The relations between land use and karst rocky desertification in a typical karst area,China

Karst rocky desertification (KRD) is one major type of desertification which is under irrational human impact on the vulnerable eco-geo-environment. In this study, Zhudong fengcong rocky desertification landscape was selected to investigate the land use types distribution law in different rock types and the KRD land in different land use types. KRD data was determined by user–computer interactive interpreting method from Aster images in 2004, according to the exposed ratio of rock, the coverage of vegetation and soil in 0.2 km² unit, integrating with land utilizing present situation map, hydrogeology map, relief map, vegetation map, soil distribution map, as well as the practical investigation and the population census datum in 2002. Results showed that the occurrence ratio of KRD land is different in land use types and rocky assemblages obviously; land cover has a strong impact upon KRD. The sloping cropland distributed in homogenous limestone has a higher occurrence ratio of light KRD, secondly, is in the limestone interbedded with clastic rock. Light KRD land was dominated by shrubland, and sloping cropland accounts for 11.67% of it, moderate KRD land was dominated by moderate coverage grass slopes, strong and extremely strong KRD was dominated by rocky dry land which is difficult to use.     

西南喀斯特地区土壤退化过程与机理探讨

自1971年FAO提出“土壤退化”的概念并出版Land Degradation以来,土壤退化问题日益受到人们的关注。随着土壤退化及土壤质量下降对全球食物安全、环境质量及人畜健康影响的日益凸显,土壤退化的研究已成为全球环境变化研究的重要组成部分,尤其是土壤退化的发生过程、机理和演变动态是目前土壤退化研究的前沿和热点问题。中国西南喀斯特山区位于世界三大连片喀斯特发育区之一的东亚片区中心,喀斯特地貌广泛发育,地形条件复杂,生态环境脆弱,土壤侵蚀退化严重。结合西南喀斯特地区的地质地理背景、生态环境特性从生物、化学、物理等角度对西南喀斯特地区土壤退化的过程与机理进行了分析和探讨。西南喀斯特地区的环境脆弱性只是土壤严重侵蚀退化的前提或内因,日益尖锐的人地矛盾导致的植被破坏和退化才是喀斯特土壤侵蚀退化的关键驱动力。西南喀斯特山区土壤退化的过程即是土壤结构劣化、土壤质地和孔隙性变差、土壤水分性能退化、土壤贫瘠化的过程,以上各退化要素形成相互影响相互催化的正反馈循环,加剧土壤的迅速退化。其中,土壤水分和土壤肥力尤其是土壤水分是喀斯特地区土壤退化关键退化因子。     

喀斯特山区植被退化过程中的土壤质量变化及评价

为构建喀斯特山区土壤质量评价体系,通过对喀斯特山区植被退化过程中的小生境土壤进行调查,选用土面和石沟2种代表性小生境的土壤作为评价单元,用典范对应分析从29个指标中选出16个,通过因子分析法对土壤质量进行定量综合评价。结果表明：在喀斯特森林植被退化过程中,用土面和石沟2种小生境面积加权计算土壤质量综合分值,能更准确地反映植被退化过程中土壤质量的阶段性变化,具体可分为3个阶段,不同阶段之间土壤活性有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效锰、有效硫和脲酶活性出现显著降低,有效铁、蔗糖酶活性和粘粒含量出现显著增加。第Ⅰ阶段内（原生林-次生林）各土壤指标在样地间没有明显的差异;第Ⅱ阶段（灌木林）土壤活性有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效硫、脲酶活性和有效锰含量相对第Ⅰ阶段平均分别下降了33.73%、22.41%、57.66%、37.72%、44.59%、46.57%和12.52%;蔗糖酶活性及土壤粘粒含量平均分别增加了81.38%和47.69%;第Ⅲ阶段（灌草丛）土壤速效磷、脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性和有效锰含量相对第Ⅱ阶段平均分别下降了42.82%、44.42%、28.45%和20.55%,土壤有效铁、粘粒含量平均分别增加了56.40%、57.49%,该阶段的土壤速效磷、速效钾含量已处于缺乏的水平,土壤质量明显下降。     

