Report (1968–1978) on Two Mica Reference Samples: Biotite Mica-Fe and Phlogopite Mica-Mg

Since 1967–68, two mica reference samples, Biotite Mica-Fe and Phlogopite Mica-Mg, were made available to several geochemical laboratories. The analytical data reported during the past ten years by 142 geoanalysts belonging to 74 international laboratories are presented and assessed for deriving preferred values. Reaomrmended or proposed values are assigned for major, minor and several trace elements. The biotite Mica-Fe is better characterized for its chemical composition than the Phlogopite Mica-Mg. Both the samples are also proposed as geochronological standards. Because very few mica reference samples have been processed in large quantities, the international geochemiaal community is invited to contribute further useful data.     

Compilation Report (1966–1987) on Trace Elements in five CRPG Geochemical Reference Samples: Basalt BR; Granites, GA and GH; Micas, Biotite Mica-Fe and Phlogopite Mica-Mg

The five CRPG geochemical reference samples (BR, GA, GH, Mica-Fe and Mica-Mg) have been distributed as reference samples for more than twenty years. All data on trace elements in these samples available to the authors since their first reports have been compiled and evaluated. It has been possible to assign working values for more than forty elements in BR, GA, GH and Mica-Fe and for twenty-three elements in Mica-Mg. The samples are expected to last for another twenty years.     

赤峰东南部建平群斜长角闪岩黑云母矿物化学特征及地质意义

利用电子探针、激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱测试技术,对赤峰东南部建平群斜长角闪岩中黑云母的常量元素、微量(稀土)元素进行了测试分析。研究表明:赤峰东南部建平群斜长角闪岩中的黑云母主量元素以富Fe、Mg为特征,为高铁镁云母;黑云母稀土元素含量低,轻重稀土分馏较强,δEu、δCe均值为正,为选择Ce、Nd的配分型矿物;黑云母中Rb、Ba、Pb和Cs等大离子亲石元素富集,特别是Cs、Ba明显富集,而Sr略有亏损;高场强元素Zr、Hf、Sc等亏损,较富集的元素为U、Th、Nb、Ta元素;亏损的亲铁元素为Cr、Ni,而显著富集的元素为V、Ti;亲硫元素Cu亏损而Zn明显富集;分散元素Ga有明显的富集。     

Spurenelemente in Biotiten aus Graniten und Gneisen

91 biotites (53 from granites, 35 from highly metamorphic gneisses, 3 from redwitzites) were separated and analyzed for Fe, Mn, Zn, Cl, Sn, Ni, Co, Or, Cu, V, Mo, Pb. Biotites from gneisses contain much more Ni, Co, Cr, V but less Fe, Mn, Zn than those from granites. However, the distinction between biotites from gneisses and from granites on the basis of these elements is not certain. If a gneiss undergoes anatexis, the contents of Ni, Co, Cr, V, Zn and Sn of the preexistent biotite fractionate: Zn, Sn and Pe enter the anatectic melt readily while Ni, Co, Cr and V concentrate in the remaining matter (restite). Ni, Co, Cr and V are strongly positively correlated with one another but negatively with Fe and Zn, the latter being positively correlated with Pe. The chemical composition of biotites from granites depends not only on a potential degree of secondary decomposition into chlorite and muscovite but much more on the percentage of biotite in the rock: The more biotite, the higher the content of Ni, Co, Cr, V and the lower Fe, Zn and Sn in the biotite. Thus, it is possible to distinguish between normal and abnormal concentrations of an element in a biotite and in a rock. This might be useful in geochemical prospecting. Abnormal high concentrations of Sn and Zn were found in biotites from some granites which are connected with mineralizations of these elements. It is impossible hitherto to gain informations about the history and the parental material of a granitic magma from the minor elements in the rock or the biotite because their concentrations depend on how much biotite could be incorporated by the melt. The distribution coefficient of Cl between the lattice of 4 biotites and their fluid inclusions was determined to be 0,08.     

