暗蓝星系计数与星暴矮星系统

本采用演化星族综合方法，讨论了在低红移因短时间星暴过程而变亮的矮星系统。指出，它们的存在能够与目前暗星系计数和红移巡天结果相容，作为一个附加的星系族，它们较易演化为低面光度的星系而在邻域中探测不到，因此是解释暗星系计数和红移巡天结果的适当候选天体，值得对它们作进一步的研究。     

CDFS天区中喑蓝星系的测光红移研究

从COMBO-17数字巡天数据里,选择了CDFS(Chandra Deep Field South)天区中1231个测光红移在0.1～0.3之间的暗蓝星系作为样本,研究了这些星系分别在只有光学波段和光学加近红外波段数据情况下做测光红移得到的红移分布,以及这些星系在静止参考系下的能谱分布(Spectral Energy Distributions,SEDs)特征.结果表明有183个星系在利用光学加近红外波段数据做测光红移时得到的红移大于1.2,它们的误差为0.046,提高测光的信噪比也有利于区分这类被光学波段误认为低红移的星系.这些暗蓝星系中高红移星系的观测近红外流量相对于光学流量有上升的趋势,而低红移星系的观测近红外流量相对于光学流量有下降的趋势.     

暗蓝星系计数的过剩问题

人们在极暗蓝星等处观测到数目巨大的星系，远比星系的无演化模型预计的多。随后的观测和理论发展进一步丰富了对暗蓝星系过剩问题的研究。Ｂ，Ｋ波段的星等计数、红移计数、颜色计数、成闭性等的观测是这一问题的主要观测约束。     

阻尼莱曼α吸收线系统研究进展(Ⅰ)——巡天观测和统计性质

阻尼莱曼α吸收线系统(DLAs)是中性氢柱密度超过2×10~(20) cm~(-2)的类星体吸收线系统。按照现有的观点,DLAs是高红移环境中星系及恒星形成的中性气体库,它们很可能是现今星系的前身。近20年来随着DLAs巡天观测的迅猛发展,尤其是SDSS巡天观测数据的释放,DLAs统计样本达到千计的量级,大大推动了DLAs的观测和研究。由于受到观测的某些限制,样本还有偏,尤其是缺少低红移DLAs,但是,通过大样本DLAs系统的研究,已经获得了有关宇宙中性气体演化的许多信息,如DLAs的数密度在高红移处(z1.5)是有演化的,但在低红移处基本不演化,从而确认了今天的星系形成于较高红移处。研究也发现DLAs对宇宙质量密度的贡献随红移的演化减弱,DLAs的中性氢气体柱密度分布函数与本地星系的中性氢柱密度分布函数十分相似等一些有趣的结论。着重介绍DLAs的基本知识以及20年来巡天的有关进展,包括DLAs的观测证认、统计特性等,并指出目前DLAs样本不完备的主要原因。     

基于红移畸变测量宇宙结构增长率的进展

星系红移巡天的一个主要目标是依据光谱红移测距,详细刻画宇宙中星系的三维空间分布。由于星系本动速度的存在,红移空间的星系分布存在着严重畸变,在大小尺度上有着不同模式的各向同性偏离。通过对红移畸变的观测研究,人们可从中获取速度场的信息,因此,红移畸变已成为暗能量探测的重要探针之一,为检验宇宙学尺度上的引力模型提供帮助。当前星系红移巡天项目已经取得了非凡成功,为人们提供了详细的星系空间分布数据。人们据此测量了星系的相关函数和功率谱,提取了精确的红移畸变信号,并通过模型拟合限制出了一批不同红移处宇宙结构增长率的估值,为探索宇宙尺度的引力模式提供了数据支持。主要介绍红移畸变模型、星系红移巡天观测和宇宙结构增长率测量等研究进展。     

光学亮星系大尺度分布中的多级结构

本文在Wen等人工作的基础上,对CfA红移巡天样本中银道以北和以南天区中星系的大尺度分布分别进行了分维计算并比较其所得结果。分析表明,这两个区域内星系的大尺度分布存在显著差异。说明CfA样本还不能构成代表宇宙大尺度结构的好样本。另一方面,两个区域中样本分析结果又存在着一些明显的共同点:它们都表现出明显的多级分形特征。结合对IRAS星系红移巡天样本和星系分立小天区红移巡天样本的分析结果。我们认为,多级分形很可能是宇宙大尺度结构的一个普遍和重要的特征。本文对这一特征的含义也作了简略的讨论。     