Impact of land use change on groundwater quality in a typical karst watershed of southwest China: a case study of the Xiaojiang watershed,Yunnan Province

The impact of land-use change on the quality of groundwater in the Xiaotjiang watershed, China was assessed for the period 1982–2004. Groundwater samples were collected from 30 monitoring points across the watershed, and were representative of the various changes, determined by remote sensing and geographical information systems. The results indicate that 610 km² (60% of the total watershed area) were subject to land-use change during the period. The most important changes were the conversion of 135 km² of forested land to cultivated land, and 211 km² of unused land to cultivated land. The main impact was ascribed to diffuse pollution from fertilizers applied to newly cultivated land, and from building development. Overall the groundwater pH value was significantly increased, as were the concentrations of ions , , , , and Cl⁻ in groundwater whilst the concentrations of Ca²⁺ and declined. More precisely, in the regions where forested land and unused land were converted into cultivated land, the pH value and the concentrations of Mg²⁺, , , , , Cl⁻ increased whilst the concentrations of Ca²⁺ and declined. However in the region where cultivated land was converted into construction land, the pH value and the concentrations of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, , , , , , Cl⁻ increased.

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Résumé  L’impact des changements de l’utilisation du territoire sur la qualité de l’eau souterraine dans le bassin versant de Xiaojiang, en Chine, a été évalué de 1982 à 2004. Des échantillons d’eau souterraine ont été récoltés à partir de 30 points d’observation éparpillés sur le bassin, représentant les divers changements déterminés par télédétection et système d’information géographique. Les résultats indiquent que 610 km² (soit 60% de la surface du bassin) ont été sujets à des modifications de l’utilisation du territoire sur cette période. Les changements les plus importants furent la conversion de 135 km² de forêt et 211 km² de terres inutilisées en terres cultivées. Le principal impact est attribué à la pollution diffuse des engrais utilisés en agriculture et pour les batiments. De manière générale le pH de l’eau souterraine a augmenté significativement, ainsi que les concentrations des ions , , , , et Cl⁻, tandis que les concentration en Ca²⁺ et ont diminué. Plus précisément dans les régions transformées en terres cultivées, la valeur du pH et les concentrations en Mg²⁺, , , , , Cl⁻ ont augmenté tandis que les concentrations en Ca²⁺ et ont diminué. Toutefois dans les régions cultivées converties en zones de construction, le pH et les concentrations en Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, , , , , , Cl⁻ ont augmenté.

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Resumen  El impacto del cambio en uso de la tierra en la calidad del agua en la cuenca Xiaojiang, China fue evaluado para el periodo 1982–2004. Muestras de agua subterránea fueron tomadas de 30 puntos de monitoreo a través de la cuenca, y fueron representativas de los múltiples cambios, determinados por sensores remotos y sistemas de información geográfica. Los resultados indican que 610 km² (60% del área total de la cuenca) estaban sujetos a cambios de uso de la tierra durante el periodo estudiado. Los cambios más importantes fueron la conversión de 135 km² de bosques a tierra cultivada, y 211 km² de tierra sin uso (ociosa) a tierra cultivada. El impacto principal fue causado por contaminación difusa de fertilizantes aplicados a la tierra recientemente cultivada, y a desarrollo de construcciones. En general el pH en agua subterránea creció significantemente, al igual que las concentraciones de los iones , , , , y Cl⁻ en agua subterránea mientras que las concentraciones de Ca²⁺ y decrecieron. Mas precisamente, en las regiones donde bosque y tierra ociosa fueron convertidas en tierra cultivada, el valor de pH y las concentraciones de Mg²⁺, , , , , Cl⁻ crecieron mientras las concentraciones de Ca²⁺ y decrecieron. Sin embargo en la región donde tierra cultivada fue convertida en construcciones, el valor de pH y las concentraciones de Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, , , , , , Cl⁻ crecieron.