Testing Nano-Powder and Fused-Glass Mineral Reference Materials for In Situ Rb-Sr Dating of Glauconite,Phlogopite, Biotite and Feldspar via LA-ICP-MS/MS

Reference materials (RMs) with well-characterised composition are necessary for reliable quantification and quality control of isotopic analyses of geological samples. For in situ Rb-Sr analysis of silicate minerals via laser ablation inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS/MS) with a collision/reaction cell, there is a general lack of mineral-specific and matrix-matched RMs, which limits wider application of this new laser-based dating technique to certain minerals. In this work, pressed nano-powder pellets (NP) of four RMs, GL-O (glauconite), Mica-Mg (phlogopite), Mica-Fe (biotite) and FK-N (K-feldspar), were analysed and tested for in situ Rb-Sr dating, complemented by isotope dilution (ID) MC-ICP-MS Rb-Sr analyses of GL-O and Mica-Mg. In addition, we attempted to develop alternative flux-free and fused ‘mineral glasses’ from the above RMs for in situ Rb-Sr dating applications. Overall, the results of this study showed that among the above RMs only two NP (Mica-Mg-NP and GL-O-NP) were suitable and robust for in situ dating applications. These two nano-powder reference materials, Mica-Mg-NP and GL-O-NP, were thus used as primary RMs to normalise and determine Rb-Sr ages for three natural minerals: MDC phlogopite and GL-O glauconite grains, and also Mica-Fe-NP (biotite). Our in situ analyses of the above RMs yielded Rb-Sr ages that are in good agreement (within 8%) of published ages, which suggests that both Mica-Mg-NP and GL-O-NP are suitable RMs for in situ Rb-Sr dating of phlogopite, glauconite and biotite. However, using secondary RMs is recommended to monitor the quality of the obtained ages.     

鄂东南铜山口铜(钼)矿床黑云母矿物化学特征及其对岩石成因与成矿的指示

在鄂东南铜山口铜(钼)矿床存在着3种产状的黑云母,分别是赋存于花岗闪长斑岩矿物颗粒间的黑云母、钾长石斑晶内的黑云母以及蚀变带内的黑云母。本文运用电子探针(EMPA)和激光剥蚀-等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)技术,对这3种不同产状的黑云母进行了原位成分分析。结果表明,3种产状的黑云母Ti的含量介于0.38～0.45之间,且Mg/(Mg+Fe)介于0.53～0.72之间,类似于岩浆成因黑云母的成分特征。3种产状的黑云母MgO和FeOT值差别较大,但Al2O3、TiO2、SiO2、Na2O和K2O值差别不明显。作为花岗闪长斑岩质熔体中Rb、Ba、Nb、Ta等不相容元素及Sc、V、Co、Ni、Cr等相容元素的主要载体,黑云母的U、Th、Pb、Sr、Zr、Hf、Y等元素含量显著低于主岩,而且高场强元素Nb、Ta受后期岩浆热液作用的影响较弱。黑云母并不是影响全岩稀土特征的主要矿物相。铜山口花岗闪长斑岩的形成与幔源岩浆作用关系密切,并可能与板块俯冲作用相关。黑云母含Cu量的高低并不是衡量侵入体是否成矿的有效指标,但体系中高的氧逸度(logfO2NiNiO+1),有利于斑岩铜矿的形成。与Cu成矿有关的黑云母具有高镁低铁的特征,与Sn成矿有关的黑云母则具有高铁低镁的特征。     

Instrumental Neutron Activation Determination of 23 Elements in 8 New USGS Standard Rocks

The trace elements Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Gd, Hf, La, Nd, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Th, Tm, U, V, Yb and Zr have been determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis and U by delayed neutron counting in the USGS standard rock samples STM-1, RGM-1, QLO-1, SDC-1, BHVO-1, SCo-1, SGR-1 and MAG-1. The results are compared with those found in the literature.     

Occurrence of zinc in granitic biotites

37 granitic plutons in Great Britain and the United States were sampled and biotite separates prepared. These biotites were analysed for zinc and iron and a modal (point-count) analysis was conducted on the granitic samples. The results of these analyses were examined for differences that would characterise mineralised and non-mineralised granites, and for differences between biotites coexisting with muscovite and those coexisting with hornblende. The possibility of differentiating between mineralised and non-mineralised granites on the basis of the zinc content of biotites is rejected, but significant differences in composition are found between biotites from muscovite-biotite-granites and those from hornblende-biotite-granites. Muscovite-bearing granites have low biotite contents, these biotites having high iron and low zinc concentrations; hornblende-bearing granites have high biotite contents but these biotites, in contrast, have comparitively low iron and high zinc concentrations.

