Recovery Behavior of the Propagating Buckle on Elastic Structures

Based on the beam system model used by Chater, Hutchinson and Neale (1982), the recovery behavior of propagating buckle on elastic structures is first found out from the computational results. As the representative of some elastic structures, the Chater-Hutchinson-Neale model indicates that once the buckle meets arresters, unlike the case in submarine pipelines, it will be reflected back to continue its propagation in a negative phase or a negative direction. The pressure which maintains the negative propagation, however, is as same as that required for the positive propagation. This fact has been examined in the experiment of the bulge propagation on a long elastic latex tube. The present discovery greatly supports the hypothesis that the buckle propagation coresponds to the coexisting phase of structures.     

整体式止屈器数值模拟方法与优化研究

海底管道是海洋石油主要的运输方式,但海底管道在外部静水压力作用下很可能发生局部屈曲压溃,造成灾难性后果。安装止屈器可有效阻止屈曲传播,保证管道安全,整体式止屈器在实际中应用最为广泛。整体式止屈器存在通过减小止屈器体积以节约成本进行优化的可能性,因此,在保证止屈器止屈效果的前提下,可通过减小止屈器的体积,以达到减轻重量、节约成本、减少安装难度等多种目的。研究过程中使用ABAQUS进行模型的仿真模拟,比较了广义弧长法的优缺点,决定选用更方便的静水流体单元法,计算得到不同止屈器的穿越压力以及相应的体积,对比各止屈器的穿越压力变化和体积变化,实现结构优化的目标。基于以上研究,可以得出减少止屈器体积的结构优化方案具有可行性的结论。     

海底管道整体式止屈器性能研究与穿越压力预测

整体式止屈器可有效抑制海底管道屈曲传播并避免管道的大规模屈曲失效。为探究整体式止屈器的止屈特性,预测其穿越压力,利用ABAQUS软件建立有限元模型,分析了整体式止屈器厚度、长度、径厚比等参数对穿越压力和穿越形式的影响机制,揭示了整体式止屈器的止屈特性。研究结果表明:在平行穿越阶段,增加止屈器厚度、有效长度可明显提升穿越压力;而在垂直穿越阶段,穿越压力增长速率明显放缓。结合有限元模拟结果,拟合得到了整体式止屈器在不同穿越形式下的穿越压力预测公式,其相较于已有经验公式准确性更高,对整体式止屈器的设计和建造具有重要的指导意义。     

Buckle propagation in pipelines with non-uniform thickness

Finite element solutions for the steady-state buckle propagation pressure in a pipeline with non-uniform thickness are given. The results are useful in finding buckle propagation pressures in corroded pipelines. It has been found that when corrosion is equal to or less than 10% of the original pipeline thickness, the pipeline collapses in an overall shell buckling mode; otherwise, the pipeline experiences local buckling. The propagation pressure decreases with both the thickness and angular extent of the reduced section, but the rate of decrease with thickness reduction is almost independent of the angular extent of corrosion when it is greater than 90°.     

The discrete methods for free vibration analyses of an immersed beam carrying an eccentric tip mass with rotary inertia

In this paper, a beam without contact with water is called the “dry” beam and the one in contact with water is called the “wet” beam. For a partially (or completely) immersed uniform beam carrying an eccentric tip mass possessing rotary inertia, the conventional analytical (closed-form) solution is achieved by considering the inertial forces and moments of the tip mass and rotary inertia as the boundary conditions at the tip end of the beam. However, it has been found that the approximate solution for the last problem may be achieved by two techniques: Method 1 and Method 2. In Method 1, the basic concept is the same as the conventional analytical method; but in Method 2, the tip end of the beam is considered as a free end, while the inertial forces and moments induced by the tip mass and rotary inertia are considered as the external loads applied at the tip end of the beam. The main differences between the formulation of Method 1 and that of Method 2 are: In Method 1, the “normal” shapes of the “dry” beam are functions of the frequency-dependent boundary conditions but the external loads at the tip end are equal to zero; On the contrary, in Method 2, the “normal” mode shapes of the “dry” beam are determined based on the zero boundary conditions at the tip end of the beam but the external loads at the tip end due to the inertial effects of the tip mass and rotary inertia must be taken into consideration for the free vibration analysis of the “wet” beam. Numerical results reveal that the approximate solution obtained from Method 2 are very close to that from Method 1 if the tip mass moment of inertia is negligible. Besides, the two approximate solutions are also very close to the associated analytical (closed-form) solution or the finite element solution. In general, it is hoped that there exist several methods for tackling the same problem so that one may have more choices to incorporate with the specified cases. It is believed that the two approximate methods presented in this paper will be significant from this point of view.     

Effect of Longitudinal Plastic Bending of Pipeline on Buckle Propagation Pressure

A plastic ring-beam model simulating the longitudinal transition zone of submarine pipelines in the buckle propagation is presented. The nonlinear relationships between the buckle propagation pressure and the length of the transition zone and the position parameter of the longitudinal plastic hinge are derived using the energy principle. The related values are obtained by means of solving a set of nonlinear equations. The model conforms better to reality than the ring models for considering the effect of the longitudinal plastic bending of the transition zone. The computations for some stainless steel and aluminium tubes with different geometrical parameters are performed. The results obtained agree better with the experimental results than existing theoretical predictions.     

