盐单胞菌属一新种的分离与鉴定

对即墨市大桥盐场的底泥样本进行微生物的可培养研究,分离出1株革兰氏阴性的中度嗜盐菌YC-SA28T.16SrRNA序列比对及系统发育分析结果表明.YCSA28T可能为γ-变形菌纲盐单胞菌属的新种,通过系统分类学研究发现,YCSA28T的16SrRNA序列与亲缘关系最近的盐单胞菌属模式菌株Halomonas ventos...     

南海深海氮循环微生物的原位培养与多样性分析

借助自主研发的深海水体原位定植培养系统,在南海3 300 m的深海水体中进行了氮循环微生物的原位培养.通过向富集仓中投加缓释肥(铵盐、硝酸盐和尿素)进行了为期17个月的原位富集.结合高通量测序技术和分离培养的方法,对深海原位富集物及实验室二次富集物进行了微生物多样性分析. 16S rRNA基因高通量测序结果表明,在南海原位富集样品中,细菌以变形菌门丰度最高,富集仓内脱脂棉附着介质和仓内水样中的最优势属分别为希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)和科韦尔氏菌属(Colwellia);古菌以奇古菌门为主,其中氨氧化古菌(AOA)所占比例很高.通过平板培养分离到17株细菌,主要包括盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter)和亚硫酸盐杆菌属(Sulfitobacter)等.通过不同起始氮源(氨氮、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐)和培养温度(28℃和10℃),对原位富集样品进行实验室二次富集,获得了5个富集菌群.分析发现,它们均具有较好的脱氮效果,可以产生N_2O或N_2;这些菌群均以盐单胞菌属占绝对优势,其次为海源菌属(Idiomarina)或海杆菌属,其中盐单胞菌和海源菌成功获得分离.单菌功能验证表明,分离获得的盐单胞菌具有好氧反硝化能力,其在原位环境下反硝化活性尚有待确认.     

福鼎海域坛紫菜叶状体体表外生细菌的组成和数量分析

从采集自福鼎敏灶湾和硖门湾海域的健康坛紫菜（Porphyra haitanensis）叶状体体表分离、纯化到26株外生细菌．根据细菌菌落特征、菌体形态和16SrDNA基因序列分析相结合的方法进行鉴定,将其确认为6种不同的菌属,分别是假交替单胞菌属（Pseudoaheromonas）、Aquimarinas属、交替单胞菌属（Aheromonas）、黄杆菌属（Flavobacteriums）、弧菌属（Vibrio）和嗜琼胶菌属（Agarivorans）．2个海湾坛紫菜叶状体体表外生菌群数量稳定且差别不大,外生细菌菌属组成基本相同,个别菌属稍有差异,优势菌属为假交替单胞菌属和Aquimarinas属,常见菌属为交替单胞菌属和黄杆菌属,少见菌属为弧菌属．敏灶湾坛紫菜体表外生菌群数量为（5．7～6．5）×10^4cfu／g,外生细菌中各菌属所占比例为：假交替单胞菌属占38．5％,Aquimarinas属占52．8％,交替单胞菌属占13．9％,黄杆菌属占11．5％,弧菌属占3．3％．硖门湾坛紫菜体表外生菌群数量为（6．4～7．6）×10^4cfu／g,外生细菌中各菌属所占比例为：假交替单胞菌属占37．3％,Aquimarinas属占32．0％,交替单胞菌属占14．0％,黄杆菌属占12．7％,弧菌属占2．7％,嗜琼胶菌属占1．3％．优势和常见菌属菌株对健康坛紫菜叶状体进行感染,发现这些菌株对坛紫菜叶状体无致病力,叶状体生长无异常．这些可为坛紫菜微生物学研究提供基础资料．     

印度洋深海热液区一株盐单胞菌Halomonas sp. YD-7的分离鉴定及研究

从印度洋深海热液区沉积物中筛选到一株耐盐菌,菌株形态呈杆状,长1.5～2.0 μm,宽0.5～0.7 μm,属革兰氏阴性菌,生长适温为4～55 ℃,最适为35 ℃;pH测试范围为4.0～10.5,最适为7.0;测试NaCl浓度为0～5.13 mol/L,最适为0.86 mol/L,该菌属于兼性厌氧菌.经16S rDNA鉴定该菌属于γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)盐单胞菌属(Halomonas),命名为Halomonas sp. YD-7.该菌与菌株Halomonas sp. ANT9086在进化位置上最为接近,同源性达98.1%,有可能是新种.对该菌株的生理生化特性进行了研究,发现该菌具有很强的适应能力,对温度、盐度和氧气的适应范围广.该菌株还具有很强的耐受和去除Mn2+的能力及一定的耐受和去除Cr6+的能力.表明该菌在污水处理与生物修复方面可能具有重要的应用价值.     

中国对虾体内1株益生菌的筛选与初步鉴定

为给对虾专用益生菌制剂的研制与应用提供理论依据和基础数据,研究了从白斑病毒(WSSV) 耐过中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)肠道中分离的1株海洋细菌B12的益生特性和安全性,并结合形态观察、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析对菌株B12进行了分类鉴定.结果表明:菌株B12能抑制对虾致病性哈维氏弧菌 (Vibrio harveyi)和副溶血弧菌(V. parahaemolyticus)的生长,不分泌溶血素.对β-内酰胺类、头孢类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类抗生素均敏感;对大环内酯类、四环素类抗生素均耐药;对糖肽类抗生素中度敏感.毒性试验表明菌株B12对中国对虾幼体没有明显毒副作用.该菌为革兰氏阴性可动杆菌,鞭毛极生,菌体大小为(0.5～0.6)×(1.1～1.2) μm,接触酶、氧化酶阳性,葡萄糖发酵产酸,能还原硝酸盐,产淀粉酶,不产明胶酶,不能利用丙二酸.16S rDNA的部分序列分析显示菌株B12与嗜盐单胞菌(Halomonas sp.)SB J85具有98.15%的相似性.形态观察、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析证实B12为嗜盐单胞菌属(Halomonas sp.).     