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Zusammenfassung Biotitkonzentrate aus 37 granitischen Plutonen aus Großbritannien und den U.S.A. wurden auf ihre Zn- und Fe-Gehalte analysiert. Granite, mit denen Zn-Vererzungen zusammenhängen, können nach diesen Untersuchungen nicht aufgrund der Zn-Gehalte ihrer Biotite von Graniten ohne Zn-Vererzungen unterschieden werden. Die Biotite aus muskovit- und aus hornblendeführenden Graniten unterscheiden sich hingegen: Erstere haben hohe Fe- und niedrige Zn-Konzentrationen bei geringem Biotitanteil am Gestein; bei letzteren ist es umgekehrt.

     

Precise determination of uranium in rocks and minerals by neutron activation analysis using 133I fission product

A radiochemical neutron activation technique for uranium determination in rock and mineral samples is presented. The method is based on an alkaline fusion, a selective oxidation of iodine by a sodium-nitrite solution, followed by an iodine distillation technique for the isolation of the ¹³³I produced in fission. The outlined scheme is rapid, sensitive and reliable. Determination of uranium in U.S. Geological Survey standard rocks (G-1, W-1, G-2, BCR-1, AGV-1, GSP-1), C.R.P.G. Nancy geochemical standards (GA, GH, BR, Mica-Fe, Mica-Mg), C.A.A.S. reference syenite rocks (SY-1, SY-2, SY-3) and other analysed rock samples are reported. These results are compared with those obtained by other methods.     

四川甲基卡X03号脉接触变质岩中Cs等稀有元素赋存状态及其综合利用建议

【研究目的】甲基卡稀有金属矿区是中国规模最大的花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床富集区,X03号脉是近年来该矿区发现的以锂为主的超大型稀有金属矿床,在其围岩中发育电气石、堇青石化接触变质带,形成的蚀变岩具有Li、Rb、Cs等稀有金属矿化。Cs是重要的稀有金属元素之一,寻找更多可利用的铯资源成为当务之急。【研究方法】对钻孔岩芯中电气石角岩、堇青石化片岩等接触变质岩样品进行了稀有元素含量分析,并采用LA-ICP-MS对电气石、堇青石、黑云母、白云母等变质矿物进行了单矿物微区分析。【研究结果】接触变质岩中Li、Rb、Cs具有较高的含量,其平均值分别为0.296%、0.067%、0.052%,均达到综合利用的边界品位或最低工业品位,其特征与蚀变岩型铯云母岩矿床极其相似。Cs元素主要以类质同象的形式赋存于黑云母之中,是引起接触变质岩石Cs元素富集的主要原因。【结论】在X03号脉的进一步勘查中,应对接触变质岩石中稀有金属资源,特别是Cs资源进行评价,并对其进行综合利用。创新点：分析了X03号脉接触变质岩中Cs等稀有元素的含量,指出了Cs元素主要以类质同象的形式赋存于黑云母之中,应对其进行综合利用。     

Mineral chemistry of banded migmatites from Hafafit and Feiran areas, Egypt

The migmatitic rocks exposed in Hafafit and Feiran areas exhibit some migmatitic structures as the banded, agmatic, boudinage and schlieren structures. The dominant type of these structures is the stromatic migmatites. Electron microprobe analyses of plagioclases, biotites and amphiboles from Hafafit and Feiran areas, in the Eastern Desert and Sinai, Egypt, are carried out and the metamorphic conditions are discussed. The present study revealed marked differences in the composition of plagioclases, biotites and amphiboles from Hafafit and Feiran localities. The obtained data indicated that plagioclases of the Feiran migmatites are of andesine and oligoclase composition, and display anorthite content from An₂₀ to An₃₈; whereas the Hafafit migmatites show a wider range of plagioclases from An₁₀ to An₆₀, and therefore plagioclases have labradorite, andesine and oligoclase composition. This may be due to the slow rate of the crystallisation processes. The analyses indicated that biotites of the studied areas are of metamorphic origin showing significant variation in Fe–Mg. It is worth mentioning that biotites from Hafafit migmatites have Mg–biotite composition while that of Feiram migmatites have Fe–biotite composition. High Mg and low Fe contents in biotite suggest higher crystallisation temperature. The composition of amphiboles in Hafafit migmatites is ferro-tschermakitic hornblende, while amphiboles from Feiram migmatites are magnesio-hornblende. High Ti content in the hornblende of Feiran migmatites suggests that they were formed at slightly higher temperatures and lower pressure than the Hafafit migmatites (i.e. Feiram migmatites and Hafafit migmatites were formed at granulite and amphibolite facies, respectively). Discrimination diagrams show that the muscovite is of secondary origin. Moreover, the present study confirmed that these migmatites are mainly formed by metamorphic differentiation via partial melting.     