刚性连接双层海底管道高温侧向屈曲分析方法研究

以惠州25-3/1双层海底管道为例,提出高温荷载下刚性连接双层海底管道的侧向屈曲分析方法,并研究该类管道的侧向屈曲特性.将解析分析与有限元技术相结合,在提出刚性连接双层海底管道屈曲分析方法的同时,发展了Hobbs公式的应用范围,使其成为屈曲分析有限元建模指导工具.以分析不稳定平衡问题的改进Riks方法被证明为高温海底管道屈曲分析的有效算法,得到的弧长-载荷比例因子曲线能够充分地描述双层管道的屈曲失稳过程.惠州管道的分析结果表明,刚性连接双层海底管道的整体热稳定性较高,在海床上一般不容易发生侧向屈曲,但热荷载作用下内管的后屈曲将有可能引发较高的应力集中,对此需要充分校核;另外环空间隙的减小有利于提高内管的临界屈曲载荷,从而提升管道的整体性能.     

On elastic-plastic collapse of subsea pipelines under external hydrostatic pressure and denting force

This paper presents analytical and numerical researches on the buckling or collapse of offshore pipelines under external hydrostatic pressure. Firstly the case of homogeneous ring model is investigated followed by a detailed study on corroded rings. The elastic-plastic collapse pressure could be treated as the least root of an elementary function. We prove that collapse pressure is a strictly increasing function of mode number in this paper and present some interesting structures of the roots. Partially corroded ring is parametrized by corrosion depth and angle extent. A comprehensive comparison shows that plasticity should not be neglected when the ring is thick-walled. Moreover, a study on large deflection deformation of 3D cylindrical shells quasi-statically dented under constant external pressure is carried out theoretically and numerically. The buckle propagation pressure is shown to be a meaningful value to normalize external pressure. This paper serves to enhance the understanding of destabilizing effect of external pressure mainly applicable and relevant to subsea offshore industry.     

Conditions of the propagation of internal gravity waves through wind structures from the troposphere to the ionosphere

We consider the propagation of large-scale internal gravity waves (IGWs) from the troposphere through vertically inhomogeneous wind structures to the ionosphere heights on the basis of an analysis of beam trajectories. We selected different versions of the initial parameters and numerically studied the specific peculiarities of the behavior of beam trajectories related to the location of layers with horizontal and vertical reflection and a critical layer on the pathway of the waves. It was shown that, for sufficiently large-scale IGWs, their propagation from the troposphere to ionosphere heights is possible. We found the characteristic times when the waves generated in the troposphere reach ionosphere heights. We revealed strong variations in these times when the initial parameters of the problem changed. We determined the typical values of the horizontal displacement (relative to the generation source) of the wave packets when they reach the ionosphere.     

Wave propagation over a deformable sea floor

The propagation of water waves over a deformable bottom is examined theoretically for the case where the soil beneath the water is regarded as an elastic solid. Equations are given for calculating wave speeds, soil displacements and stresses, and water motion and pressure. Detailed wave-speed solutions are worked out for the case of an incompressible soil. The effects of soil inertia are included in the analysis, and it is shown that such effects cannot generally be ignored without committing serious error.     

Beam propagation of tidal internal waves over a submarine slope of the Mascarene Ridge

The generation of internal tides over the Mascarene Ridge is studied on the basis of moored measurements and numerical modeling. The beam structure of the internal wave propagation over a submarine ridge is analyzed. The dependence of the beam propagation of the perturbations on the steepness of the slope, the depth of the ridge crest, and the stratification is studied.     

阶变折射率轴棱锥产生局域空心光束

提出利用折射率成阶跃性变化的轴棱锥产生局域空心光束(bottle beam).讨论了折射率沿径向成阶跃式减小或增加两种模型,从几何光学角度分析了它们产生bottle beam的原理,利用衍射积分理论数值模拟两种轴棱锥光传输的光场分布和不同距离处的二维光斑图,研究结果表明折射率沿径向阶跃减小的轴棱锥产生单个bottle beam,而折射率沿径向阶跃增加的轴棱锥产生具有周期再现的bottle beams.bottle beam在原子引导和囚禁、光学俘获及光镊等方面有广泛的应用, 因此本文的研究对bottle     

Experimental and numerical analysis of container stack dynamics using a scaled model test

This paper describes an approach to simulate a seven-tier stack consisting of scaled model of a 20 ft ISO freight container and its linking connectors, denominated twist locks, subjected to dynamical load induced by its base. The physical (dimensions, mass, and moments of inertia) and structural (longitudinal, transversal and torsional stiffness) characteristics of the scaled models were decided based on two dimensionless numbers: ratios between gravity force and inertia force, and elastic force divided by inertia force, through experimental and numerical analysis. A series of experiments with controlled parameters were performed using a shaking table test to understand the effects of each variable in the container stack dynamics and present enough data to validate the numerical model. The results of this study indicate that the numerical model built is a promising tool for further study. Moreover, the model is able to predict conditions close to real situations faced by container stacks while storage on a ship's deck.     