早型星系的恒星形成活动演化研究

从观测上测定早型星系中恒星形成活动随红移的演化有助于理解这类星系的形成演化.结合GEMS（Galaxy Evolution from Morphology and SEDs）巡天的HST/ACS（Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys）高分辨图像和CDFS（ChandraDeep Field South）天区Spitzer、GALEX（Galaxy Evolution Explorer）等多波段数据,基于形态、颜色和恒星质量选出一个0.2≤z≤1.0红移范围的包含456个早型星系的完备样本.利用stacking技术测量了样本星系紫外与红外平均光度,估计早型星系的恒星形成率.结果显示,早型星系中的恒星形成率较低(<3 M_⊙·yr^-1),随红移递减而降低.在红移z=1以来的恒星形成贡献的质量小于15%.星族分析亦肯定大质量早型星系的主体星族形成于宇宙早期（z>2）.     

大天巨星系红移巡天

星系的红移巡天是观测宇宙学中最基本的工作,有关宇宙大尺度结构研究中的许多关键问题,例如宇宙中最大结构的尺度,宇宙中大尺度结构的拓扑特征,以及有关宇宙物质分布的密度场和速度场的许多基本性质的研究,都依赖于覆盖面积足够大、极限星等足够暗的完备的星系红移大样本．通过对巡天的覆盖天区、巡天深度、选样方法、巡样率等方面的分析,比较了最近已完成的一些红移巡天（IRAS、CfA、SSRS、ORS和LCRS等）并对计划中的2dF和SDSS巡天计划作了简要介绍．     

大天区星系红移巡天

星系的红移巡天是观测宇宙学中最基本的工作,有关宇宙大尺度结构研究中的许多关键问题,例如宇宙中最大结构的尺度,宇宙中大尺度结构的拓扑特征,以及有关宇宙物质分布的密度场和速度场的许多基本性质的研究,都依赖于覆盖面积足够大、极限星等足够暗的完备的星系红移大样本。通过对巡天的覆盖天区、巡天深度、选择方法、巡产率等方面的分析,比较了最近已完成的一些红移巡天（ＩＲＡＳ、ＣｆＡ、ＳＳＲＳ、ＯＲＳ和ＬＣＲＳ等）并     

从准一维红移巡天样本分析大尺度结构

通过分析由五个笔形天区的完备红移巡天和九个1/3采样红移巡天得到的样本,研究了星系分布中的大尺度结构。用一种改进过的方法计算了该分布的分维。结果表明星系分布确实具有3—4.5h~(-1)Mpc的典型尺度,这与Shanks等的结果一致。     

Faint blue galaxy count and the dwarf population of starburst galaxies

The dwarf population of starburst galaxies is analyzed by the method of evolving population synthesis. The results show that the existence of an additional population can give a good fit to the available number counts and redshift surveys. These dwarf galaxies readily evolve into low surface brightness objects and become undetectable in our local neighbourhood.     

Modelling the number counts of early-type galaxies by pure luminosity evolution

In this paper, we explore the plausible luminosity evolution of early-type galaxies in different cosmological models by constructing a set of pure luminosity evolution (PLE) models via the choices of the star-formation rate (SFR) parameters and formation redshift z _f of galaxies, with the observational constraints derived from the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST  ) morphological number counts for elliptical and S0 galaxies of the Medium Deep Survey (MDS) and the Hubble Deep Field (HDF). We find that the number counts of early-type galaxies can be explained by the pure luminosity evolution models, without invoking exotic scenarios such as merging or introducing an additional population, but the evolution should be nearly passive, with a high z _f assumed. The conclusion is valid in all of the three cosmological models we adopt in this paper. We also present the redshift distributions for three bins of observed magnitudes in the F814w passband, to show the redshift at which the objects that dominate the counts at a given magnitude may be found. The predictions of the redshift distribution of 22.5 <  b _j  < 24.0 are also presented for comparison with future data.     

The luminosity function around isolated spiral galaxies

We determine the companion galaxy luminosity function (LF) for regions around isolated spiral galaxies. If we assume that any excess in the galaxy number counts in the vicinity of a spiral galaxy is due to galaxies at the same distance, then a system LF can be determined from the variation of excess numbers with apparent magnitude. By studying the excess over many field 'centre' galaxies, a good statistical accuracy can be obtained for the companion galaxy LF. Since redshift information is not required for the faint galaxies, it is possible to sample further down the LF as compared with redshift surveys. For 23 primary galaxies of known redshift, we find a dwarf satellite Schechter LF with a characteristic magnitude M _V *( D )≃−19 and a faint-end slope α=−1.7, down to M_V =−14 ( H ₀=50 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹).     