Petrological and Geochemical Characteristics of the Cerro Colorado Plutonic Complex in the Precordillera of Northern Chile

Abstract. The Cerro Colorado intrusive stock in the northeastern Chilean Precordillera is a plutonic complex formed during Late Cretaceous (64–72 Ma), and consists predominantly of pyroxene-bearing biotite monzogabbro (Colorado Unit), with lesser amounts of pyroxene-bearing hornblende biotite diorite (Pucaquisca Unit) and biotite hornblende monzonite (Pabellón Unit). Compositional variations of major and trace elements suggest that the Cerro Colorado complex is composed of shoshonitic alkali granitoids generated at the active continental margin. The basic to intermediate rocks of the Colorado Unit are characterized by high contents of A1₂O₃ (>20 wt%), CaO and LIL elements (K, Sr, Ba), high Fe/Mg ratio and fairly low contents of Cr, Ni and Y. These characteristics suggest that the Colorado Unit was formed by plagioclase-free source magma originated from asthenospheric mantle or mafic lower crust. All the Cerro Colorado rocks generally display linear compositional trends, and the latest Pabellón Unit rocks are richer in SiO₂ than the Colorado Unit and Pucaquisca Unit rocks. These indicate that the Pabellón Unit rocks were produced by assimilation-fractional crystallization process of the basic to intermediate magma genetically related to the voluminous Colorado Unit.     

Compositions of biotite,amphibole, apatite and silicate melt inclusions from the Tongchang mine,Dexing porphyry deposit,SE China: Implications for the behavior of halogens in mineralized porphyry systems

The Dexing deposit, located in the Circum-Pacific ore belt, is the largest porphyry copper deposit in eastern China. It is composed of 3 separate plutons, which host three mines: Tongchang, Fujiawu and Zhushahong mines. The porphyritic granodiorite samples studied in this investigation were collected from the Tongchang ore-forming pluton of this giant deposit. This paper presents electron microprobe analyses of biotite, apatite, amphibole, plagioclase, potassium feldspar and rehomogenized glassy melt inclusions from the Tongchang porphyritic granodiorites. Petrographic observations of the samples are consistent with portions of the granodioritic magma represented by our samples being overprinted by potassic hydrothermal fluid which variably altered these minerals.All of the studied micas are Mg-rich biotites. The biotites are separated into altered magmatic and secondary types based on their petrographic and geochemical characteristics. The phlogopite components of the secondary biotites are typically higher than those of the altered magmatic biotites, and the X_Mg values of all biotites correlate negatively with Cl contents, consistent with the Mg–Cl avoidance principle. The X_Mg values also correlate negatively with (K₂O + Na₂O + BaO), FeO and TiO₂ for both generations of biotites. The calculated log (fH₂O/fHCl) values (for 690 K) of the coexisting potassic fluids, which are determined from the altered magmatic biotite compositions, range from 4.43 to 4.67, and are very similar to those of other major porphyry deposits. However, the log(fH₂O/fHF) and log(fHF/fHCl) values for the same batch of hydrothermal fluids are significant higher and lower than those of these other porphyry deposits, respectively.The Cl concentrations of amphiboles and melt inclusions range from 0.18 to 0.32 wt.% and 0.15 to 0.44 wt.%, respectively. Most apatites trapped in biotite and plagioclase phenocrysts display a bimodal Cl distribution: 0.19 to 1.35 wt.% and 1.48 to 3.73 wt.%. Similarly, the S contents of the apatite also show a distinct bimodal distribution reflecting the effects of variable anhydrite saturation during evolution of the Tongchang melt and variable dissolution of anhydrite by saline aqueous fluids. The Cl contents of the apatites from the Tongchang system are typically higher than those of other studied porphyry deposits. Furthermore, the Cl contents of the melt inclusions are at or very near the Cl saturation levels (0.36 to 0.46 wt.% at 850 °C and 50 MPa and 0.42 to 0.54 wt.% at 850 °C and 200 MPa) for these melt compositions at shallow crustal pressures. These findings suggest that the area of the granodioritic magma represented by our samples, and perhaps the bulk of the Tongchang granodioritic magma was rich in Cl. The melt inclusion compositions are consistent with a high-salinity, hydrosaline liquid being exsolved directly from the granodioritic melt directly. This high-salinity hydrosaline liquid was likely very efficient at dissolving, transporting and precipitating ore metals in the mineralizing magmatic–hydrothermal system.     

