间计算式可进行相应的演化预测分析,且岩体劣化破碎相变时间预测是基于割线的估计。由于分维数Db具有较高的统计稳定性,能够满足工程应用需求。研究成果为库区岸坡劣化程度调查以及劣化演化预测提供了新的方法。     

节理粗糙度对岩块体积的影响规律研究

岩体结构直接控制着岩体力学、水力学特性,岩块体积分布规律可直接反映岩体结构特征。目前研究多将节理面简化为平面,忽略了粗糙度对岩块体积的影响。利用Hurst指数H和高度均方根R_q表征节理粗糙度,研究了节理粗糙度对岩块数量和体积分布规律的影响。结果表明：(1)H、R_q控制节理的粗糙起伏形态,粗糙度随着R_q的增大而增大、随着H的增大而减小;(2)块体的数量总体上与节理粗糙度正相关,即随着粗糙度的增大而增加;(3)R_q和H对岩块体积分布的影响,主要通过改变小体积块体所占比例实现,块体的平均体积和中位体积随着粗糙度的增大而减小;(4)当节理正交且间距相近时,块体数量随粗糙度的变化可以分为3个阶段,即稳定阶段、初始增长阶段和快速增长阶段,R_q和H共同控制着各区间的相对分布范围。最后,基于摄影测量采集的数据建立了岩体节理模型,对大连某公路边坡的岩块体积分布进行了研究,验证了上述结论的准确性。     

分形节理岩体强度与变形尺度效应的试验研究

根据强度与变形尺度效应的研究需要,试验研究了脆性岩石相似模拟材料的配比,提出了预置材料产生模拟节理的方法,解决了随机分布节理试件的制作问题。采用分形分布节理模拟材料试件,研究了脆性岩体轴向抗压强度与变形的尺度效应,获得的规律与实际岩体尺度效应规律一致,并发现岩体变形的尺度效应并非完全由节理闭合和剪切破坏引起,在节理剪切破坏之前,主要是由节理的剪切变形增大引起的。     

基于分形几何理论的DFN模型构建方法研究

以重庆梁-忠（梁平县-忠县）高速公路礼让隧道为工程研究背景,通过测线法调查现场节理,获得了节理产状分布概率密度函数,并从分形几何学的角度分析了节理间距及迹长的分形分布规律,推导出能反映节理间距及迹长分布状态的分形维数D及分形分布概率密度函数。在该基础上采用Matlab软件以及Monte-Carlo随机分析方法,产生节理参数随机数,结合3DEC中最新模块离散裂隙网络(DFN)技术,建立了能反映节理裂隙分布特征的离散裂隙网络模型并验证了模型的有效性,结果表明,分形分布比负指数分布包含更多的间距、迹长分布信息,更接近于实际分布;分形维数D反映了节理间距、迹长在其变化范围内的分布特征,分形维数的大小取决于小间距、小迹长部分数量在总节理数量中的比例,为节理裂隙岩体网络模型构建提供了一种新方法。     

隧道围岩超欠挖与节理和洞轴线之间的关系

从分形几何角度分析,隧道围岩超欠挖具有自相似性,对于一定洞径的隧道,隧道围岩超欠挖曲线分形维数是岩体结构和洞轴线的函数。对于主要发育一组陡倾节理的情况研究表明,隧道围岩超欠挖曲线分形维数与节理间距呈双对数线性关系,与节理走向和洞轴线的夹角呈双对数线性关系,并建立了它们之间的多元关系。     

基于分形理论的岩体工程分类初探

介绍了岩体工程分类的研究现状及发展趋势，指出岩体质量的决定因素是岩体的坚硬程度及完整程度，各种结构面的存在使岩体的坚硬程度及完整程度降低，研究表明，岩体结构面的分布具有很的分形现象，在此基础上，重点论述了岩体工程分类的分形方法。     

岩体节理表在几何特性描述

岩体节理表面几何特征对岩体变形,刚度,剪切强度和水渗导性有重要影响,一般用节理粗糙度系数,节理吻合系来描述,本文用节理表面分维来描述节理表面形态的复杂性,为节理表面几何特描述提供了一个新的方法。     

非均质共面断续节理岩体拉伸剪切破裂机制研究

工程开挖面附近卸荷扰动区的岩体,受结构面和拉应力共同影响作用,其变形和破坏具有拉剪复合特征。为研究节理岩体的拉剪力学特性,基于颗粒离散元法针对共面断续节理岩体开展了系列数值模拟研究。通过假设粒间接触的力学参数服从Weibull分布表征岩体的非均质性,探讨了非均质性、均质度、法向拉应力和节理连通率对节理岩体拉剪强度和破坏模式的影响。研究表明:拉剪应力条件下非均质性节理岩体主要沿阶梯型破裂面破坏,剪应力-水平位移曲线可以分为线性变形阶段、非线性变形阶段、峰值及峰后阶段;随均质度提高,节理岩体的剪切强度逐渐增加且提升幅度逐渐减弱,趋于均质岩体,岩体中微裂纹由弥散型分布向破裂面集中;节理岩体峰值剪切强度和法向拉应力的大小呈非线性负相关关系;岩体剪切强度随节理连通率增加而显著降低。     