     

土地利用和覆被变化对岩溶区土壤CO2浓度的影响

通过选择3个具有不同地质背景、气候条件等环境特征的山西汾阳马跑-郭庄岩溶泉域、湖南湘西大龙洞地下河流域、广西桂江流域,对流域内具有代表性的不同土地利用方式和覆被类型下垫面土壤20~50cm深处CO2浓度进行检测。结果显示,土地利用方式和覆被变化对3个流域岩溶土壤中20cm、30cm、40cm和50cm深处CO2浓度具有明显的影响作用:湖南湘西大龙洞地下河流域多数样地土壤CO2表现为随土层的加深先增加后降低的双向梯度;山西马跑-郭庄泉域玉米地的土壤CO2浓度比种植马铃薯的高,且随着覆被条件由草地→灌丛→林地的改善,土壤的扰动性变小,CO2浓度差趋于减少,变幅趋于稳定。各个流域相同覆被类型,群落结构和优势种变化越小,土壤CO2浓度变幅越小。      

黔东南及邻区加里东运动的表现及地质意义

加里东运动对黔东南地区的沉积格局、岩浆活动、变形变质影响明显,形成了上古生界与下伏地层之间的不整合接触关系。广西罗城-龙胜、湖南通道地区是加里东运动的构造高位区,向西至黔东地区在平面上出现有规律的变化,表现为下伏地层分别为震旦系、寒武系、奥陶系和志留系;加里东运动之后泥盆纪早期的沉积反映出在构造高位区缺失沉积物,为剥蚀区,而在构造高位区的东、西两侧出现了泥盆纪早期的沉积,为坳陷区;接触界面的特征表现为从高角度不整合、低角度不整合至平行不整合;变形变质程度逐渐减弱,下古生界的变质程度从明显至不明显,从紧闭型阿尔卑斯式褶皱至开阔型阿尔卑斯式褶皱。同样,从广西罗城—龙胜向东也具有相同的变化趋势。反映该地区加里东运动的中心位置为广西罗城—龙胜、湖南通道一线,是该地区加里东期造山带的中心,在区域上可能向北东方向沿桃江、景德镇一线延伸,是南华裂谷海槽萎缩、消亡的具体体现。     

黔东南及邻区加里东运动的表现及地质意义

加里东运动对黔东南地区的沉积格局、岩浆活动、变形变质影响明显,形成了上古生界与下伏地层之间的不整合接触关系。广西罗城-龙胜、湖南通道地区是加里东运动的构造高位区,向西至黔东地区在平面上出现有规律的变化,表现为下伏地层分别为震旦系、寒武系、奥陶系和志留系;加里东运动之后泥盆纪早期的沉积反映出在构造高位区缺失沉积物,为剥蚀区,而在构造高位区的东、西两侧出现了泥盆纪早期的沉积,为坳陷区;接触界面的特征表现为从高角度不整合、低角度不整合至平行不整合;变形变质程度逐渐减弱,下古生界的变质程度从明显至不明显,从紧闭型阿尔卑斯式褶皱至开阔型阿尔卑斯式褶皱。同样,从广西罗城—龙胜向东也具有相同的变化趋势。反映该地区加里东运动的中心位置为广西罗城—龙胜、湖南通道一线,是该地区加里东期造山带的中心,在区域上可能向北东方向沿桃江、景德镇一线延伸,是南华裂谷海槽萎缩、消亡的具体体现。     

贵州省毕节市耕地土壤元素含量特征与质量评价

为详细了解毕节市耕地土壤的元素含量特征及质量状况,本文通过1∶50000耕地质量地球化学调查,获得了全市耕地土壤中元素的高精度分析数据。统计结果表明毕节市耕地土壤中硒、镉、铜、锰、钴、钒处于较高含量水平;元素的高含量及分布与成土母质、土壤酸碱度、土壤类型及土地利用方式的影响关系密切,其中成土母质为主要影响因素。选取养分指标氮、磷、钾及环境指标酸碱度、砷、镉、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、锌等对毕节市耕地土壤进行量化评价,结果显示全市中-酸性耕地占比8531%,三等及以上耕地占比8218%,耕地土壤质量状况总体良好。土壤养分和土壤环境质量是耕地土壤质量评价的主要内容,其中土壤养分质量中等-较丰富等级占比9204%,磷、钾较缺乏-缺乏等级占比较高是制约土壤养分质量的重要因素;土壤环境质量优先保护类-安全利用类占比8237%,镉高含量区的分布是影响土壤环境质量的关键因素。本研究系统分析毕节市耕地土壤元素含量特征及其影响因素,对耕地土壤质量进行量化评价,为该地区农业生产中选择适宜的利用方式开发耕地资源和发展山地特色农业产业提供了地球化学支撑。     