Geochemistry of granitoids and their minerals from Rebordelo–Agrochão area, northern Portugal

Deformed Hercynian peraluminous granitoids ranging from tonalite to granite crop out in the Rebordelo–Agrochão area, northern Portugal and some of them contain tonalitic and granodioritic enclaves. Variation diagrams of major and trace elements of the rocks, biotites and sphenes show fractionation trends. The most- and the least-deformed samples of granite and their biotites also define fractionation trends. There is decrease in all rare earth element (REE) contents and increase in the Eu anomaly in REE patterns from the most- to the least-deformed samples of granite. All the granitoids define a whole-rock Rb–Sr errorchron. A whole-rock Rb–Sr isochron for the least-deformed samples of granite yields an age of 357±9 Ma and an initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of 0.7087±0.0007. Geochemical modelling suggests that the tonalitic magma evolved by AFC (fractional crystallization of magnesiohornblende, plagioclase, quartz, biotite and ilmenite, and assimilation of metasediments) to originate tonalitic and granodioritic enclaves, granodiorite and granite. δ¹⁸O values support this mechanism. The tonalite is hybrid and derived by interaction of a mantle-derived magma and crustal materials.     

Phyllosilicate and rutile compositions as indicators of Sn specialization in some southeastern Australian granites

Biotites from unaltered Sn granites in southeastern Australia are highly ferroan, Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn) >0.75, whereas biotites from barren granites are less Ferich, Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn)<0.65. Similar distinctions between Sn-specialized and barren granites can be observed in the other phyllosilicates, especially chlorite. Biotites and muscovites from Sn granites have greater Be, Cs, (F), Li, Mo, Rb, Sc, Sn, Tl, (Y) and Zn and lesser Ba abundances than corresponding micas from barren granites in the same district. Alteration of barren granites also results in similar enrichments in micas. Of these elements, Sn and Zn, because of their abundance and retention during degradation of biotite to chlorite, are the best trace element discriminants between barren granites and Sn granites/altered granites, with the Sn content of phyllosilicates being a better indicator than Zn. Rutile inclusions within phyllosilicates from unaltered Sn granites have Nb₂O₅ contents up to 26%. The Ta content tends to increase with Nb content but especially high Ta contents occur in the rutile inclusions of granites that give rise to pegmatitic deposits. The rutile inclusions in Sn granites may also have substantial Sn and W contents. The rutiles of barren granites have low Nb, Ta, Sn and W contents but Sn and W increase with alteration. Together, the ratio Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn) and Sn contents in phyllosilicates and rutile compositions can be used to identify the Sn mineralization potential of a granite.     