节理岩体单孔抽注水渗流研究

为了研究工程中在节理岩体内抽水和注水的渗流问题,通过应用UDEC建立单孔抽注水离散元模型进行数值模拟,对比分析不同水位边界条件、不同抽注水速率下的流体的流速和流向等流动状态及孔隙压力分布与变化曲线.表明流体的流动状态和孔隙压力分布受边界水位和抽注水速率直接影响,UDEC进行节理岩体抽注水渗流研究是可行的.     

节理岩体分形描述

研究了岩体节理产状、迹长、间距和节理数目对岩体节理网络分维的影响和节理几何参数的分维特征。结果表明,随节理发育方向、迹长、间距和节理数目的变化,岩体节理网络分维发生变化,节理间距和迹长的空间分布具有较好的分维特性,岩体节理网络分维可以作为岩体节理几何特征的定量描述指标。     

岩石结构面几何特征的分形与分维

本文引用B.B.Mandelbrot创立的分形几何学这一新理论及其思维方法,对岩石结构面的几何特征,包括规模、隙宽、密度和粗糙度进行分形分析。结果表明,在10~7级范围内,结构面几何特征呈现出很强的自相似性,其分数维分别为0.8272、0.8173和2.1385;粗糙度JRC则由分数维方便地定量地表征。这一客观规律的揭示,对各种尺度结构面几何特征、渗透路线的形态和流速趋势的确定具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。     

On the role of joint roughness on the micromechanics of rock fracturing process: a numerical study

The deformation process and failure mechanism of rock mass with increased joint roughness subjected to unconfined compression are investigated in this study using discrete element method. A numerical model is developed using soft-bonded particle and validated to realistically replicate the mechanical response of the rock mass. The micro-parameters of the rock material are first determined, and the effects of the joint roughness on the macromechanical response and fracture growth mechanism are then investigated. Analyses are also performed to examine the tensile and shear crack distributions, acoustic emission (AE) characteristics, coordination number, and crack anisotropy to advance the current understanding of the role of joint roughness on the mechanical behavior and deformability of rock mass. The results show that strength and deformability of the jointed rocks are highly dependent on the joint orientation and roughness. Joint roughness is found to restrain the propagation and coalescence of microcracks and AE events from the interlocking of asperities. In addition, the spatial distribution of the contact forces allows for better understanding of the effect of joint inclination angle on the response of the investigated rock samples.

     

岩石结构面粗糙度系数尺寸效应的推拉试验研究

粗糙度系数是结构面抗剪强度的主要影响因素,然而由于结构面表面形态的复杂性,粗糙度系数尺寸效应研究并未获得较大进展。总结了结构面粗糙度系数的3种获取手段：标准剖面对比法、理论公式法、试验反分析法。在此基础上分析了3种方法在研究粗糙度系数尺寸效应方面存在的问题和困难。为了研究结构面粗糙度系数与试样尺寸的相关度,对中砂、硅粉、水泥、非引气型萘系减水剂等原材料的配比进行了研究,获得了与天然钙质板岩物理力学特性相类似的岩石模型材料,然后采用研发的结构面制作模具及其制备工艺制作了8组共176对具有不同尺寸和表面起伏粗糙程度的结构面,并利用改进的高精度岩石结构面推拉仪对结构面粗糙度系数进行了推拉试验研究和数据统计分析,结果表明：模型结构面粗糙度系数的统计均值随试样尺寸的增加而降低,但特定结构面粗糙度系数的尺寸效应规律需要根据结构面的具体表面形貌进行测试;Barton理论公式计算的结构面粗糙度系数尺寸效应变化规律与推拉试验测试规律总体上一致,但试验值与理论值有差异,且结构面试样尺寸越小,二者的差异就越大;具有特定表面形貌的模型结构面粗糙度系数也有差异,工程大尺寸岩体结构面粗糙度系数需要根据表面形貌和分布特征进行综合判定。     