基于支持向量机的喀斯特山区土壤环境质量评价——以贵州北部一茶叶园区为例

以贵州北部一茶叶园区80个表层土壤样品为研究对象,对其Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr和Cu含量进行测定,在MATLAB中应用支持向量机构建土壤环境质量评价模型,并与模糊综合评价法和内梅罗综合污染指数法的评价结果对比分析,探究支持向量机模型在喀斯特山区土壤环境质量评价中的适用性,其结果表明:研究区土壤质量Ⅰ类与Ⅱ类样品比例为33∶7,土壤环境质量大多数为I类;支持向量机方法的评价结果与模糊综合评价法和内梅罗综合污染指数法结果的相同率分别达到82.5%和80.0%,并分析结果有差异的样品,发现支持向量机评价结果更符合实际情况,这说明该模型适用于土壤环境质量的评价。      

桂林毛村岩溶区不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳矿化及土壤碳结构比较

应用土壤培养法,比较分析了桂林毛村岩溶区不同土地利用方式(农田、灌丛和林地)土壤在25℃、黑暗条件下培养90d有机碳矿化速率的差异(以90d累计释放的CO2-C计)。农田土壤矿化释放的CO2-C含量分别比灌丛和林地少62.9%和56.6%。利用6mol/L的HCl酸解法得到惰性碳含量,并利用三库一级动力学方程在SAS8.2软件中通过非线性拟合得到三种土地利用方式的活性碳库、缓效性碳库的大小及其分解速率,计算得出各库驻留时间。结果表明各土地利用方式均为活性碳库含量最少,占总有机碳的比例在1.82%~2.71%之间,平均驻留时间在8.4~16.3d之间;缓效性碳库次之,占总有机碳的比例在33.91%~45.47%之间,平均驻留时间为4.8~7.7a之间;惰性碳库所占比例最大,在51.82%~64.01%之间,平均驻留时间为假定的1000a。通过固态13C交叉极化魔角自旋核磁共振(13CCPMASNMR)方法对土壤碳结构进行分析,结果表明:与灌丛和林地相比,受人类活动干扰较多的农田烷基C和芳香C的比例增加,烷氧C和羰基C的比例降低;烷基C/烷氧C和疏水C/亲水C的大小顺序均为农田>林地>灌丛,而脂族C/芳香C的大小顺序则相反,即灌丛>林地>农田。这说明农田土壤有机碳分解程度较高,难分解程度增加,难分解有机碳比例增加。      

Changes in soil physical and chemical properties during reversal of desertification in Yanchi County of Ningxia Hui autonomous region,China

Using field surveys and laboratory analysis, soil physical and chemical properties were studied at a site exhibiting the reversal of desertification in Yanchi County of China’s Ningxia Hui autonomous region. The dominant soil particle size changed from coarse-fine sand to a combination of very fine sand and silt + clay, and corresponding levels of each soil nutrient increased. The content of coarse-fine sand (2–0.1 mm) was significantly and negatively correlated with soil nutrient contents, whereas nutrient contents were significantly and positively correlated with the contents of very fine sand (0.1–0.05 mm) and silt + clay (<0.05 mm). The increasingly fine soil texture and the nutrient enrichment both facilitated rehabilitation of desertified land. The silt + clay content contributed the most to the increasing soil nutrient contents, and thus appears to be the key factor in reversal of desertification. Soil nutrient concentrations in the bulk soil increased with increasing content of soil nutrients with different particle fractions, and there were significant positive correlations between them. The nutrients in all particle size classes jointly decided the effect of soil nutrient contents on the reversal process. Principal-components analysis (PCA) revealed that the soil quality tended to increase during the reversal process, and that nutrient factors were more significant than particle size (i.e., were the dominant factor that influenced soil quality). Available nutrients and soil organic matter (SOM) were the most important nutrient factors. Silt + clay were the most important particle factors.     