Chemical differences between minerals from mineralizing and barren intrusions from some North American porphyry copper deposits

Major-element analyses (by electron microprobe) and copper contents (by ion-probe) are reported for primary biotite, amphibole, magnetite, pyroxene, ilmenite, sphene and secondary biotite from intrusive rocks from mineralizing and barren stocks. The districts studied include Christmas, Globe-Miami, Sierrita and Tombstone, in Arizona; Bingham and Alta, Utah; Ely, Nevada; and Brenda, British Columbia. Amphiboles from barren rocks are relatively iron-rich and display only minor compositional variation. In contrast, amphiboles from mineralizing rocks span the range from magnesio-hornblende to actinolite, commonly even within one grain. Barren intrusions (type B) that are temporally distinct from mineralizing intrusions, and barren intrusions outside areas of known mineralization have higher Cu contents in their constituent minerals than do mineralizing intrusions. Barren intrusions (type A) that are deep-level temporal equivalents of Cu-bearing porphyritic rocks are depleted in copper. This suggests that copper is abstracted from not only the apical portions of porphyries but from parts of the deeper parent intrusions. The Cu contents of biotites (av. 23 ppm) and magnetites (97 ppm) from barren type B intrusions contrast with those from mineralizing intrusions, with biotites containing 7 ppm Cu and magnetites 3 ppm Cu. Primary amphiboles from all intrusive rock types have low copper contents, typically 2 to 5 ppm. In the continental North American deposits, the amount of copper available by liberation from or non-incorporation into amphibole, biotite and magnetite during magmatic crystallization or the early hydrothermal stage is low, perhaps too low to be the sole source of copper mineralization, unless copper is abstracted from large volumes (∼ 100 km³) of rock. These results contrast with a study of the island-arc porphyry copper at Koloula, Guadalcanal, where it was argued that sufficient copper for mineralization could have been abstracted from relatively small volumes of host rocks that originally contained as much Cu as the contemporaneous barren rock types.     

高温变泥质岩石中石榴石-黑云母地质温度计的应用——以胶北荆山群富铝岩石为例

在对胶北荆山群麻粒岩相富铝岩石中石榴石、黑云母的成分环带进行深入研究基础上,选取不同粒径、与不同矿物相邻的石榴石、黑云母各微区点成分,利用石榴石-黑云母温度计分别进行了温度估算。确定在黑云母含量较高的岩石(V_(Grt)/V_(Bt)≤1)中,利用大颗粒石榴石(d≥1500μm)晶体核部(或靠近长英质矿物一侧的晶体幔部)成分与基质中远离石榴石等镁铁矿物处于长英质矿物之间的黑云母核部成分配合。通过石榴石-黑云母温度计可以获得相当可信的变质峰期温度。但是对于黑云母含量极低的岩石(V_(Grt)/V_(Bt)≥6),由于黑云母的成分普遍遭到了强烈改造。使得温度估算结果异常偏低,因此不适合采用石榴石-黑云母温度计估算峰期温度。同一岩石中,采用不同的相邻石榴石-黑云母矿物对晶体边缘成分获得的温度值差异较大,反映它们在峰期后发生Fe-Mg交换反应并达到封闭温度平衡状态的程度不同,因此利用石榴石-黑云母温度计难以获得准确的封闭温度。通过热力学计算,建立了一个新的石榴石-黑云母温度计公式。确定胶北荆山群所经历的变质峰期温度为720～770℃,峰期后最低相对封闭温度为480～500℃。     

Metasomatic overprinting by juvenile igneous fluids,Igdlerfigsalik, South Greenland

The late Igdlerfigsalik centre, part of the Igaliko nepheline syenite complex in the Gardar Province, S Greenland, is bounded to the N and E by compositionally similar, earlier syenites forming the early Igdlerfigsalik and South Qôroq centres. In a circa 1 km wide zone parallel to its contact with late Igdlerfigsalik, the South Qôroq centre shows recrystallisation and alteration of mafic phases. South Qôroq therefore comprises two zones, termed the “unaltered” and the “recrystallised” zones. A study of the biotites from the rocks of the area of the present study has demonstrated variations in biotite chemistry, notably variations in elements inferred to reside on the octahedral and hydroxyl sites. Samples were chosen to provide a representative selection from each centre, avoiding pegmatites and late-stage veins. Electron probe microanalyses demonstrate little Cl in these biotites. Fluorine contents of some biotites can be demonstrated to vary with Fe/(Fe+Mg) and ∑(octahedral Al and Ti). Statistical analysis of the data sets as a whole, however, does not demonstrate simple relationships between fluorine content and these parameters and more complex crystallographic controls over fluorine uptake are inferred. Despite these variations, the relative fluorine contents characteristic of each centre can be determined, which, it is believed, reflect the characteristic F activity of fluids associated with each period of magmatism. In South Qôroq, the unaltered zone has a distinctive F-content in biotite, reflecting the original F-content of fluids associated with South Qôroq magmatism. However in the recrystallised zone, the F-contents are distinct, more closely resembling F-contents characteristic of late Igdlerfigsalik rocks. Reaction between a fluorine-rich, younger fluid and older fluorine-poor rocks is inferred. Despite evidence in the micas for fluid-rock interaction, whole-rock chemical changes are irregular in nature and appear not to conform to simple trends. Mass-balance equations are therefore unable to predict the levels of fluid-rock interaction. Similar exchange between late-stage fluids from younger centres and pre-existing rocks may be commonplace in igneous plutonic environments, and fluorine in micas may provide a relatively sensitive guide to fluid-rock interactions.     