基于PCA法和Fisher判别分析法的岩体质量等级分类

岩体质量等级分类在实际的工程中有着很重要的作用。基于主成分分析（PCA）法和与Fisher判别分析法相结合建立岩体质量等级判别模型,选取单轴抗压强度、岩体体积节理数、声波纵波速度、节理面风化变异系数、节理面粗糙度系数和透水性系数6种指标作为岩体质量分级判别的判别因子。以永平铜矿露天矿区工程岩体特征资料中的20个样本为训练样本,10个为待判样本,对该模型进行检验和应用,并与传统的RMR法、Fisher判别分析模型的结果进行比较,相应正确率分别为87%、70%、77%,判断结果表明利用主成分分析法和Fisher判别分析法建立的模型判别能力更高。     

Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support

SummaryEngineering Classification of Rock Masses for the Design of Tunnel Support An analysis of some 200 tunnel case records has revealed a useful correlation between the amount and type of permanent support and the rock mass qualityQ, with respect to tunnel stability. The numerical value ofQ ranges from 0.001 (for exceptionally poor quality squeezing-ground) up to 1000 (for exceptionally good quality rock which is practically unjointed). The rock mass qualityQ is a function of six parameters, each of which has a rating of importance, which can be estimated from surface mapping and can be updated during subsequent excavation. The six parameters are as follows; theRQD index, the number of joint sets, the roughness of the weakest joints, the degree of alteration or filling along the weakest joints, and two further parameters which account for the rock load and water inflow. In combination these parameters represent the rock block-size, the interblock shear strength, and the active stress. The proposed classification is illustrated by means of field examples and selected case records.Detailed analysis of the rock mass quality and corresponding support practice has shown that suitable permanent support can be estimated for the whole spectrum of rock qualities. This estimate is based on the rock mass quality Q, the support pressure, and the dimensions and purpose of the excavation. The support pressure appears to be a function ofQ, the joint roughness, and the number of joint sets. The latter two determine the dilatency and the degree of freedom of the rock mass.Detailed recommendations for support measures include various combinations of shotcrete, bolting, and cast concrete arches together with the appropriate bolt spacings and lengths, and the requisite thickness of shotcrete or concrete. The boundary between self supporting tunnels and those requiring some form of permanent support can be determined from the rock mass qualityQ. With 8 Figures     

Visualization of rock mass classification systems

A rock mass classification system is intended to classify and characterize the rock masses, provide a basis for estimating deformation and strength properties, supply quantitative data for mine support estimation, and present a platform for communication between exploration, design and construction groups. In most widely used rock mass classification systems, such as RMR and Q systems, up to six parameters are employed to classify the rock mass. Visualization of rock mass classification systems in multi-dimensional spaces is explored to assist engineers in identifying major controlling parameters in these rock mass classification systems. Different visualization methods are used to visualize the most widely used rock mass classification systems. The study reveals that all major rock mass classification systems tackle essentially two dominant factors in their scheme, i.e., block size and joint surface condition. Other sub-parameters, such as joint set number, joint space, joint surface roughness, alteration, etc., control these two dominant factors. A series two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and multi-dimensional visualizations are created for RMR, Q, Rock Mass index RMi and Geological Strength Index (GSI) systems using different techniques. In this manner, valuable insight into these rock mass classification systems is gained.     

岩土体变形的耗散结构认识

2 0世纪 70年代新三论的崛起 ,即耗散结构、突变理论和协同论以及分形几何学、混沌等理论的问世 ,对传统的科学思维带来了强大的冲击。将耗散结构论应用于岩土体变形研究 ;工程岩土体的变形问题是巨型的复杂系统 ,变形岩土体是一种非平衡态有序结构 ,岩土体的变形是不可逆的过程 ,岩土体系统内部各个子系统之间的作用是非线性的 ,自然界的触发因素 (涨落 )对岩土体的变形影响是显著的。由此建立了岩土体变形耗散结构动力学模型     

Fractal analysis of the roughness and size distribution of granular materials

The roughness, i.e. general shape and surface irregularity, of particulate soil is an important characteristic that affects the mass behavior of the soil. Characterization of roughness has typically been limited to visual comparison of particles to standard charts, although other more quantitative methods such as Fourier analysis have also been used. Particle size distribution is another important mass-behavioral characteristic of granular soils, and similar to roughness, is defined within limited boundaries. Fractal geometry can be applied to irregular or fragmented patterns such as roughness and grain size distribution to provide quantifying and unique numerical values. This paper presents an evaluation of the applicability of fractal dimensioning techniques to the quantification of both physical particle roughness and grain size distribution of granular soil. The divider and the area-perimeter fractal dimensioning techniques are used to quantify roughness of planar profiles of individual sand grains. The characterization of the size distribution of granular material using fractal geometry is evaluated through Korcak's fragmentation theory. As shown herein, both the divider and the area-perimeter fractal dimensioning techniques are useful in characterizing soil particle roughness, and the results confirm the importance of differentiating between textural and structural aspects of roughness. Fractal geometry can also be used to quantify the size distribution of granular soils with relatively well-graded size distributions.