贵州贞丰-关岭花江喀斯特石漠化过程中岩土体化学元素含量与石漠化差异性关系研究

不同等级石漠化地区岩体和土体中化学元素有较大的差异,表现在石漠化演化过程中不断被改变,化学元素的差异性对石漠化等级差异性的形成有着内在的关联性。文章以贵州贞丰-关岭花江石漠化治理示范区为研究区,选取11处样地的岩石样和土样,对其进行室内实验分析,以了解该地区岩石和土壤的化学元素含量,从而研究其含量的差异性与石漠化等级之间的关系。结果显示:① 岩体中CaO/ MgO的值越大,Rb/Sr值越低,石漠化等级越高。②在碳酸盐母岩逐渐溶蚀和风化成土的过程中,岩体中Ca、Mg离子被带走,导致成土后土体中Ca、Mg离子含量降低,但强度石漠化地区的土体中Mg离子含量却增加。③不同等级石漠化地区的样品化学元素流失和富集的程度略有差异,一般强度和潜在石漠化地区(离子)含量要高于轻度和中度石漠化地区。④土体中Rb/Sr值越大,石漠化等级越强。该研究可以为示范区的水土流失及石漠化治理提供理论和实践依据。      

Spatial variability of soil properties in relation to land use and topography in a typical small watershed of the black soil region,northeastern China

Soil degradation resulted from unreasonable land use and erosion has been a serious problem in the black soil region of northeastern China. This paper seeks to understand the relationships between topsoil properties and topography and land use for land management targeting at improving soil quality in this region. A total of 292 soil samples and 81 volumetric rings were taken from a typical small watershed of the region in June 2005 for examining total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), soil texture (classified into gravel, sand, silt, and clay), and bulk density (ρ _b), respectively. Spatial variability of these soil properties was evaluated with classical statistics and geostatistics methods. The results of classical statistics indicated that TC, TN, sand, silt, clay content, and ρ _b were moderate variables while gravel had great variability. Soil properties were mainly correlated to slope position, elevation and land types. Geostatistical analyses showed that the spatial autocorrelation for TC, TN, and silt was weak, strong for clay and moderate for and ρ _b sand, respectively. The spatial variations of soil properties are affected comprehensively by topographic factors, land use, erosion, and erosion control in this watershed. Past erosion, however, is the most important component to induce change of soil properties. In this small watershed, current soil and water conservation measures play an important role in controlling soil loss. But the restoration of soil properties was unsatisfactory. Comparing with untilled soil of this region, TC, TN, silt content are excessively low; whereas ρ _b, sand and clay content are excessively high; gravel appears at most sampling locations. It is necessary for improving soil properties to protect forest and grassland and change cultivation system of farmlands.     

桂西北典型岩溶区水稻田成土剖面砷的垂向分布特征及其影响因素

调查分析桂西北典型岩溶矿区及其周边水稻田成土剖面砷含量及相关土壤参数垂向分布特征,研究了岩溶区土壤砷的含量垂向分布及迁移规律,并探讨了岩溶区土壤砷垂向迁移的主要影响因素。结果表明:研究区三个典型土壤剖面的主要土壤类型为石灰岩土,化学风化程度较高,土壤砷自然来源主要为土壤母质;土壤剖面砷含量的垂向分布均为表层相对富集、深层相对稳定,而土壤有机碳是制约岩溶区水稻田土壤砷垂向迁移的关键因素;矿区外围的两个土壤剖面砷含量主要富集在10～20 cm层,而在0～10 cm层砷含量相对较低,土壤砷含量平均值分别为5.5 mg·kg-1 和5.0 mg·kg-1 ;而临近矿区的土壤剖面具有土壤砷高背景值的特点,土壤砷含量平均值为46.2 mg·kg-1 ,且砷主要富集在20～40 cm的次表层,而在10~20 cm层砷含量则相对较低,但在0～10 cm层土壤砷含量又显著高于10～20 cm层,这表明外来源对该剖面表层土壤也具有显著影响。      