Chemical Study of Minerals from the Moine Schists of the Ardnamurchan Area, Argyllshire, Scotland

The mineralogy of the Moine schists of the Ardnamurchan areahas been studied, using twenty-two analyses of muscovites, eighteenof biotites, seven of garnets (including five partial analyses),and one analysis of an epidote. The muscovites range in composition from phengite-ferrimuscovitein the biotite grade of metamorphism to nearly pure muscovite(sensu stricto) in the staurolite grade. The amounts of aluminiumin octahedral and tetrahedral co-ordination in the muscovitesincrease as the grade of metamorphism increases. In the associatedbiotites the amount of octahedral aluminium shows only slightvariations which are not related to the grade of metamorphism,but the amount of tetrahedral aluminium increases with increasein the grade of metamorphism. Muscovites and biotites from epidote-bearingrocks contain smaller amounts of tetrahedral aluminium thanmicas from rocks without epidote at the same grade of metamorphism.The amounts of tetrahedral aluminium in micas from rocks ofsimilar composition can probably be used as an index of thegrade of metamorphism. Magnesium and ferrous iron show a consistent distribution relationbetween coexisting muscovites and biotites. The value of thedistribution coefficient for these cations between the two micasis about 2.5 to 3.0, with magnesium preferentially concentratedin the muscovite. The value of the distribution coefficientdoes not vary appreciably within the medium grades of regionalmetamorphism. There is also a consistent pattern of distributionof magnesium, ferrous, and ferric iron between the two micas,but ferric iron is relatively concentrated in muscovite in rocksthat contain epidote without garnet; it is possible that thebiotites in these rocks attain a maximum possible content ofFe3+ at about 10 per cent of the total Mg+Fe²⁺+Fe³⁺ content.The consistent distribution of magnesium and iron between coexistingmicas suggests that it can be used as an index of the attainmentof chemical equilibrium with respect to these two elements inmetamorphic rocks. All but one of the analysed micas have deficiencies in the occupancyof the large cation site; there appears to be a consistent relationshipin the extent of the large cation deficiency between the twocoexisting micas, wjth the biotites having a greater deficiencythan the muscovites. Sodium is relatively concentrated in themuscovites but does not show a consistent distribution relationshipbetween the coexisting micas. The analysed garnets are almandine-spessartines with appreciablesolid solution towards grossularite. The garnets that containthe largest amounts of grossularite are those from the epidote-bearingrocks. In the rocks without epidote the garnets show a poorcorrelation of decreasing calcium content with increasing gradeof metamorphism.     

雅鲁藏布江表层沉积物地球化学元素研究

雅鲁藏布江流域还没有大的工业污染源,仍然属于自然河流.对雅鲁藏布江16个表层沉积样品的全样、小于20μm 和小于63μm 粒级的32种元素含量进行了测定,并分析了与人类活动密切相关的元素 Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd 和 Pb 的含量分布特征,以及这些元素含量与粒径之间的关系.结果表明,多数元素(Cs 除外)与西藏土壤元素背景值相差不大, B、Cr、Ni、As 和 Cs 含量高于中国陆壳元素丰度值,但这些元素主要来源于该流域富含这些元素的页岩、片岩和千枚岩等母岩.由于相似的地球化学行为,沉积物中 Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn 之间显著正相关;除 Pb、As 外,一些元素(如 Zn、Ni)与沉积物的粒径显著负相关