Numerical study of vegetation damping effects on solitary wave run-up using the nonlinear shallow water equations

Vegetation damping effects on propagating water waves have been investigated by many researchers. This paper investigates the effects of damping due to vegetation on solitary water wave run-up via numerical simulation. The numerical model is based on an implementation of Morison's formulation for vegetation induced inertia and drag stresses in the nonlinear shallow water equations. The numerical model is solved via a finite volume method on a Cartesian cut cell mesh. The accuracy of the numerical scheme and the effects of the vegetation terms in the present model are validated by comparison with experiment results. The model is then applied to simulate a solitary wave propagating on a plane slope with vegetation. The sensitivity of solitary wave run-up to plant height, diameter and stem density is investigated by comparison of the numerical results for different patterns of vegetation. The numerical results show that vegetation can effectively reduce solitary wave propagation velocity and that solitary wave run-up is decreased with increase of plant height in water and also diameter and stem density.     

Wave forces acting on a submerged horizontal circular cylinder in oblique waves and on a vertical cylinder in deep waves

This paper presents a method of estimating wave forces acting on a submerged horizontal circular cylinder fixed in oblique waves.The experiments show that drag and inertia coefficients in beam sea are available for calculating the wave forces in oblique waves.Wave forces exerted on a vertical circular cylinder in deep waves are also investigated.The experimental results show that wave forces acting on the vertical cylinder coincide approximately with hydrodynamic forces acting on a submerged circular cylinder in an oscillating fluid.     

Beam propagation in the ocean: Quasi-particle approach

In this paper the Quasi-Particle (QP) technique has been applied for the first time to the study of beam propagation in slowly varying sound-speed profiles with an upper boundary, typical of some underwater acoustic environments. With the aim of testing the possibilities and the limitations of this new technique, particular attention has been devoted to special effects. The results of this analysis have been used to give some criteria for a proper modeling of the ocean environment from the Quasi-Particle point of view.     

基于严密波束归位模型的多波束测深点不确定度改进方法

利用不确定度可有效对多波束测深成果质量进行评估,针对现有不确定度计算模型因近似或简化导致一定误差的问题,本文提出一种基于严密波束归位模型的多波束测深点不确定度改进方法。首先分析了多波束测深过程中的各项误差源,基于误差传播定律与严密波束归位模型,详细推导了各误差源在波束归位各阶段的误差传播情况,最终得出了多波束测深成果不确定度的计算模型。文中利用实测数据计算了每个测深点的不确定度,绘制了单Ping扇面及条带的不确定度分布图,有利于直观、全面地了解所有测深点的误差变化趋势;计算结果与常用HGM不确定度模型进行了对比,表明本文方法更具合理性,对多波束测深成果的质量评估具有一定的参考价值。     

Dynamics of long spatial nonlinear waves in an ocean with a density jump and a gently sloping bottom

This paper deals with the modeling of the propagation of three-dimensional gravitational perturbations of small but finite amplitudes in shallow two-layered water in basins with a gently sloping bottom. A single integral-differential evolution equation is derived that takes into account the long-wave contributions of the inertia of liquid layers and surface tension and the weak nonlinearity of the disturbances, as well as the nonstationary water shear srtess at the bottom. A numerical implementation of the model equation that allows us to adequately describe the processes considered is suggested. The transformations of spatial solitary perturbations in the pycnocline of basins with different bottom topographies are presented.     

环形障碍物-轴棱锥产生局域空心光束

提出一种产生局域空心光束(bottle beam)的新方法,它是在传统的轴棱锥底面上放置一个环形障碍物.平面波入射到带有环形障碍物的轴棱锥底面时,将在轴棱锥产生的最大无衍射距离内形成bottle beam,而在bottle beam的前后仍然保持无衍射贝塞尔光.通过变化障碍物大小及轴棱锥底角实现bottle beam尺寸的控制.利用衍射理论描述了平面波经带有环形障碍物的轴棱锥产生bottle beam的原理,分析和模拟了传输过程中不同位置的截面光强分布及整个过程的三维光强分布,并给出相关的实验结果.研究结     

High-frequency radars: physical limitations and recent developments

High-frequency (HF) radars based on ground-wave propagation are used for remotely sensing ocean surface currents and gravity waves. For some 20 years a number of systems have been developed taking advantage of improved electronics and computer techniques. However, the performance of these systems are limited by physical constraints, which are due to HF wave propagation and scattering as well as to the technical design of the measuring system. Attenuation of the HF ground-wave is strongly dependent on the radio frequency and sea-water conductivity. Experimental data confirm the predicted decrease of propagation range with decreasing conductivity. HF radar systems use different methods of spatial resolution both in range and azimuth. Range resolution by means of short pulses and frequency-modulated chirps is compared, as well as azimuthal resolution by means of beam forming and direction finding (phase comparison). The emphasis is placed on recent developments.