Evaluation of landscape changes and ecological degradation by GIS in arid regions: a case study of the terminal oasis of the Shiyang River,northwest China

The development and utilization of water and land resources in the Shiyang River basin are the highest among the inland rivers in northwestern China. Using GIS and the landscape structure analysis program FRAGSTATS, landscape metrics of a study area in the lake-district in Minqin Oasis in the lower reaches of Shiyang River basin were calculated and analyzed based on TM images from 1987 to 2001 at class level and landscape level, respectively. Transformation matrix of the landscape mosaics was also examined. The driving forces of landscape changes were analyzed, including the dynamics of runoff and groundwater resources and their exploitation, and influences of policies and market economy. The results showed that: (1) Patch number of farmland and desert decreased, but their mean patch area increased, indicating that reclamation and desertification was very serious in the study area. Contagion index for oasis increased and edge density and landscape diversity were reduced. (2) Farmland and desert areas have enlarged by 1,520.46 and 4,941.27 hm², respectively. This increase was at the cost of woodland and grassland, which shrank by 1,520.46 and 4,941.27 hm², respectively. (3) The net utilization of surface water decreased by 50% in the last 10 years, and dropped to 22.3 × 10⁶ m³ in the later 1990s. Exploitation of groundwater increased remarkably, up to 80 × 10⁶ m³ per year in the last 5 years. (4) The capability of the economic structure to withstand pressures of the market economy has depressed distinctly because of the simplified planting pattern, which is dominated by salinity-enduring cash crops, such as cotton. Based on the above analysis, strategies of ecological reconstruction in the lake-district were suggested.     

Research on soil multi-media environmental pollution around a Pb-Zn mining and smelting plant in the karst area of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,Southwest China

The method of principal component analysis was applied to systematical research on the soil multi-media environment, including soil, surface water, ground water, waterbody sediment and agricultural crops, as well as pollution-inducing wastewater, mullock (or waste ore) and slag in the periphery of a large-sized Pb-Zn mining and smelting plant in a karst area of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The results revealed that soils in the area studied have been heavily polluted by Cd, Zn, Pb and Hg, and the levels of these metals in the samples of agricultural crop greatly exceed the standards. The above-mentioned pollutants exist in all soil-multi-media environments. The mullock, slag, wastewater, surface water, ground water, soil, and agricultural crops constitute a composite ecological chain. Therefore, the improper disposal of mullock and slag, and the use of polluted wastewater for agricultural irrigation are the main causes of soil pollution. Heavy metals in the soil have three transition progresses: point (improved soil with slag, ground water inflow plot), linear (river transition) and non-point transition (regional pollution by slag) patterns, and the tailing yard is the most important locus for heavy metals to release into the environment.     

Distribution and behavior of heavy metals in a river polluted by acid mine drainage in the Dabaoshan mine area, China

Acid mine drainage （AMD） has been recognized as a major environmental pollution problem over past decades. This pollutant effluent is complex and is characterized by elevated concentrations of iron and sulfate, low pH, and high concentrations of a wide variety of metals depending on the host rock geology. Massive inadvertent discharges from acid mines have given rise to dramatic cases of ecological damage. These events indicate an improved understanding of the mechanism controlling metal transport to the river is important, since the aquatic ecology will be affected, to some degree, dependent on the phase （dissolved or particulate） in which the metal is transported. In this study, polluted water samples were collected along the Hengshi River near the Dabaoshan mine, Guangdong, China, in April 2005. The concentrations of dissolved Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb have been determined using ICP-MS and the chemical speciation of those metals in suspended particles was examined using BCR methods and SEM/EDX mineralogical analysis. Combining these two sets of data, the intention was to develop geochemical concepts, which explain the behavior of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in particle-water interactions of heavy metals in AMD. The results show that the dissolved heavy metals exhibited non-conservative behavior in the Hengshi River. The dissolved and particulate Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb have the similar spatial distribution, which decreased gradually along the river except in the lower reaches because of the absorption-desorption between dissolved and particulate phases. Although the metal concentrations in both phases were elevated, dissolved metals were dominant and had the maximum concentrations in the low pH region.