Substructures in hydrodynamical cluster simulations

We present predictions for the abundance and nature of extremely red objects (EROs) in the Λ cold dark matter model. EROs are red, massive galaxies observed at   z ≥ 1  and their numbers and properties pose a challenge to hierarchical galaxy formation models. We compare the predictions from two published models, one of which invokes a 'superwind' to regulate star formation in massive haloes and the other which suppresses gas cooling in haloes through 'radio-mode' active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. The superwind model underestimates the number counts of EROs by an order of magnitude, whereas the radio-mode AGN feedback model gives excellent agreement with the number counts and redshift distribution of EROs. In the AGN feedback model the ERO population is dominated by old, passively evolving galaxies, whereas observations favour an equal split between old galaxies and dusty starbursts. Also, the model predicts a more extended redshift distribution of passive galaxies than is observed. These comparisons suggest that star formation may be quenched too efficiently in this model.     

Starburst Galaxies in Clusters

The nature of the starburst phenomenon in galaxies is investigated using a narrow-band colour system designed to study colour evolution in distant clusters. Work on zero redshift, luminous far-IR galaxies, calibrated by starburst models, demonstrates the usefulness of this colour system in isolating starburst from normal star-forming colours, and also demonstrates a strong correlation with far-IR colours despite reddening effects. The same colour system applied to distant clusters finds that a majority of the faint blue cluster population are starburst dwarf galaxies, probably the progenitors of the current population of dwarf ellipticals in nearby clusters. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evidence for Intrinsic Redshifts in Normal Spiral Galaxies

The Tully–Fisher Relationship (TFR) is utilized to identify anomalous redshifts in normal spiral galaxies. Three redshift anomalies are identified in this analysis: (1) several clusters of galaxies are examined, in which late type spirals have significant excess redshifts relative to early-type spirals in the same clusters; (2) galaxies of morphology similar to ScI galaxies are found to have a systematic excess redshift relative to the redshifts expected if the Hubble Constant is 72 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹; (3) individual galaxies, pairs, and groups are identified which strongly deviate from the predictions of a smooth Hubble flow. These redshift deviations are significantly larger than can be explained by peculiar motions and TFR errors. It is concluded that the redshift anomalies identified in this analysis are consistent with previous claims for large non-cosmological (intrinsic) redshifts.     

Star-Forming Galaxies in Dense Environments

We report on preliminary results from an ongoing study of star-forming galaxies in the Virgo Cluster with the aim of understanding the role played by the environment on their evolution. First, the chemical evolution of nine spiral galaxies located in the inner parts of the cluster has been studied using chemical abundances recomputed for a sample of HII regions. Second, long-slit optical spectroscopy has been obtained for 22 blue dwarf galaxies selected across the Virgo central field. This sample is a subset of a larger list of dwarf galaxies for which deep Hα imaging has been collected. Chemical abundances have been derived for the sample using either a direct estimation of the electron temperature or empirical calibrations. Abundance results correlate with blue and near infrared magnitude, total HI mass and color. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Light curves for off-centre ignition models of Type Ia supernovae

We compare observations of the high-redshift galaxy population to the predictions of the galaxy formation model of Croton et al. and De Lucia & Blaizot. This model, implemented on the Millennium Simulation of the concordance Lambda cold dark matter cosmogony, introduces 'radio mode' feedback from the central galaxies of groups and clusters in order to obtain quantitative agreement with the luminosity, colour, morphology and clustering properties of the present-day galaxy population. Here we construct deep light cone surveys in order to compare model predictions to the observed counts and redshift distributions of distant galaxies, as well as to their inferred luminosity and mass functions out to redshift 5. With the exception of the mass functions, all these properties are sensitive to modelling of dust obscuration. A simple but plausible treatment agrees moderately well with most of the data. The predicted abundance of relatively massive  (∼ M _*)  galaxies appears systematically high at high redshift, suggesting that such galaxies assemble earlier in this model than in the real Universe. An independent galaxy formation model implemented on the same simulation matches the observed mass functions slightly better, so the discrepancy probably reflects incomplete or inaccurate galaxy formation physics rather than problems with the underlying cosmogony.