青岛海区4种大型海藻可培养附生细菌多样性研究

为研究与生物膜相关的海洋细菌的多样性,在青岛近海海域,选取黏管藻、裙带菜、囊藻和浒苔4种大型海藻,分离其附生海洋细菌。使用2216E、海水R2A、TCBS和海水琼脂4种培养基平板,分离纯化得到99株海洋细菌。16SrD-NA序列分析表明,变形菌门细菌在数量、种类等方面,均占主导地位。这些菌株绝大多数为变形菌门的γ-变形菌纲(94株)和α-变形菌纲(3株),仅有1株为放线菌门,1株为厚壁菌门。其中丰度最高的3个属分别为假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas,22株)、弧菌属(Vibrio,20株)和盐单胞菌属(Halomonas,15株),其次为食烷菌属(Alcanivorax,9株)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter,8株)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas,7株)、气单胞菌属(Aeromonas,5株)、交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas,4株),其它9个属丰度较低。本研究为进一步探讨与生物膜相关的海洋细菌的多样性及其应用奠定了基础。     

烟台海域中度嗜盐菌分离、鉴定和系统进化研究

为研究山东烟台海域中度嗜盐菌的分布情况及种群特征,从烟台近海盐场采集的土样和水样中利用高氏一号培养基分离得到22株中度嗜盐菌。通过菌落形态观察、生理生化特征分析比较,选取其中的9株进行16SrDNA序列分析和系统进化分析,结果表明这些中度嗜盐菌分别属于7个属:芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、枝芽孢杆菌属(Virgibacillus)、薄壁芽孢杆菌属(Gracilibacillus)、刘氏菌属(Liuella)、产微球茎菌属(Microbulbifer)、拟诺卡氏菌属(Nocardiopsis)和交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas),其中菌株YTM-8、YTM-12和YTM-13可能是潜在的新种。以上研究结果表明烟台海域中存在有较为丰富的嗜盐微生物多样性,并且潜藏着新类型的嗜盐菌资源。     

印度洋深海热液区可培养细菌的分子鉴定与系统发育分析

采用MMJHS寡营养培养基从印度洋深海热液区沉积物和热液硫化物中分离获得16株细菌,通过16S rDNA序列比对和生理生化分析,对它们进行了鉴定并构建了系统发育树.结果表明,12株细菌属于γ-变型菌(γ-Gammaproteobacteria),其中6株属于盐单胞菌属(Halomonas),4株属于嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter),2株属于食碱菌属(Alcanivorax);其余4株属于芽孢杆菌(Bacillus),其中1株为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis).分离获得的16株细菌中,4株为革兰氏阳性细菌,12株为革兰氏阴性细菌;H2S反应、吲哚测定反应、M.R和V-P均呈阴性.本研究为深入认识和开发利用深海热液区微生物资源奠定了基础.     

九孔鲍鲍苗脱板期养殖环境细菌分离及分子鉴定

为了解九孔鲍鲍鱼脱板期养殖环境中细菌的多样性,分离培养了脱板病发生期养殖环境(包括附着基上和养殖池水中)细菌32株,并用限制性片段长度多态性分析和16S rDNA序列分析法对其进行了分子鉴定,构建了系统进化树.结果表明,所分离的细菌分为3大类群9个属,分别是:γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proterbacteria)的交替假单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、Cobetia属、盐单胞菌属(Hlomonas)、弧菌属(Vibrio)和海单胞菌属(Marinomonas);厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的盐水球菌属(Salinicoccus)、动球菌属(Planococcus)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus);还有拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)的Tenacibaculum属.这些细菌大多与GenBank库中分离自发病的水产养殖生物的细菌最相似.这说明从该养殖环境中分离培养出的细菌和水产养殖病害间存在着一定的关系.     

刺参肠道及养殖池塘底泥微生物多样性的比较研究

刺参养殖作为北方环渤海地区新兴的经济产业,池塘养殖是其主要的养殖模式,而传统养殖模式中其生长环境易受外界影响,池塘底泥和刺参消化道中菌群的变化易引起刺参病害的发生,本文旨在通过研究不同季节刺参肠道及刺参养殖池底泥中菌系多样性及变化为深入了解刺参池塘养殖系统微生物的结构与功能提供参考。运用纯培养方法和16SrRNA基因序列分析,在1年中分4次取样,从刺参肠道和刺参养殖池底泥中分离出共151株海洋菌株,其中肠道菌72株,养殖池塘底泥79株,发现新菌种5株,拮抗菌株1株,通过构建系统发育树对刺参肠道及养殖环境底泥多样性进行研究。结果显示:分离的菌株分属海王星菌属(Neptuniibacter)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、迪茨氏菌属(Dietzia)、铁单胞菌属(Ferrimonas)、需盐杆菌属(Salegentibacter)等31个属;通过TCBS培养基筛选后发现弧菌属(Vibrio)在刺参肠道中有32株,底泥中28株,是刺参肠道和底泥环境中的第一大优势菌属,其数量随着时间变化呈上升趋势。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.